Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Natural Law:
Historical, Systematic and Juridical
Approaches
Edited by
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgements ................................................................................... ix
Introduction ................................................................................................ 1
Part I: Historical Approaches
Chapter One................................................................................................ 9
Marcus Tullius Cicero and the Role of Nature in the Knowledge
of Moral Good
Laura E. Corso de Estrada
Chapter Two ............................................................................................. 23
Rom 1:182:16 and Natural Law: A Rhetorical Approach
Juan-Luis Caballero
Chapter Three ........................................................................................... 43
Practical Truth and Practical Falsehood in Thomas Aquinas
Joaqun Garca-Huidobro
Chapter Four............................................................................................. 65
The Darkening of Natural Reason and the Force of Law and Custom
Mara Elton
Chapter Five ............................................................................................. 85
Some Reflections on Ethical Rationality in the Economic Theory
of the School of Salamanca
Maria Idoya Zorroza
Chapter Six ............................................................................................. 109
Phillip Melanchthon and the Reception of Aristotelian Natural Law
Theory in the European Reformation
Manfred Svensson
Chapter Seven......................................................................................... 127
Montaigne and Descartes: A Dialogue on Morals
Raquel Lzaro
vi
Table of Contents
vii
viii
Table of Contents
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470
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
490
List of Contributors
491
Raquel Lzaro
Doctor of Philosophy. She is currently Lecturer in the Department of
Philosophy at the University of Navarra. She has been a Visiting Scholar
in Glasgow and Paris. Her recent publications include: Montaigne el
escptico: un filsofo moderno o postmoderno? (2005), Adam Smith:
Individuo, Organizacin Social y Participacin (2003) and La sociedad
comercial en Adam Smith : mtodo, moral, religin (2002). Her research
interests are in the Scottish Enlightenment and 17th century French
philosophy .
Encarna Llamas
PhD. in Philosophical Anthropology. She is currently Professor in the
Department of Philosophy at the Catholic University of Valencia. She has
been Fulbright Visiting Scholar at the Catholic University of America. Her
publications include: Charles Taylor: una antropologa de la identidad
(2001), La imaginacin creadora (2004), and Intencionalidad como
constitucin en el conocimiento prctico (2005). Research interests:
phenomenology in philosophical anthropology, ethics and the social
sciences.
Margarita Mauri lvarez
Doctor of Philosophy. She is currently Professor of Ethics in the Faculty
of Philosophy at the University of Barcelona. Her publications include:
Moral Knowledge in Aristotles Ethics (1992), Les virtuts en el
pensament contemporani (1992), and El conocimiento moral (2005). Her
research interest is in the field of moral philosophy.
Carlos I. Massini Correas
Doctor of Law and Doctor of Philosophy (2001). He is currently Professor
of Philosophy of Law and Ethics at the University of Mendoza (Argentina)
and of Practical Philosophy at Austral University (Buenos Aires). He has
been Visiting Professor at many European and American universities; he is
Academic Secretary of the University of Mendoza and a member of the
Board of the Argentine Association of Philosophy of Law. His recent
publications include: Philosophy of Law (2005), La ley natural y su
interpretacin contempornea (2006), La falacia de la falacia
naturalista (1995). His research interests are in the philosophy of law and
ethics.
492
List of Contributors
Ivone Moreira
Master in Philosophy. She is currently Reader at the Catholic University of
Portugal. Her recent publications include: A Virtude da Prudncia no
Pensamento Poltico de Edmund Burke (2006), Sociedade Poltica e
Contrato Social As Perspectivas de Locke e Burke (2005), and
Conceito e Fins da Educao em Srgio (2004). Researchs interests:
political and moral philosophy.
Jos Ignacio Murillo
Doctor of Philosophy. He is currently Lecturer in the Department of
Philosophy and a Board Member of the Institute of Anthropology and
Ethics at the University of Navarra. He has been a Visiting Research
Scholar at the University of Munich, Catholic University of America,
Oxford University and the University of Notre Dame. His publications
include: Operacin, hbito y reflexin. El conocimiento como clave
antropolgica en Toms de Aquino (1999), and El valor revelador de la
muerte (1999). His research interests are in philosophical anthropology.
