Flat Slab Design

Resources used for compiling this presenta4on

are acknowledged

Flat Slab resting

directly on
columns

1. What is a flat slab?

31.1 General
The term flat

slab means a
reinforced concrete slab
with or without drops,
supported generally without
beams, by columns with or
without flared column heads

Flat slab with

drop panel and
column head

A flat slab may be solid slab

or ma y ha ve re c e sse s
formed on the soffit so that
the soffit comprises a series
of ribs in two directions.
The recesses may be formed
by removable or permanent
filler blocks.

Flat Slab with

drop panels

Flat slab with

column head

2. Types of flat slab

Flat Slab resting

directly on columns

Flat Slab with drop panels

Drop is a local thickening of the slab in

the region of column
Structural Advantages
increase shear strength of slab
increase nega5ve moment capacity
of slab
s5en the slab and hence reduce
deec5on

Flat slab with column head

Flat slab with drop panel

and column head

Column head is a local enlargement of

the column at the junc5on with the
slab
Structural Advantages
increase shear strength of slab
(punching shear)
reduce the moment in the slab by
reducing the clear or effective span

A at slab may have recesses formed on the sot so that the sot comprises a series of ribs
in two direc5ons ( wae Slabs).

Flat slabs with capitals, drop panels, or both. These slabs are very sa4sfactory for
heavy loads and long spans.

Although the formwork is more expensive than for at plates, at slabs will require
less concrete and reinforcing than would be required for at plates with the same
loads and spans.

They are par4cularly economical for warehouses, parking and industrial buildings,
and similar structures, where exposed drop panels or capitals are acceptable.

3. Benefits of flat slab

vFlexibility in room layout

Introduce partition walls anywhere required

Change the size of room layout
Omit false ceiling

Saving in building height

Lower storey height will reduce building weight

approx. saves 10% in vertical members
reduce foundation load

vShorter construction time

flat plate design will facilitate the use of

big table formwork to increase productivity

vEase of installation of M&E services

all M & E services can be mounted directly on

the underside of the slab instead of bending
them to avoid the beams
avoids hacking through beams

The main disadvantage is their lack of resistance to lateral loads due to

wind and earthquakes. Lateral load resis4ng systems such as shear
walls are oDen necessary

When the loads or spans or both become quite large, the slab thickness
and column sizes required for at plates or at slabs are of such
magnitude that it is more economical to use two-way slabs with
beams, despite the higher formwork costs.

4. Behaviour of Slab supported on Stiff , Flexible and no beams

Case Study:
Panel Size = 4 m x 4m
Slab Thickness = 125 mm
Load = 5 kN/m2
S5 Supports ( Bearing wall)
Flexible Supports (Beam) : 300 x 300 , 300 x 450 , 300 x 600 , 300 x 1000 mm
Column supports at corners

A. Two way Slab on Rigid Supports (bearing Walls)

Mx = 3.616 kNm/m

My = 3.616 kNm/m

IS 456 Values (Table 27): 0.062 x 5 x 16 = 4.96

Slab Deec6on = 1.4 mm

B. Two way Slab on Flexible Supports (Beams on all sides)

1. Beam Size : 300 x300 mm

Mx = 4.45 kNm/m

My = 4.45 kNm/m

IS 456 Values (Type 9): 0.056 x 5 x 16 = 4.48

Beam Moment = 12.2 kNm

Beam Deec6on = 1.33 mm

Slab deec6on= 2.9 mm

Mxy = 0.37 kNm/m

2. Beam Size : 300 x450 mm

Mx = 3 kNm/m
My = 3 kNm/m
IS 456 Values (Type 9): 0.056 x 5 x 16 = 4.48

Beam Moment = 15.6 kNm

Beam Deec6on = 0.5 mm

Mxy = 0.73 kNm/m

Slab deec6on= 1.5 mm

3. Beam Size : 300 x 600 mm

Mx = 2.43 kNm/m

My = 2.43 kNm/m

Mxy = 0.8 kNm/m

IS 456 Values (Type 9): 0.056 x 5 x 16 = 4.48

Beam Moment = 17 kNm

Beam Deec5on = 0.24 mm

Slab Deec5on = 0.98 mm

4. Beam Size : 300 x 1000 mm

Mx = 2 kNm/m

My = 2 kNm/m

IS 456 Values (Type 9): 0.056 x 5 x 16 = 4.48

Beam Moment = 18 kNm

Mxy = 0.8 kNm/m

5. Beam Size : 300 x 125 mm (Concealed Beams)

Mx = 9.8 kNm/m

My = 9.8 kNm/m

IS 456 Values (Type 9): 0.056 x 5 x 16 = 4.48

Beam Moment = 2.9 kNm

Slab Deec6on = 7.0 mm

Mxy = 3 kNm/m

B. Two way Slab on Point Supports at corners (Flat Slab)

Mx = 9.075 kNm/m (Middle)

