Battle of the Scheldt

The Battle of the Scheldt was a series of military operations by the Canadian First Army - consisting of Canadian, British and Polish formations - to open up the port
of Antwerp so that it could be used to supply the Allies
in north-west Europe. Led by Guy Simonds, the battle
took place in northern Belgium and southwestern Netherlands during World War II from October 2 to November
8, 1944.[1]
By September 1944, it had become urgent for the Allies
to clear both banks of the Scheldt estuary in order to
open the port of Antwerp to Allied shipping, thus easing logistical burdens in their supply lines stretching hundreds of miles from Normandy eastward to the Siegfried
Line.[2] Since the Allied forces had landed in Normandy
(France) on D-Day, June 6, 1944, the British Second
Army had pushed forward into the Low Countries and
captured Brussels (34 September) and Antwerp, the latter with its ports still intact. But the advance halted with the Canadian vessel Fort Cataraqui is unloaded at the harbour
the British in possession of Antwerp, while the Germans of Antwerp
still controlled the Scheldt Estuary.
Little was done about the blocked port of Antwerp during
September because most of the strained Allied resources
were allocated to Operation Market Garden, a bold plan
for a single thrust into Germany that began on September
17. In the meantime, German forces in the Scheldt were
able to deploy defensively and prepare for the expected
advance. The rst attacks occurred on September 13.[1]

Once the German defenders were no longer a threat, it

was a further three weeks before the rst convoy carrying Allied supplies was able to unload in Antwerp (on
November 29, 1944) due to the necessity of de-mining
the harbours.

In early October, after operation Market Garden had

failed with heavy losses, Allied forces led by the Canadian First Army set out to bring the port of Antwerp under control. But the well-established Wehrmacht defenders staged an eective delaying action, during which the
Germans ooded the Scheldt Estuary, slowing the Allied
advance. Complicated by the waterlogged terrain, the
Battle of the Scheldt proved to be a challenging campaign
in which the losses suered by the Canadians[3] exacerbated another conscription crisis.

1 Plan
On September 12 and 13, 1944, the Canadian First Army
under temporary command of Lieutenant-General
Guy Simonds was given the task of clearing the Scheldt
once it had completed the clearing of the Channel ports
particularly Boulogne, Calais and Dunkirk. Montgomery
then decided that the importance of Antwerp was such
that the actual capture of Dunkirk could be delayed.[4]
Under command at that time was Canadian II Corps, with
the Polish 1st Armoured Division, 49th and 52nd Divisions attached, and the British I Corps. Montgomery
promised the support of Bomber Command in attacking
the German fortications and that of the USAAF 8th Air
Force On the day concerned[5] The 51st (Highland) Infantry Division was to give up its transport to enable the
movement of forces into position for the battle. Abandoning the capture of Dunkirk freed the 2nd Canadian
Infantry Division.

After ve weeks of dicult ghting, the Canadian First

Army bolstered by attached troops from several other
countries (the vast majority from the United Kingdom)
was successful in clearing the Scheldt after numerous amphibious assaults, obstacle crossings, and costly
assaults over open ground. Both land and water were
mined, and the Germans defended their line of retreat
with artillery and snipers.

The Allies nally cleared the port areas on November 8

at a cost of 12,873 Allied casualties (killed, wounded, or
The plan for opening the Scheldt estuary involved four
missing), half of them Canadians.[note 1]
main operations conducted over daunting geography.
1

CAMPAIGN

The rst task was to clear the area north of Antwerp

and secure access to South Beveland.
Second was to clear the Breskens pocket north of the
Leopold Canal (Operation Switchback).
Third, dubbed Operation Vitality, was the capture
of South Beveland.
The nal phase would be the capture of Walcheren
Island (Operation Infatuate), which had been for- The Northern Front.
tied into a powerful German stronghold. As part
of the Atlantic Wall, Walcheren Island was considand inland to the Leopold Canal, was strongly held by the
ered to be the strongest concentration of defences
enemy.
the Nazis had ever constructed.[6]

2 Campaign
On October 2, the Canadian 2nd Division began its advance north from Antwerp. Sti ghting at Woensdrecht
ensued on October 6, the objective of the rst phase.
The Germansreinforced by Battle Group Chillsaw
the priority in holding there, controlling direct access to
South Beveland and Walcheren Island.