Diego Poole
Doctor of Law (Universidad Complutense, Madrid). He is currently
Professor in the School of Law at the Universidad Rey Juan Carlos
(Madrid). He is the author of El derecho de los juristas (1998). His
research interests are in the philosophy of law.
Pablo Sanchez-Ostiz
Doctor of Law and Doctor of Philosophy. He is currently Lecturer in
Criminal Law and Criminal Justice Policy in the School of Law at the
University of Navarra. He has been a Fellow of the Deutscher
Akademischer Austausch Dienst (1996), and of the Humboldt Foundation
since 2002. He is the author of El delito contable tributario (1995), and
Encubridores o cmplices? (2004), and he was the Spanish editor of
Imputacin y Derecho penal (by Joachim Hruschka, 2005). His research
interest relate to the theory of imputation, accessory liability, legal
argumentation and white-collar crime.
Juan Fernando Sells
Doctor of Philosophy. He is currently Lecturer in the Department of
Philosophy at the University of Navarre. He has been Visiting Professor at
Notre Dame University. His recent publications include: Propuestas
antropolgicas del siglo XX (2004-2007), Antropologa para inconformes.
Una antropologia abierta al futuro (2006), and El conocer personal.
493
494
List of Contributors
Julia Urabayen
Doctor of Philosophy. She is currently Professor in the Department of
Philosophy at the University of Navarra, and Secretary of the Humanities
Department and of the journal, Anuario Filosfico. Her recent publications
include: El pensamiento antropolgico de Gabriel Marcel. Un canto al ser
humano (2001), Las sendas del pensamiento hacia el misterio del ser. La
filosofa concreta de Gabriel Marcel (2001), and Las races del
humanismo de Emmanuel Levinas: el judasmo y la fenomenologa (2005).
Her main research interest is 20th century French Philosophy.
Caridad Velarde
Ph. D. in Law. She is currently Professor of Philosophy and Theory of
Law at the University of Cdiz. She has been a Visiting Scholar at the
Universities of Oxford, Toronto and New York. She is the author of
Hayek. Una teora de la justicia, la moral y el derecho (1994) and
Universalismo de derechos humanos. Anlisis a la luz del debate
anglosajn (2003). Her research interests concern social reality in legal
hermeneutics.
Hctor Zagal
Doctor of Philosophy. He is currently Lecturer in the Department of
Philosophy at Universidad Panamericana (Mexico City). He has been a
Visiting Scholar at the University of Notre Dame. His recent publications
include: Ethik fr junge Menschen (2000), Horisms, syllogisms,
aspheia en Aristteles (2002), and Mtodo y ciencia en Aristteles
(2005).
Mara Idoya Zorroza
Doctor of Philosophy. She is currently working as a Research Specialist
with the Special Research Group on Classical Spanish Thought (14th16th
centuries): its Medieval Inspiration and Influence on Contemporary
Philosophy in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Navarra.
She has translated and edited a number of books by Bez, Aquinas,
Francisco de Vitoria, and has published a number of papers on these
topics. She is also a Visiting Professor at the University of Piura, Peru.
SUBJECT INDEX
action
and desire, 51
and human goods, 230
and human rationality, 102,
166.