=12.4 kNm/m (Edge Strip)

My = 9.075 kNm/m (Middle)

=12.4 kNm/m (Edge Strip)

Slab Deec6on = 8.67 mm

Mxy = 7.76 kNm/m

Results Summary
Deec4on

Type of
Support

Mx

My

Mxy

Beam
Moment

Rigid

3.616

3.616

2.6

1.4

(Concealed
Beams)

9.84

9.85

3.0

2.88

7.0

4.3

300 x300

4.45

4.45

0.37

12.2

2.9

1.33

300 x450

0.73

15.6

1.5

0.50

300 x600

2.43

2.43

0.8

17.0

0.98

0.24

300x1000

0.8

18.0

0.60

0.05

Flat Slab

9.0

9.0

7.76

8.676

300 x125

Slab Beam

Observa4ons
Two way Rectangular Slab supported on stiff beams, the shorter spans (stiffer portion
of the slab) carry larger load and subjected to

larger moments. The longer spans

carry less load and subjected to less moment.

Results indicate that decrease in supporting beams stiffness leads to an increase in
bending moments of slabs and decrease in bending moment of the beams (behavior that

is not captured using code recommendations).

If the slab is supported on bearing walls, slab moments are distributed in similar way.

If the slab is supported only by the columns, the slab behaves like a two way slab with
an essential difference that all the load is carried in both directions to accumulate it
at the columns.
With Concealed beams it is reveled that the behaviour is close to Flat slabs rather than any useful
beam action.

4. Structural Behaviour of Flat Slab

Column Strip

Column Strip

Middle Strip

Column Strip

Middle
Strip

Deected Shape

5. Distribution of Total Panel Moment in different zones

-m8

-m4

m7

-m2

-m4

-m8

-m6

m3

m1

-m8

Column
Strip

m3

-m4

Column Strip

m7

m5

-m6

Middle Strip

-m2

A -m4

Middle Strip

Column Strip

-m8

Column
Strip

A Zone of ve BM (Hogging) in both direc7ons

B Zone of +ve BM(Sagging) and ve BM
C Zone of -ve BM and +ve BM
D Zone of +ve BM in both direc7ons

-m8

Column
Strip

-m2

m3
-m6

Middle Strip

C
-m4

m1

B
m3

-m8

-m4

A
m7

-m8

-m2

Middle Strip

Column Strip

-m4

m7

m5

-m8

-m2

m1

Column Strip

m5

-m4

m7

-m6

-m4

m3

-m8

-m6

-m6

-m8

Column
Strip

-m2

A Zone of ve BM (Hogging) in both direc7ons

B Zone of +ve BM(Sagging) and ve BM

-m4

C Zone of -ve BM and +ve BM

D Zone of +ve BM in both direc7ons

Moment Direc5on

6. Definitions

Moment Direc5on

COLUMN STRIP
0.25L1 0.25L2

L2

SPAN
Region

MIDDLE
STRIP

SPAN Region:
Bounded on all the four sides by middle strips

COLUMN STRIP
0.25L1 0.25L2
COLUMN STRIP
0.25L2 0.25L1

MIDDLE STRIP

L1

7. General Design Considerations

31.2.2 Drop

CL 31.2 Proportioning

The

31.2.1 Thickness of Flat Slab

The thickness of the flat slab shall be
generally controlled by considerations of
span to effective depth ratios given in 23.2.
For slabs with drops conforming to 31.2.2,
span to effective depth ratios given in 23.2
shall be applied directly; otherwise the span
to effective depth ratios obtained in
accordance with provisions in 23.2 shall be
multiplied by 0.9. For this purpose, the
longer span shall be considered.
The minimum thickness of slab shall be 125
mm.

drops when provided shall be

rectangular in plan, and have a length
in each direction not less than onethird of the panel length in that
direction.

For exterior panels, the width of drops

at right angles to the non continuous
edge and measured from the centreline of the columns shall be equal to
one-half the width of drop for interior
panels.
Minimum thickness of Drop
> of Slab thickness and
> 100 mm

31.2.3 Column Heads

Where column heads are provided, that portion of a column head which lies within the
largest right circular cone or pyramid that has a vertex angle of 900and can be included
entirely within the outlines of the column and the column head, shall be considered for
design purposes.

