Professional Documents
Culture Documents
JiJaromrKlemea,SimonJohnPerryb,PetarVarbanova,ZsfiaFodora
a
EC Marie Curie Chair (EXC), CPI2 FIT, University of Pannonia, H - 8200, Hungary,
klemes@cpi.uni-pannon.hu
b
Centre for Process Integration, CEAS, The University of Manchester, M60 1QD, UK
Introduction
In recent years there has been considerable progress in developing procedures for
energy systems targeting and design, to satisfy the heat and power requirements of
industrial processes. This area of process design is known as Heat and Power
Integration (Raissi, 1994). Two types of approaches have been mainly used: Pinch
Analysis and Mathematical Programming.
Total Sites are usually served by central utility systems, which in a way also link the
served processes (Figure 1). A site utility system consumes fuel in central boilers
(steam generators) and supplies the necessary steam to the process consumers.
POWER
Fuel 1
COND
HIGH PRESS
MED. PRESS
LOW
Fuel 2
PROCESS 1
PROCESS 2
PRESS
PROCESS 3
COOLING WATER
It has steam and gas turbines also taking part in the energy conversions. The
individual processes receive steam and electrical power from the utility system, and
sometimes use fuel directly via local furnaces. In some cases, direct-drive machines
are used for satisfying shaft-power requirements. Examples of these are direct-drive
steam turbines and direct-drive gas turbines.
Depending on the overall site power demand and the amount of co-generation, there
is either power import to or export from the site. Demands for heating, cooling and
electricity in processes can be met by locally captured renewable energy sources
such as wind, solar cells as well as by some excess heat and power available from
local industry. Locally installed boilers, consuming traditional fossil fuels, biomass, or
waste, can also help in meeting these requirements, when the demand is high or
other sources are unavailable.
There are three different cases to which Total Site integration can be applied:
grassroots design, retrofit of an existing site, site expansion.
(ii) The profile above the process pinch represents a net heat sink, whereas the
profile below the process pinch represents a net heat source (Dhole and
Linnhoff, 1993).
(iii) Minimum requirements for external heating and cooling. GCC also gives the
opportunity to produce targets for multiple utility levels.
T*
HP
MP
Tmin
LP
CW
H
Figure 2. Grand Composite Curve
Moving from the single process level to that of the Total Site, the residual heat
sources and heat sinks are identified from the GCC of each process (Figure 3).
T*
T*
T*
H
Mirror the heat
sources
The site heat source profile is then constructed by combining the heat source
information from all the available processes into a single profile which is analogous to
the hot composite curve for a single process. In a similar way, the site heat sink
profile is formed by combining the heat sink information from all available processes,
and is analogous to the cold composite curve. Together, the total site profiles give a
simultaneous view of surplus heat, and heat deficit, for all the processes on the site
(Figure 4).
300
250
T [oC]
200
Sources
Sinks
150
100
50
0
Enthalpy [MW]
Figure 4. Total Site Profiles
VHP
HP
QREC
HP
MP
MP
MP
LP
LP
LP
PINCH
CW
CW
H
The amount of heat recovery that can take place on the total site through the steam
mains can be derived from the Total Site Composite Curves - Figure 5 (Kleme et al.,
1997). By shifting the Sink Composite Curve parallel to the enthalpy axis towards the
Source Composite Curve, their overlap represents the amount of heat recovery that
can be obtained through the steam mains.
The limit to the heat recovery is reached when the two site composite curves touch
and cannot be shifted further. The Total Site Pinch divides the problem into net heat
sink (above) and net heat source (below). The remaining site sink profile heat
demand is met by the supply of steam from a central boiler. Below the site pinch the
excess heat is removed by cooling (water) or produces very low pressure steam. The
area enclosed by the Site Composite Curves is proportional to the cogeneration
potential of the site utility system.
Integration of renewables
Renewable resources are usually available on smaller scale, distributed over a given
area. Their availability (with the exception of biomass) is usually well below 100 %.
The resource availability varies significantly with time and location, caused mainly by
the changing weather and geographic conditions. The energy demands (heating,
cooling and power) of the considered sites also can vary significantly with time of the
day and period of the year (Figure 6). The variations of renewable supplies and the
demands are partly predictable and some are not changing in very short time
intervals e.g. day and night for solar energy. However some availability as the wind
generated energy can be less predictable.
Power (kWe)
3
2
12
15
18
21
24
Time (h)
References
Raissi K., 1994, Total Site Integration. PhD Thesis, UMIST, UK.
DholeV. R., Linnhoff B., 1993. Total site targets for fuel, co-generation, emissions,
and cooling. Computers and Chemical Engineering, 17 (Supplement) S101-S109.
Kleme J., Dhole V.R., Raissi K., Perry S.J. and Puigjaner L., 1997. Targeting and
Design Methodology for Reduction of Fuel, Power and CO2 on Total Sites,
Applied Thermal Engineering 17 (8/10), 993-1003.
Linnhoff B., Flower J.R., 1978. Synthesis of Heat Exchanger Networks: I. systematic
generation of energy optimal networks, AIChE Journal 24 (4), 633642.
Linnhoff B., Hindmarsh E., 1983. The Pinch Design Method for Heat Exchanger
Networks, Chemical Engineering Science 38 (5), 745-763.
Linnhoff B., Townsend D. W., Boland D., Hewitt G. F., Thomas B. E. A., Guy A.R.,
and Marsland R. H., 1982. A user guide on process integration for the efficient
use of energy. IChemE, UK. (last reprint 1994)).
Perry S., Kleme J., Bulatov I., Integrating Waste and Renewable Energy to Reduce
the Carbon Footprint of Locally Integrated Energy Sectors, Energy, Vol. 33, no.
10, pp. 1489-1497, 2008.