and knowledge, 138, 412
and omission, 413
and performance, 100
and reflexiveness, 424
as effect in the world, 208
as movement, 329
author of an, 411; see also
agent
causes of, 268, 269; see also
causality
contingency of human, 93
ethics and external, 111, 121,
122
evil, 283
form and matter of, 276, 338
good, 58, 225, 304, 323, 324
institutionalization of, 252
natural and free, 329, 345
object of, 77, 79, 91, 276, 333
secundum naturam, 291
social character of human,
246
species of, 77
theory of, 204
transcendent and immanent
end of, 269
truth of the, 93; see also
practical truth
voluntary, 412
adiaphorist controversy, 120,
121
agency
and moral order, 232
and rules, 423
as defining human beings, 239
agent
and imputation, 410
and knowledge, 416
as causa libera, 411
as executor, 337
as origin of conduct, 410
permanence of the, 422
anthropology, 322, 326, 372
and ethics, 199, 363, 374
Christian, 279, 374, 381
dualist, 280, 371
appetite, 46-59, 305, 311, 340,
341, 430-436, 444, 445
and end, 53, 57, 329
and good, 430
and knowledge, 335
and virtue, 46
animal and human, 430
conformity with intellect, 57
free, 336
hierarchy of, 434
intellectual, concupiscible and
irascible, 46, 59
natural, 344
object of, 303
order of, 309
rational and sensible, 340,
341, 430
rectitude of, 52, 61, 62, 437
right, 46, 50-52, 56-62
unruly, 69
496
Subject Index
application
applicatio legis ad factum,
414-424
levels of, 211
of moral law to actions, 211214, 232, 294
of norms, 3, 54, 427
of principles of natural law,
120
authority, 12, 81, 87, 92, 134,
147, 222, 325, 426, 446
and law, 447
legitimate, 211, 514
of reason, 381
political, 91
religious, 141, 156
autonomy, 205, 411
and obligation, 461
person and nature, 234
theonomous, 274
bindingness, 197, 201
of law and morality, 452
of legal rules, 399
of the law, 316, 444
see also obligation
casuistry, 99
causality, 206, 214-216, 336,
366, 411
cause
causa libera, 411, 416
efficient, 268, 269, 364
final, 154, 366
formal, 228, 268, 354
material, 443
charity, 268
city
citizenship, 3, 238, 239, 255
civic harmony, 14
coercion
creation
creation and knowledge, 31
creation and redemption, 272
see also God and natural law
Decalogue, 32, 119, 270
as a summary of natural law,
119
decisionism, 398
deliberation, 100, 434
democracy, 248
desire, 208
rational, 217
see also appetite
determinism, 355
dignity
human, 255, 256, 349, 370, 402,
436
disposition
natural and human, 18, 19
moral, 216
duty, 37, 150, 197, 208, 209,
363, 365, 420, 448, 454-458
and law, 457
and moral good, 217
and obligation, 452, 454
and right, 457
civil, 115
contrary to, 209
ends that are, 211
juridical, 200
kinds of, 458
knowledge of, 20, 458
legal and moral, 452, 454,
457, 459
parental, 462
particular, 201
perfect and imperfect, 208,
210, 211
positive, 211
see also obligation
497
498
Subject Index
of ethics, 395
of knowledge, 394
free will, 78, 142, 216, 217, 246,
329, 333, 342, 343, 441
and imperium, 330
freedom, 342, 358, 363, 375,
422
and contingency, 137
and divine command, 316
and evil, 316
and grace, 269
and human condition, 239
and human identity, 254
and imputation, 411
and personal law, 357
as autonomy, 411
as cause, 215 411
categories of, 205-212
legality of, 201
and necessity, 213
right to, 199
transcendental, 272
God, 13, 26-40, 52, 69, 73, 80,
99, 110-119, 130, 134, 136,
139, 141-144, 151, 156, 157,
160-174, 184, 188, 197, 231,
233, 259, 268-282, 315, 320,