8. Determination of Bending Moment CL 31.3

31.3.1. Methods of Analysis and Design

It shall be permissible to design the slab system by one of the following

methods:
a) The direct design method as specified in 31.4, and
b) The equivalent frame method as specified in 31.5.
In each case the applicable limitations given in 31.4 and 31.5 shall be met.

9. Direct Design Method CL 31.4

A. Limitations : 31.4.1
Slab system designed by the direct design method shall fulfil the following conditions:
a) There shall be minimum of three continuous spans in each direction,
b) The panels shall be rectangular, and the ratio of the longer span to the shorter span within
a panel shall not be greater than 2.0
c) It shall be permissible to offset columns to a maximum of 10percent of the span in the
direction of the offset notwithstanding the provision in (b)
d) The successive span lengths in each direction shall not differ by more than one-third of
the longer span. The end spans may be shorter but not longer than the interior spans, and
e) The design live load shall not exceed three times the design dead load.
Note:
Applicable to gravity loading condition alone (and not to the lateral loading condition)

Ly3

Ly2

For any Panel

Longer Span/Shorter Span 2

0.1Lx1

Lx1 Lx2
Lx3 Lx2
Ly1 Ly2
Ly3 Ly2

0.1Ly2

Lx1 2Lx2/3
Lx3 2Lx2/3
Ly1

Lx1

Lx2

Lx3

Ly1 2Ly2/3
Ly3 2Ly2/3
wuL/wuD 3

B. Total Design Moment for a Span: CL31.4.2

31.4.2.1 In the direct design
method, the total design moment
for a span shall be determined
for a strip bounded laterally by
the centre-line of the panel on
each side of the centre-line of
the supports.
31.4.2.2 The absolute sum of the
positive and average negative
bending moments in each
direction shall be taken as:

1
1

CL of Panel 1
DESIGN
STRIP

M0x

M0y

CL of Panel 2

lnx

wu kN/m

Ln

Note:
1. It is the same as the total moment that occurs in a
simply supported slab

Ln

L2
(L1)

L1
(L2)

2. The moment that actually occurs in such a slab has been shown by experience and tests
to be somewhat less than the value determined by the Mo expression. For this reason, l1
is replaced with ln

10.Distribution of Total Panel Moment M0

It is next necessary to know what propor4ons of these total moments are posi4ve and
what propor4ons are nega4ve.

Interior Panel
If a slab was completely xed at the end of each
panel, the division would be as it is in a xed-end
beam, two-thirds nega4ve and one-third posi4ve,
as shown in Figure.

This division is reasonably accurate for interior
panels where the slab is con4nuous for several
spans in each direc4on with equal span lengths and
loads.

Exterior Panel
The rela4ve s4nesses of the columns and slabs of exterior panels are of
far greater signicance in their eect on the moments than is the case
for interior panels.
The magnitudes of the moments are very sensi4ve to the amount of
torsional restraint supplied at the discon4nuous edges.
This restraint is provided both by the exural s4ness of the slab and by
the exural s4ness of the exterior column.

Code Recommendations

Distribution of Bending Moments across panel width Code Recommendations

11. Rebar Detailing - Code Recommendations

Bent bars are also used.

There seems to be a trend
among designers to use
straight bars more than
bent bars.

ELEVATION

Rebar Detailing - Code Recommendations

e
b

e
b

Ln greater of adjacent clear spans CL 31.7.3 (b)

Sec6on through Middle Strip

12. Two way Shear in Flat Slab

Flat plates present a possible problem in transferring the
shear at the perimeter of the columns.
There is a danger that the columns may punch through
the slabs.
As a result, it is frequently necessary to increase column
sizes or slab thicknesses or to use shear heads. Shear
heads consist of steel I or channel shapes placed in the
slab over the columns

Note:
Flat Slab with drop panel and capital, shear is required to be checked at two sec4ons
1. at a distance d/2 from the face of column capital
2. at a distance d/2 from the face of drop panel

Design Example #1
Design by DDM at plate supported on
columns 450 mm square, for a Live Load
= 3 kN/m2, Floor Finish = 1 kN/m2 use
M20 and Fe415. Assume clear cover = 20
mm. Eec6ve Column Height = 3.35m.
Bay spacing in X and Y direc6on = 5m c/c