Column of Alligator amphibious vehicles passing Terrapin amphibious vehicles on the Scheldt river, October 1944.

On September 21, the Canadian 4th Armoured Division moved north roughly along the line of the GhentTerneuzen Canal, given the task of clearing an area on
the south shore of the Scheldt around the Dutch town of
Breskens called the Breskens pocket. The Polish 1st
Armoured Division headed for the Dutch-Belgian border
further east and the crucial area north of Antwerp.

There were heavy casualties as the Canadians attacked

over open, ooded land. Driving rain, booby traps
and land mines made advance very dicult. On October 13, what would come to be known as Black Friday, the Canadian 5th Infantry Brigade's Black Watch
was virtually wiped out in an unsuccessful attack. The
Calgary Highlanders were to follow up with a more successful action, and their Carrier Platoon succeeded in
taking the rail station at Korteven.[7] Heavy ghting at
Hoogerheide[8] also ensued, but by October 16, Woensdrecht was secured, cutting the land link to South Beveland and Walcheren. The Canadians had achieved their
rst objective, but suered heavy casualties.

The Canadian 4th Armoured advanced from a hard-won

bridgehead over the Ghent Canal at Moerbrugge to nd
themselves the rst Allied troops facing the formidable
obstacle of the double line of the Leopold and Schipdonk
Canals. An attack was mounted in the vicinity of
Moerkerke, crossing the canals and establishing a bridgehead before counter-attacks forced a withdrawal with
heavy casualties.
The 1st Polish Armoured Division enjoyed greater success to the east as it advanced northeast from Ghent. In
country unsuitable for armour, and against stiening resistance, the Division advanced to the coast by September
20, occupying Terneuzen and clearing the south bank of
the Scheldt east toward Antwerp.

Member of Canadian Provost Corps talking to members of the

It became apparent to Simonds that any further gains in Belgian Resistance, Bruges, September 1944.
the Scheldt would come at heavy cost, as the Breskens
pocket, extending from Zeebrugge to the Braakman Inlet At this point, recognizing the opportunity, Field-Marshal

2.1

Operation Switchback

Sir Bernard Montgomery issued a directive that made the

opening of the Scheldt estuary the top priority of 21st
Army Group. To the east, the British Second Army attacked westward to clear the Netherlands south of the
Maas River, securing the Scheldt region from counterattacks.

riers, which were equipped with amethrowers. The

Wasps launched their barrage of ame across the Leopold
Canal, allowing the 7th Brigade troops to scramble up
over the steep banks and launch their assault boats. Two
precarious, separate footholds were established, but the
enemy recovered from the shock of the amethrowers
Meanwhile, Simonds concentrated forces at the neck of and counter-attacked, though they were unable to move
the South Beveland peninsula. The 4th Canadian Ar- the Canadians from their extremely vulnerable bridgeheads. By October 9, the gap between the bridgeheads
moured Division moved north from the Leopold Canal
and took Bergen op Zoom. By October 24, Allied lines was closed, and by early morning on October 12, a position had been gained across the Aardenburg road.
were pushed out further from the neck of the peninsula,
ensuring German counterattacks would not cut o the
2nd Canadian Division, by then moving west along it towards Walcheren Island.