321, 325, 334, 339, 342, 343,
350, 362, 380, 385, 435, 436,
443-447
and person, 359
and sin, 164
as a judge, 33
as author of the moral law,
164
as basis of natural law, 165,
173
as creator, 269, 339
divine command, 339
499
500
Subject Index
501
502
Subject Index
Typik, 202
see also knowledge and
practical knowledge
justice, 26-29, 33, 34, 75, 89, 90,
98, 116, 154, 160-178, 187,
252, 356, 389, 390, 397, 399,
429, 438, 440, 441, 446-448,
460, 464
and divine will, 160
and economics, 91
and equity, 173, 389
and law, 75, 460, 463
and legal praxis, 404
and nature of things, 390
as artificial virtue, 155
as potentiori utile, 161, 172
as public utility, 174
as the charity of the wise, 160
as the working of God, 28
commutative, 441
definition of, 171
distributive, 441
divine, 2, 26, 28, 29, 32, 116,
159, 160, 174
formal reason of, 160
immutability of principles of,
75
inner and outer, 123
jurisprudence, 169, 390
jus strictum, 172, 173
legal, 441
particular and general, 438,
441
perfect and imperfect, 208,
210
suum cuique tribuere, 172
theory of, 382
universal, 167, 172
virtue of, 88, 427, 438, 441
voluntarist basis for, 161
justification
and rules, 72
as a dictamen of reason, 165
as reason existing in God, 15,
165
as a social practice, 400
as force of nature, 15
as right reason, 20
as the reason inherent to
nature, 15
be under the, 316
common to all times, 15
disobedience of, 454
divine and human, 114
divine retribution by the, 27
educational value of, 79
essential, 349
eternal, 69, 110, 118, 154,
188, 278, 319-322, 336,
342, 436, 444
for themselves, 23, 34, 35, 39
formal constituent of, 457
formal nature of the moral,
217
formal requirements of, 400
ignorance of the, 421
incentive for action and
moral, 209
international, 459
justification by the, 26
lex vetera, 273
moral, 3, 4, 65, 79, 129, 150,
197, 200-218, 278, 355,
363
Mosaic, 23-41
old and new, 267-281
obligatory nature of, 317, 451
of Christ, 3, 23, 267-276
of freedom, 213
of nature, 38, 151, 201-213,
363
of the cross, 270
503
permissive, 210
personal, 4, 277, 349, 357
positive, 381
prescription of the, 317
promulgation of, 72, 111
rule of, 29, 400
source of, 160, 170
type of moral, 212, 214
universal, 2, 191, 201, 202,
203, 218, 294
unjust, 443, 451
unto oneself, 302, 317
utility as foundation of, 186
written in the hearts, 23, 37
see also natural law
legalism, 461
man
as lord and master of nature,
135
as measure of things, 130
inner and outer, 122
maxims, 203-206, 210, 213
as relation between will and
action, 206
modality of, 207
of provisional moral code,
139
two levels of, 204
means
and end, 51
see also action
mercy, 32
metaphysics, 86, 138, 160, 199,
211, 212, 306, 320, 334, 366,
393, 397
moral
absolutes, 453
and physical possibility, 208
autonomy, 203, 270
modalities, 205, 206, 211
504
Subject Index
505
506
Subject Index
507
508
Subject Index
509
510
Subject Index
artificial, 153
as determination of the will,
143
as good of human life, 260
as practice, 260
as the conformance to nature,
21
becoming virtuous, 54
charity as the form of, 282
fortitude, 440
intellectual, 112, 262, 345
moral, 4, 47, 61, 73, 99, 100,
282, 323, 438, 439, 440
natural, 153, 155
of recognition, 262
of will, 355
practical judgment and moral,
101
temperance, 440
theological, 270, 282
virtuous man, 12, 49, 50, 56,
100, 141, 143, 187, 313,
318, 324, 430
see also prudence, justice and
habits
volition
theory of, 216
voluntarism, 2, 85, 118, 120,