Interior Panel P5
Corner Panel P7

3 bays @ 5 m c/c

A. Interior Panel Design

Zone A Corner Strip

Zone B Middle Strip along X

2.5m

Zone C Middle Strip along Y

2.5
B m

B
5 m

Zone D Interior Region

Step
1: Panel Division

into Strips

31.1.1(a)

5 m

Moment
direc6on
Along

L1

L2

1.25 and 1.25 m

Adopt 1.25 m

2.5m

1.25 and 1.25 m

Adopt 1.25 m

2.5m

Width of Column Strip on

either side of Centre Line

= 0.25L2 and 0.25 L1

Middle
Strip

Step 2: Trial Depth CL 31.2.1

L/d = 26
Modica5on Factor = 1.33, Assuming pt = 0.4%, FIG 4 IS 456
d = 5000/(26 x 1.33) = 145 mm > 125


CL 31.2.1
DS= 145 + 20 + 18 = 183 mm ( assume #12 bars, and bars in two layers)
Provide Ds= 200 mm d = 200-20-18 = 162 mm

Step 3 Design Loads / m width of Slab

wuD = 1.5(25x 0.2 + 1) = 9kN/m
wuL = 1.5 x 3 = 4.5kN/m
wu = 13.5 kN/m
Step 4: Check for Applicability of DDM: CL 31.4.1

No. of Con5nuous Spans in each direc5on = 3 ; OK

31.4.1(a)
Long Span/Short Span = 5/5 = 1 <2 ; OK 31.4.1(b)
Successive spans in each direc5on = Equal; OK



31.4.1(d)
wuL/wuD = 4.5/9 = 0.5 < 3 ; OK





31.4.1(e)

Contributory Area

Step 5: Check for punching shear around Column

Assumed d = 162 mm
Sec4on 1:
5m
Cri5cal Sec5on at d/2 around the column
Perimeter of Cri5cal Sec5on = 4 x 0.612= 2.448 m
Design Shear at cri5cal sec5on Vu
Vu = 13.5 ( 52 0.6122) = 333kN
c = 0.25fck = 1.12 MPa
ks = 0.5 +1 = 1.5 <=1 ; ks=1 ; ks c = 1.12
Shear Resistance of Concrete = 1.12 x 2448 x 162 = 444kN > 333 kN

Cri4cal Sec4on

0.612m
0.612m

5m

OK

Step 6:Design Moments CL 31.4.2.2

wu = 13.5 kN /m
Parameters
L1 (Span in direc4on of Mo)
0.65L1
Ln (clear span extending from face to
face of columns, capitals)
Ln > 0.65L1
L2 (Span transverse to L1)
W = wu L2Ln
M0 = W Ln / 8

Along X
5
3.25
(5-0.45) =

4.55
4.55
5
307.2
174.72

Along Y
5
m
3.25 m
4.55
4.55
5
307.2
174.72

m
m
m
kN
kNm

Step 7 : Distribution of Bending Moment across panel width ;

CL: 31.4.3.2, 31.5.5

Moment Direc5on along

Nega4ve Design Moment
MN = - 0.65*M0
Column Strip M1 = 0.75MN
Width of Column Strip resis4ng M1 (Csw)

-m1 = M1/ Csw (Zone A)

Middle Strip M2 = 0.25MN
Width of Middle Strip resis4ng M2 (Msw)

-m2 = M2/Msw
(Zone B & C)

113.6

113.6

kNm

31.4.3.2

85.2
2x1.25 =2.5
34.1
28.4

85.2
2x1.25 =2.5
34.1
28.4

kNm

31.5.5.1

2.5

2.5

11.4

11.4

m
kNm/m
kNm
m
kNm/m

31.5.5.4(a)

Posi5ve Design Moment

MP = 0.35*M0
Column Strip M1 = 0.6MP
+m1 = M1/ Csw

61.2

61.2

kNm

31.4.3.2

36.7

36.7

kNm

31.5.5.3

14.7

14.7

kNm/m

Mid Span M2 = 0.4MP

24.5
9.8

24.5
9.8

kNm

(Zone B &C)

+m2 = M2/Msw (Zone D)

-34.1
-34.1

14.7
-11.4

14.7

9.8

-34.1
-34.1

-11.4

9.8

-11.4
14.7

-34.1

kNm/m

-34.1 -ve sign : Hogging Moment (tension at top)

+ve sign : Sagging Moment (tension at borom)

14.7

Step 8 : Check for adequacy of Depth

-11.4

-34.1

31.5.5.4(a)

-34.1

Max Design Bending moment = 34.1 kNm/m

Mu,lim = 72.41 kNm/m > 34.1,
Depth is adequate G-1.1(c)