2.1

Operation Switchback

The second main operation opened with erce ghting to

reduce the Breskens pocket. Here, the Canadian 3rd Infantry Division encountered tenacious German resistance
as it fought to cross the Leopold Canal.[9]
An earlier failed attempt by the Canadian 4th Armoured
Division at Moerbrugge had demonstrated the challenge
they faced. In addition to the formidable German defences on both the Leopold Canal and the Schipdonk
Corporal Kormendy, a scout from the Calgary Highlanders Scout
Canal, much of the approach area was ooded.
It was decided that the best place for an assault would
be immediately east of where the two canals divided: a
narrow strip of dry ground only a few hundred metres
wide at its base beyond the Leopold Canal (described as
a long triangle with its base on the Maldegem-Aardenburg
road and its apex near the village of Moershoofd some 5
km (3.1 mi) east).

and Sniper Platoon, in a shot from a series of staged photos by

Army photographer Ken Bell, taken near Kapellen, October 1944

The Canadian 9th Brigade conducted an amphibious operation with the aid of Terrapin (the rst such use of
this vehicle in Europe) and Bualo amphibious vehicles,
crewed by the British 5th Assault Regiment from the
Royal Engineers. The brigade planned to cross the mouth
of the Braakman Inlet in amphibious vehicles and to land
in the vicinity of Hoofdplaat, a tiny hamlet in the rear
or coastal side of the pocket, thus exerting pressure from
two directions at once. In spite of diculties in maneuvering vehicles through the canals, and the resulting 24hour delay, the Germans were taken by surprise and a
bridgehead was established. Once again, the Germans recovered quickly and counter-attacked with ferocity; however, they were slowly forced back. The Canadian 10th
Brigadefrom the 4th Armoured Divisioncrossed the
Leopold Canal and advanced at Isabella Polder. Then the
3rd Divisions 8th Brigade was called to move south from
the coastal side of the pocket. This opened up a landMembers of the Canadian 4th Armoured Division demonstrating based supply route into the pocket.
the use of ame throwers across a canal, Maldegem, October
1944.

A two-pronged assault commenced. The Canadian 3rd

Divisions 7th Brigade made the initial assault across the
Leopold Canal, while the 9th Brigade mounted an amphibious attack from the northern or coastal side of the
pocket. The assault began on October 6, supported by extensive artillery and Canadian-built Wasp Universal Car-

The 3rd Division fought additional actions to clear German troops from the towns of Breskens, Oostburg,
Zuidzande and Cadzand, as well as the coastal fortress
Fort Frederik Hendrik. Operation Switchback ended
on November 3, when the Canadian 1st Army liberated
the Belgian towns of Knokke and Zeebrugge, ocially
closing the Breskens Pocket and eliminating all German
forces south of the Scheldt.

2.2

CAMPAIGN

Operation Vitality

The third major operation opened on October 24, when

the Canadian 2nd Infantry Division began its advance
down the South Beveland peninsula. The Canadians
hoped to advance rapidly, bypassing opposition and seizing bridgeheads over the Beveland Canal, but they too
were slowed by mines, mud and strong enemy defences.
An amphibious attack was made across the West Scheldt
by the British 52nd (Lowland) Division to get in behind
the Germans Beveland Canal defensive positions. Thus
this formidable defence was outanked, and the Canadian
6th Infantry Brigade began a frontal attack in assault
boats. The engineers were able to bridge the canal on
the main road.
With the canal line gone, the German defence crumbled
and South Beveland was cleared. The third phase of the
Battle of the Scheldt was now complete.

