You are on page 1of 3

ACIDS & BASES

Some Properties of Acids & Bases


Acid
d
so
our taste
ch
hange blue littmus paper
to red

B
Base
bitter taste
e
change red
d litmus pap
per
to blue

co
orrosive & reactive
r
to
ce
ertain metalss (Zn, Fe,
etc) to produce H2 gas

they feel slippery


reactive
greases

with

oils

ory
2. Bronsted-Lowry Theo
s Niccolaus
s Bronsted
d & Thomas
(Johannes
Martin Low
wry)
- acid is a proton
p
donorr
- base is a proton
p
accep
ptor
ex:
H4+ + OH(1) NH3 + H2O NH
acid
base
) H2O acts as
a an acid since
s
it dona
ates a proto
on,
(H+) to a prroton accepto
or (NH3) to become
b
NH4+.
H 3 + H 2O
(2) NH4+ + OH- NH
base
acid
) NH4+acts as an acid since
s
it dona
ates a proto
on,
or (OH-) to become
b
NH3.
(H+) to a prroton accepto

)
)
)

ble
-consider reactions (1) & (2) as reversib
reactions:
H3 + H2O ' NH4+ + OHNH
basse(1) acid((2)
base(2)
NH3/NH4+ & H2O/OH- arre conjugate
e pairs
NH4+ is the conjugate acid
a
of NH3
OH- is the conjugate
c
base of H2O

Acid-Base
s Equilibria
CHM12-3

a species which acce


cepts an
dinate bond
form a coord
a species which dona
nates an
dinate bond
form a coord

&

s & Bases
Theories on Acids
1. Arrhenius Theory
(Svante Arrrhenius)
- all bases contain OH- while all accids contain H+
when ionized in waterr.
e only for aqueous solutio
ons
- applicable
- cannot acccount for th
he acidity/ba
asicity of oth
her
compounds like NH3, a weak base
e
ex:
(acid)
HCl(g) + H2O(l) H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
NaOH(s) + H2O(l) Na+(aq) + OH(ba
ase)

acid(1)

3. Lewis
s Theory
(Gilbert Lewis)
wis acid is
- Lew
elecctron pair to
- Lew
wis base is
elecctron pair to
-

acid

ba
ase

) NH3 is a basse since it is an electrron pair

onor, while BF3 is an acid since it is an


do
ellectron pairr acceptor (recall coordinate
co
ovalent bond
ding & Lewis structures)

xercises on
n Identifyin
ng Acids & Bases:
B
Ex
1. Classify each of the following species as Bronsted
B
o base, or b
both:
acid or
a.. HCN
b.. NO3c.. H3O+
d.. NH22.

ugate acid/b
base pairs in each of
Identtify the conju
the re
eactions:
a.. CN- + H2O ' HCN + OH
O b.. HClO + CH3NH2 ' CH
H3NH3+ + ClO
O+
2c.. H2PO4 + NH3 ' HPO4 + NH4
d.. HCO3- + H
HCO3- ' H2CO
C 3 + CO32-

3.

Write
e the formula
a of the con
njugate base
es of the
follow
wing acids:
a.. HNO2
b.. H2SO4
c.. HCOOH
d.. HCN

4.

Write
e the formula
a of the con
njugate acidss of the
follow
wing bases:
a.. PO43b.. HPO42c.. CO32d.. HS-

5.

h of the follo
owing specie
es are acids & bases
Which
in the
e following re
eactions:
a.. BF3 + F- BF4b.. OH-(aq) + C
CO2(aq) HC
CO3-(aq)
c.. BF3 + NH3 F3BNH3
d.. Al(OH)3 + OH- [Al(O
OH)4]-

Pag
ge 1 of 3

Acid-Base Properties of Water & the Ion Product


Constant
Water
) can act as either a base or an acid (amphiprotic)
) it undergoes autoionization/autoprotolysis into
hydronium ion and hydroxide ion
H2O + H2O ' H3O+ + OHacid 1
base 2
acid 2
base 1
) the conjugate acid-base pairs are (1) H2O (acid) and
OH- (base) and (2) H3O+ (acid) and H2O (base).
) Kc = [H3O+] [OH-]
) at 25C in pure water, [H3O+] = [OH-] = 1.0 x 10-7
) the equilibrium constant for the self-ionization of
water is called the ion-product constant, Kw at
25C.
) Kw = [H3O+] [OH-] = 1.0 x 10-14 (this applies to all
aqueous solutions, not just for pure water)
Exercises:
1. The concentration of OH- ions in a certain
household ammonia cleaning solution is 0.0025
M. Determine the concentration of H+ ions.
2. Calculate the concentration of OH- ions in a HCl
solution whose hydrogen ion concentration is 1.3
M.
pH and pOH
pH

) potential of hydrogen ion, proposed by Danish

Biochemist Soren Sorensen


) defined as the negative of the logarithm of [H3O+]
pH = -log[H3O+]
pOH
) defined as the negative of the logarithm of [OH-]
pOH = -log[OH-]
Acidic solutions :
Basic solutions :
Neutral solutions
pH = 7.00

[H3O+] > 1.0 x 10-7 M, pH < 7.00


[H3O+] < 1.0 x 10-7 M, pH > 7.00
:
[H3O+] = 1.0 x 10-7 M,

pKw = - log 1.0 x 10-14 = 14.00


pKw = pH + pOH = 14.00
Exercises:
1. Nitric acid is used in the production of fertilizer,
dyes, drugs & explosives. Calculate the pH of a
HNO3 solution having a hydrogen ion
concentration of 0.760 M.
2. The OH- ion concentration of a blood sample is
2.5 x 10-7 M. What is the pH of the blood?