149-169, 174-176, 196-198
voluntary
and ignorance, 417
see also imputation and action
will, 49, 52, 218
and charity, 268
and command, 341
and end, 339
and knowledge of the good,
101
and moral judgment, 203
and reason, 144, 305
511
NAME INDEX
514
Bez, D., 90
Barker, E., 193
Barrientos, J., 104
Basso, D., 325
Bastit, M., 325
Bauer, C., 124
Baumgarten, A., 196
Bayn, J. C., 466
Beck, L. W., 218
Beeley, P., 176
Belda, J., 104
Belmans, T. G., 359
Benedict XVI, 39
Benton, R. J., 218
Berman, H., 124
Beuchot, M., 404, 406
Bierbrauer, P., 124
Biffi, I., 281
Bisterfeld, J. H., 166-168, 176,
178
Blank, A., 177
Bobzien, S., 218
Bonaventure, Saint, 331
Boyanc, P., 10, 16, 21
Boyle, J. M., 406
Bozzi, R., 406
Brock, S. L., 325
Brunschvicg, L., 146
Buchheim, T., 218
Burgundius of Pisa, 330
Burke, E., 2, 3, 181-193
Busche, H., 177
Byrne, B., 40
Caesar, J., 82
Caffarra, C., 281
Calixt, G., 124
Camerarius, J., 124
Campillo, N., 257
Canavan, F., 193
Carande, R., 104
Name Index
Carneades, 14
Carpintero, F., 359
Carranza, B., 104
Carrera, J., 104
Castao, S. R., 359
Chafuen, A., 88,104
Charron, 128, 129, 139, 141,
142, 146
Christ, 25-29, 34, 35, 268, 270283
Christianism, 11, 74, 116,
271, 279, 280
Chrysostom, John, 40
Cicero, 2, 9-21, 110, 172, 185,
187, 188, 193, 333, 347
Congar, Y., 280, 284
Corpus Christi, M. de, 90, 104
Cotta, S., 217, 218, 382, 384,
391, 392
Cottier, G., 325
Couturat, L., 177
Crowe, M. B., 82
Crusius, C. A., 196, 197, 218
Cruz, A., 291, 300-304, 309,
315-325
Cumberland, R., 150, 151, 157,
199
DAgostino, F., 395-398, 406
Damascene, John, 330, 347
Damasio, A., 63
Daries, J. G., 414, 425
de Albornoz, B., 104
de Roover, R., 88
del Vigo, A., 105
Delgado, J., 463, 464, 466
Delhaye, P., 267, 275-277, 284
Deman, T., 63, 105, 347
Descartes, R. 2, 52, 63, 127-147
Cartesianism, 2, 127-144
Di Blasi, F., 325
Diogenes Laertius, 22
Dostoyevski, F., 233
Dupont, J., 41
Dworkin, R., 400, 461, 464, 466
Edwards, J., 219
Ellscheid, G., 407
Elton, M., 359
Enegrn, A., 257
Enskat, R., 219
Epicurus, 172
Eslin, J.-C., 257
Esser, J., 395
Faye, E., 146
Fernndez, P., 95, 105
Ferraris, M., 407
Festugire, P., 16, 22
Feuerbach, L., 43, 57, 64
Feuillet, A., 41
Finnis, J., 47, 64, 259, 320, 325,
382, 384-389, 391, 400, 402,
427, 434, 435, 438, 441, 448450, 454, 456, 466
Fitzmyer, J. A., 41
Forti, S., 257
Frank, G., 124
Frey, C., 124
Friedrich, H., 146
Fuchs, J., 267, 270-273, 284
Fuller, L. L., 400, 407
Gadamer, H. G., 43, 196, 219,
395, 396, 402-407
Gadofre, G., 146
Galindo, J., 300
Garca Sanz, A., 105
Garca Villoslada, R., 105
Garca, F., 105
Gardies, J.-L., 177
Gascn, M., 391
Gauthier, R. A., 347
515
516
Name Index
Kennedy, G. A., 41
Klinnert, L., 125
Kluxen, W., 325
Kuss, O., 41
Lafer, C., 257
Langholm, O., 106
Larraz, J., 106
Larr, J., 41
Legros, R., 257
Leibniz, G. W. F., 2, 159-179,
196
Lemaire, J., 146
Levering, M., 325
Levi, A., 146
Levinas, E., 257
Lvy, C., 10, 16, 22, 128
Lipovetsky, G., 462, 466
Llano, A., 220, 325, 407
Locke, J., 150, 151, 157, 158,
243, 247
Loemker, L. E., 178
Lottin, O., 348
Luther, M., 69, 73, 109, 114,
118, 122, 125
Lynch, J., 106
Lyonnet, S., 41
MacCormick, N., 466
MacIntyre, A., 3, 259-265, 381,
392
Mackie, J. L., 466
Mager, I., 125
Maritain, J., 71, 73, 83, 263
Martnez Doral, J. M., 380, 392
Marx, K., 43, 57, 64, 247, 394
Massini, C. I., 64, 407
Maximus the Confessor, 330
Mayer, V., 220
McInerny, R., 326
McKenna, A., 146
517
518
Name Index
519