2.3

Operation Infatuate:
Walcheren Island

Capture of

Soldiers of the Royal Regiment of Canada rest in Blankenberge,

September 1944

water for movement on foot, but had too little water for
Main article: Operation Infatuate
an assault in storm boats.
As the fourth phase of the battle opened, only the island
To hamper German defence, the islands dykes were
breached by attacks from RAF Bomber Command: on
October 3 at Westkapelle, with severe loss of civilian life
(180 civilians dead); on October 7 at two places, west
and east of Vlissingen; and on October 11 at Veere. This
ooded the central part of the island, forcing the German defenders onto the high ground around the outside
and in the towns, but it also allowed the use of amphibious vehicles. The bombings - sanctioned at the highest level - were preceded by leaeting warning the local
population. The Westkapelle dyke was attacked by 240
heavy bombers resulting in a large gap but the attacks on
the other dykes made certain that the ooding could not
be contained.[10] Bombing against the islands actual defences had been limited by bad weather and the requirements for attacks on Germany.[11]

Map of troops at Walcheren Island

of Walcheren at the mouth of the West Scheldt remained

in German hands. The islands defences were extremely
strong: heavy coastal batteries on the western and southern coasts defended both the island and the Scheldt estuary, and the coastline had been strongly fortied against
amphibious assaults. Furthermore, a landward-facing
defensive perimeter had been built around the town of
Vlissingen (in English, Flushing) to further defend its port
facilities should an Allied landing on Walcheren succeed.
The only land approach was the Sloedama long, narrow
causeway from South Beveland, little more than a raised
two-lane road. To make matters more dicult, the ats
that surrounded this causeway were too saturated with sea

The island was attacked from three directions: across the

causeway from the east, across the Scheldt from the south,
and by sea from the west.
Main article: Battle of Walcheren Causeway
The 2nd Canadian Infantry Division attacked the causeway on October 31. An initial attack by the Black Watch
(Royal Highland Regiment of Canada) was rebued; The
Calgary Highlanders then sent a company over which was
also stopped halfway across the causeway. A second attack by the Highlanders on the morning of November 1
managed to gain a precarious foothold; a day of ghting followed, and then the Highlanders were relieved by
Le Regiment de Maisonneuve who struggled to maintain
the bridgehead. The Maisies withdrew onto the Causeway on November 2, to be relieved by the 1st Battalion,

5
Glasgow Highlanders of the 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Di- On November 6, the islands capital (Middelburg) fell
vision. In conjunction with the waterborne attacks, the after a calculated gamble on the Allies part when the
52nd continued the advance.[12]
German commander was invited to consider surrendering
The amphibious landings were conducted in two parts on only to an armoured force. Since Middelburg was imposNovember 1. Operation Infatuate I consisted mainly of sible to reach with tanks, a force of amphibious Landing
infantry of the 155th Infantry Brigade (4th and 5th bat- Vehicle Tracked (Bualoes) were driven into Middeltalions Kings Own Scottish Borderers, 7th/9th battalion, burg, forcing an end to all German resistance on NovemRoyal Scots) and No. 4 Commando, who were ferried ber 8.
across from Breskens in small landing craft to an assault
beach in the south-eastern area of Vlissingen, codenamed
Uncle Beach. During the next few days, they engaged
in heavy street ghting against the German defenders.

Meanwhile, the Canadian 4th Armoured Division had

pushed eastward past Bergen-op-Zoom to Sint Philipsland where it sank several German vessels in Zijpe harbor.
With the approaches to Antwerp clear, the fourth phase
of the Battle of the Scheldt was complete. The Scheldt
was then swept of naval mines and, on November 28
after much repair of harbour facilitiesthe rst convoy entered the port, led by the Canadian-built freighter
Fort Cataraqui.

3 Aftermath
3.1 Importance of the campaign

Royal Marines wade ashore near Vlissingen to complete the occupation of Walcheren, November 1, 1944

Operation Infatuate II was the amphibious landing at

Westkapelle, also conducted on the morning of November 1. Air support was limited due to the weather
conditions. After a heavy naval bombardment by the
Royal Navy (a battleship and two monitors plus a support squadron of landing craft carrying guns), troops
of 4th Special Service Brigade (Nos. 41, 47, and 48
Royal Marines Commando and No. 10 Inter Allied
Commando, consisting mainly of Belgian and Norwegian
troops) supported by the specialized armoured vehicles
(amphibious transports, mine-clearing tanks, bulldozers,
etc.) of the 79th Armoured Division were landed on both
sides of the gap in the sea dyke, using large landing craft
as well as amphibious vehicles to bring men and tanks
ashore. Heavy ghting ensued here as well before the ruins of the town were captured. Part of the troops moved
south-east toward Vlissingen, while the main force went
north-east to clear the northern half of Walcheren and
link up with the Canadian troops who had established
a bridgehead on the eastern part of the island. Fierce
resistance was again oered by some of the German
troops defending this area, so that ghting continued until
November 7.