Acid-Base Equilibria
CHM12-3

3. The pH of a solution of HCl in water is found to


be 2.50. What volume of water would you add to
1.00 L of this solution to raise the pH to 3.10.
4. What must be the weight in grams of NaOH
needed to prepare 750 mL solution with a pH of
11?
Classification of Acids & Bases:
1. According to Strength
A. Strong Acids
- are strong electrolytes which are
assumed to completely ionize in water &
forms H3O+ ion
B. Weak Acids
- are weak electrolytes and ionizes only to
a limited extent to form H3O+ ion
C. Strong Bases
- are strong electrolytes which are
assumed to completely ionize in water &
forms OH- ion
D. Weak Bases
- are weak electrolytes and ionizes only
to a limited extent to form OH- ion

The Common Strong Acids & Strong Bases


Acids

Bases

HCl

LiOH

HBr

NaOH

HI

KOH

HClO4

RbOH

HNO3

CsOH

H2SO4

Mg(OH)2
Ca(OH)2
Sr(OH)2
Ba(OH)2

2. According to the number of Replaceable H+


A. Monoprotic Acid
- are acids that when ionized in water
yields only one hydrogen ion
ex:
HNO3(aq) H+(aq) + NO3-(aq)
HBr(aq) H+(aq) + Br-(aq)
B. Polyprotic Acids
- are acids that when ionized in water
yields more than one hydrogen ion in a
series of steps (diprotic- two H+; triproticthree H+)
ex:
H3PO4(aq) ' H+(aq) + H2PO4-(aq)
H2PO4-(aq) ' H+(aq) + HPO42-(aq)
HPO42-(aq) ' H+(aq) + PO43-(aq)

Page 2 of 3

Acid-Base Equilibria
) Acid base equilibria deals quantitatively with acid
and base ionization in water.

6.

Ionization of Acids & Bases


consider the ionization of an acid,
HA(aq) + H2O ' H3O+ + A-(aq)
or
HA(aq) ' H+(aq) + A-(aq)

7.

Ka = [H+][A-]
[HA]
consider the ionization of a base,
B(aq) + H2O ' BH+ + OH-(aq)

8.

Kb = [BH+][OH-]
[B]

) Ka and Kb are called the acid ionization


constant

respectively.

and

base

ionization

constant

) Ka and Kb tells us the degree of dissociation of the


acid or base in water. It also tells us the relative
strength of the acid or base.
) the higher the value of Ka (or Kb), the greater its
ionization in water, the higher the acidity (or
basicity) of the solution.

Acid-Base Equilibria Calculations


1. Butyric Acid, HC4H7O2, is used to make
compounds employed in artificial flavorings and
syrups. A 0.250 M aqueous solution of butyric
acid is found to have a pH of 2.72. Determine Ka
for butyric acid?
2. Hypochlorous acid, HOCl, is used in water
treatment and as disinfectant in swimming pools.
A 0.150 M solution of HOCl has a pH of 4.18.
Determine Ka for hypochlorous acid.
3. The much-abused drug cocaine is an alkaloid.
Alkaloids are noted for their bitter taste, which
indicates that they are bases.
Cocaine,
C17H21O4N, is soluble in water to the extent of
0.17g/100 mL solution, and a saturated solution
has a pH of 10.08. What is the Kb for cocaine?
C17H21O4N + H2O ' C17H21O4NH+ + OH4. Acetylsalicylic acid, HC9H7O4, is the active
component in aspirin. It causes the stomach
upset that some people get when taking aspirin.
Two extra-strength aspirin tablets, each
containing 500 mg of acetylsalicylic acid, are
dissolved in 325 mL of water. What is the pH of
this solution?
HC9H7O4 + H2O ' H3O+ + C9H7O4Ka = 3.3 x 10-4
5. What is the pH of 0.00250 M HNO2(aq) whose
pKa is equal to 3.14?

Acid-Base Equilibria
CHM12-3

Piperidine, C5H11N, is a base found in small


amounts in black pepper. What is the pH of 3.15
mL of a water solution containing 114 mg
piperidine?
C5H11N + H2O ' C5H11NH+ + OHKb = 1.6 x 10-3
For a 3.0 M H3PO4 solution, calculate: (a) [H3O+]
(b) [H2PO4-] (c) [HPO42-] (d) [PO43-]
Ka1 = 7.1 x 10-3
Ka2 = 6.3 x 10-8
Ka3 = 4.2 x 10-13
Malonic acid, HOOCCH2COOH, is a diprotic acid
used in the manufacture of barbiturates.
HOOCCH2COOH + H2O ' H3O+ + HOOCCH2COOHOOCCH2COO- + H2O ' H3O+ + -OOCCH2COOKa1 = 1.4 x 10-3
Ka2 = 2.0 x 10-6

Percent Ionization
) gives the proportion of ionized molecules on a
percentage basis.
) determines the strength of an acid or base
) the greater the percent ionization, the stronger
the acid or base.
% ionization = equilibrium conc of H+/OH- x 100
initial conc of acid or base
Exercises:
1. What is the percent ionization of 0.010 M acetic
acid HC2H3O2? Ka = 1.8 x 10-5
2. A 0.0284 M aqueous solution of lactic acid, a
substance that accumulates in the blood and
muscles during physical activity, is found to be
6.7% ionized. Determine the value of Ka for lactic
acid.
HC3H5O3 + H2O ' H3O+ + C3H5O33. What is the percent ionization of trichloroacetic
acid in 0.035 M HC2Cl3O2 solution?
HC2Cl3O2 + H2O ' H3O+ + C2Cl3O2- pKa = 0.52

Page 3 of 3

You might also like