At the end of the ve-week oensive, the Canadian First

Army had taken 41,043 German prisoners. After the rst
ship arrived on November 28, convoys started bringing a
steady stream of supplies to the continent, which began
to reenergize the stalled Allied advance from Paris to the
Rhine. Germany recognized the importance of the Allies
having a deep water port, so in an attempt to destroy it,
or at least disrupt the ow of supplies, the German military red more V-2 ballistic missiles at Antwerp than any
other city. Nearly half of the V-2s launched during the
war were red at Antwerp. The port of Antwerp was so
strategically vital that, during the Battle of the Bulge, one
of the primary German objectives was to retake the city
and its port.

3.2 Controversy
The battle of the Scheldt has later been described by historians as unnecessarily dicult as it could have been
cleared earlier and more easily had the Allies given it a
higher priority than Operation Market Garden. American historian Charles B. MacDonald later called the failure to immediately take the Scheldt One of the greatest
tactical mistakes of the war.[13] Because of the awed
strategic choices made by the Allies in early September
the battle became one of the longest and bloodiest that
the Canadian army faced over the course of the Second
World War.
MacDonalds opinion contrasts with that of Winston
Churchill, the prime minister of Britain during Operation
Market Garden. In a telegram written on October 9,

EXTERNAL LINKS

1944, Churchill said that, As regards Arnhem I think [14] Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War, v6, p200.
you have got the position a little out of focus. The battle was a decided victory. I have not been aicted with [15] Google maps hybrid view of North Brabant. http://
maps.google.com/. 2007. Retrieved February 5, 2007.
any feeling of disappointment over this and am glad our
[14]
commanders are capable of running this kind of risk.
Stacey, C.P. (1960). Ocial History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War. Volume III: The
3.3 Battle components
Victory Campaign: The Operations in North-West
Europe, 1944-1945. Ottawa: The Queens Printer.
From October 23-November 5, 1944, the U.S. 104th
Infantry Division experienced its rst battle while attached to the British I Corps. The division succeeded
5 Further reading
in pushing through the central portion of North Brabant
[15]
(513308N 43910E / 51.552313N 4.65271E )
Copp, Terry (2006). Cinderella Army - The Canaagainst resistance from German snipers and artillery.
dians in North-West Europe 1944-1945. University
of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-9522-0.

References

[1] Montgomery also bestowed the nickname Water Rats on

the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division, a play on the Desert
Rats title the 7th Armoured Division had earned in the
Western Desert. General Harry Crerar reportedly hated
the term, though it was meant as a tribute to their success
in amphibious operations in Normandy and the Scheldt.
(Granatstein, Jack. The Generals: Canadian Senior Commanders in the Second World War.)
[1] The Battle of the Scheldt, Veterans Aairs Canada., 14
April 2014, retrieved 10 August 2014
[2] MacDonald, Charles B. (1990) [1963]. Chapter IX:The
Approaches of Antwerp. The Siegfried Line Campaign.
United States Army Center of Military History. CMH pub
7-7-1. Retrieved February 5, 2007.
[3] At the end of the ve-week oensive, the victorious First
Canadian Army had taken 41,043 prisoners, but suered
12,873 casualties (killed, wounded, or missing), 6,367 of
whom were Canadians.
[4] Ocial History p331, 336
[5] Ocial History p358
[6] Williams, Jeery (1988). The Long Left Flank. London:
Leo Cooper. ISBN 0-85052-880-1.
[7] two kilometers northeast of Woensdrecht
[8] two kilometers southeast of Woensdrecht
[9] In the Shadow of Arnhem - Ken Tout - 2003 (Paperback
2009, ISBN 9780752451947)
[10] Ocial History p376

DeWaard, Dirk Marc (1983). Luctor et Emergo:

The impact of the Second World War on Zeeland
(M.A. thesis). Wilfrid Laurier University. External
link in |title= (help)
Moulton, James L. (1978). Battle for Antwerp. London: Ian Allen. ISBN 0711007691.
Whitaker, Denis; Whitaker, Shelagh (1984). Tug of
War: Allied Command & the Story Behind the Battle
of the Scheldt. New York: Beaufort Books. ISBN
0-8253-0257-9.
Zuelhlke, Mark (2007). Terrible Victory: First
Canadian Army and the Scheldt Estuary Campaign,
September 13 - November 6, 1944. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. ISBN 1-55365-227-4.

6 External links
Canadians on the Scheldt Photos, battle information,
video and more on the Canadian role in the battle.
Testaments of Honor, The Scheldt Ocial digital
collection of experiences from World War II.
BBC, The Peoples War.
War Amps of Canada Against All Odds, a documentary by Cli Chadderton
Liberation of the Netherlands at the online Canadian
War Museum

[12] Copp, Terry. The Brigade: The 5th Canadian Infantry

Brigade in the Second World War

The Calgary Highlanders Includes detailed history

section with maps and descriptions of key battles
such as Hoogerheide, The Con, and the storming
of Walcheren Causeway.

[13] Charles B. MacDonald, The Mighty Endeavor; American

Armed Forces in the European Theater in World War II,
(New York, 1969)

Canadiansoldiers.com article on the battle, including maps and detailed information on German formations.

[11] Ocial History p377

7
Petty Ocer Basil Woolf Royal Navy and his account of LCH.269 and the Battle for Walcheren
The contribution of the Nr 2 Dutch Troop, Nr 10
Inter Allied Commando to Infatuate I and Infatuate
II.
Memoirs of Joe Brown of Peebles (Battles at Flushing and Middelburg).

7 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

7.1

Text

Battle of the Scheldt Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt?oldid=690088026 Contributors: SimonP, Samw, PBS,

Stewartadcock, Sunray, SoLando, Davidcannon, Radagast, Oberiko, Folks at 137, Wwoods, Everyking, Brequinda, Varlaam, Grant65,
Madmagic, D6, Dpm64, ESkog, Aecis, Oldsoul, King nothing, Alansohn, Sherurcij, McMu, Say1988, Axeman89, Crux, Ardfern, Wayward, GraemeLeggett, Marudubshinki, DePiep, Ketiltrout, Rjwilmsi, Tim!, Feydey, Leo44, Tswold, Ground Zero, Karel Anthonissen,
Schwern, Bgwhite, Chwyatt, Sus scrofa, YurikBot, RobotE, Epolk, Patton76, Kirill Lokshin, Howcheng, Isolani, Brian Crawford, HLGallon, Alarix, PTSE, JLaTondre, Curpsbot-unicodify, DisambigBot, SmackBot, DanielDan, Michael Dorosh, Kintetsubualo, Mike McGregor (Can), P b1999, MediaMangler, Hmains, Fetofs, Chris the speller, Ian13, Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg, Sadads,
Leoni2, OrphanBot, Andreas1968, Ohconfucius, Rklawton, Reade, UberCryxic, Vgy7ujm, Fuzzbox, Volker89, Stevebritgimp, Andrwsc, Tawkerbot2, ChrisCork, HowardSelsam, CmdrObot, Van helsing, Outematic~enwiki, Tristan benedict, R9tgokunks, Cydebot, R-41,
Elmeri B. Suokirahvi, Spookpadda, Thijs!bot, Missvain, DPdH, Oreo Priest, Jj137, Harborsparrow, Speculoos, Igodard, Kirrages, Magioladitis, Dodo19~enwiki, Puddhe, Spellmaster, Caranorn, Semper-Fi 2006, Kronnang Dunn, R'n'B, Tntdj, BrokenSphere, Bad Night,
Jevansen, Hugo999, Pan Wikipedia, OhlundFan2, Isaac Sanolnacov, Dormskirk, Broadbot, Wokelly, Climie.ca, Denizzje, DerbyCountyinNZ, Brenont, Anchor Link Bot, Hans yulun lai, ImageRemovalBot, Sfan00 IMG, ClueBot, Scartboy, ELV7, Niceguyedc, Wiki libs,
Berean Hunter, Addbot, Magus732, Kcranson, Luckas-bot, Yobot, TaBOT-zerem, Beeper, Starbois, Truth or consequences-2, Er Cicero,
Nis Ho, J04n, StoneProphet, Rubenescio, LucienBOT, Redrose64, Full-date unlinking bot, DocYako, Lotje, Lord Eastfarthing, EmausBot, AvicBot, Bruichladdich1, ZroBot, Neun-x, Ale9000, Chevalier libre, ClueBot NG, Skylar130, Frietjes, Tomseattle, Helpful Pixie
Bot, Argonaut9999, Glevum, Cbakker, Hamish59, ChrisGualtieri, 30 SW, Mogism, Kbog, UnbiasedVictory, Wwikix, Berserker276 and
Anonymous: 86

7.2

Images

File:Acrossthescheldt.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Acrossthescheldt.jpg License: Public domain

Contributors: This image is available from Library and Archives Canada under the reproduction reference number PA-136754 and under
the MIKAN ID number 3191668
Original artist: Donald I. Grant (Dept. of National Defence)
File:Alligators_passing_Terrepin_amphibious_vehicles.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/
Alligator_amphibious_vehicles_passing_Terrepin_amphibious_vehicles_%28to_the_left%29_during_the_Battle_of_the_Scheldt_-_
October_13%2C_1944.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: National Archives of Canada Photo No.: PA-114754 Original artist:
Post-Work: User:W.wolny
File:Belgian_res.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Belgian_res.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Image in Veterans Aairs Canada - Canadians in Belgium 1944 - The Battle of the Scheldt; transferred from en.wikipedia; transfer
was stated to be made by User:Beeper. Original artist: Original uploader was Oldsoul at en.wikipedia (2005-07-04)
File:Blankenberge.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Blankenberge.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Canadian_Red_Ensign_1921-1957.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Canadian_Red_Ensign_
1921-1957.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Commandos_landing_near_Flushing.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Commandos_landing_
near_Flushing.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: Stiggens (Sgt) No 5
Army Film & Photographic Unit
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_German_Reich_(19351945).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Flag_of_German_
Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Fornax
File:Flag_of_Norway.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dbenbenn
File:Flag_of_Poland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flamethrowerscheldt.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Flamethrowerscheldt.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Mapnorthernfront.gif Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Mapnorthernfront.gif License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by Beeper. Original artist: Michael Dorosh at English Wikipedia
File:Question_book-new.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0
Contributors:
Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist:
Tkgd2007

7.3

Content license

File:SS_Fort_Cataraqui_in_the_port_of_Antwerp.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/SS_Fort_

Cataraqui_in_the_port_of_Antwerp.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Scout_of_the_Calgary_Highlanders_advancing_north_of_Kappellen,_October_1944.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Scout_of_the_Calgary_Highlanders_advancing_north_of_Kappellen%2C_October_1944.jpg
License:
Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Walcheren2.gif Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Walcheren2.gif License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: calgaryhighlanders.com Original artist: Michael A. Dorosh (uploader)

7.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0