Step 9 :Rebar Details

Ast,min = 0.12 x 200 x 1000 /100 = 240 mm2/m

26.5.2.1

G-1.1(b)

Minimum Eec5ve Depth of Slab = 162 mm

7.5 Ast2 58490Ast + Mu = 0
Loca6on

Ast

(mm2/m)

Bar
dia

Spacing

(kNm/m)

Ast (prov)

(-) 34.1
14.7
(-)11.4
9.8

635
260
200
171

635
260
240
240

10
8
8
8

120 - T
190 - B
200 - T
200 - B

(-)34.1
(-)11.4
14.7
9.8

635
200
260
171

635
240
260
240

10
8
8
8

120 - T
200 - T
190 - B
200 - B

Moment

mm

Along X
Zone A
Zone B
Zone C
Zone D

Along Y
Zone A
Zone B
Zone C
Zone D

#8@190

0.125Ln
#8@200

#8@190

#8@190

#8@190

#8@200

0.15Ln

Borom Rebar Details in

Interior Panel
D

0.15Ln

0.125Ln

#8@200

0.3Ln

0.2Ln

#10@120

0.2Ln
0.3Ln

#8@200

#10@120

TOP Rebar Details in

Interior Panel
Note:
Distances for curtailment of rebars are
measured from column face

#8@200

B. Corner Panel Design

Step 5: Check for punching shear around Column
Assumed d = 162 mm

Sec4on 1:
Cri5cal Sec5on at d/2 around the column
Perimeter of Cri5cal Sec5on = 2 x 0.531= 1.062 m
Design Shear at cri5cal sec5on Vu
Vu = 13.5 ( 2.52 0.5312) = 81kN
c = 0.25fck = 1.12 MPa
ks = 0.5 +1 = 1.5 <=1 ; ks=1 ; ks c = 1.12
Shear Resistance of Concrete = 1.12 x 1062 x 162 =
192kN > 81 kN

OK

162/2 = 81 mm
450

Step 6:Design Moments CL 31.4.2.2

M0 = 174.72 kNm
Step 7 : Distribution of Bending Moment across panel width ; CL 31.4.3.3 , 31.5.5

=/

1.25m

Assume Columns and Slab panels are with same

modulus of elas5city

B 1.25m

B
5 m

5 m

Parameters
S u m o f c o l u m n
s4ness above and
below the slab

2 (4EcIc)/Lc

Slab s4ness

ks = 4EsIs/Ls

Along X

Along Y

(2 x 4 x Ec x 450 x 4503/12) /3350 = 8.16 Ec x 106

(4 Es x 5000 x 2003/12)/5000

= 2.67Es x 106

2.67Es x 106

c = kc /ks

3.06

3.06

= 1+ (1/c)

1.33

1.33

A. Exterior nega4ve design moment:

-m1

Width of Column Strip Csw resis4ng M1

-m1 = M1/Csw
Middle Strip M2=0
-m2 = 0

-m1

-m2

-m1

Moment Direc5on along

Nega4ve Design Moment
MN = - 0.65*M0/
Column Strip M1 = MN

Exterior

Exterior
-m2

1.25
Interior

-m1
Interior

1.25

85.4

85.4

kNm

31.4.3.3

85.4

85.4

kNm

31.55.2(a)

2x1.25 = 2.5

2.5

34.2
0
0

34.2
0
0

m
kNm/m
kNm
kNm/m

31.5.5.4(a)

Exterior

B. Interior nega4ve design moment:

- m2
Interior

Exterior
m
-m1 1

Moment Direc5on along

Nega4ve Design Moment
MN = - (0.75 0.1/)Mo
Column Strip M1 = 0.75 MN
Width of Column Strip Csw resis4ng M1

-m1 = M1/ Csw

Middle Strip M2 = 0.25 MN
Width of Middle Strip Msw resis4ng M2

-m2 = M2/Msw

- m1

-m2
Interior

- m1
-m1

118

118

kNm

31.4.3.3

88.5
2x1.25 =2.5
-35.4
22.12
2.5
-8.85

88.5
2.5
-35.4
22.12
2.5
-8.85

kNm

31.5.5.1

m
kNm/m
kNm
m
kNm/m

31.5.5.4(a)

Exterior
m1

C. Posi4ve Moment in Mid Span:

m2

m1
Exterior
m1

Moment Direc5on along

Design Moment
MP = (0.63 0.28/)Mo
Column Strip M1 = 0.6 MP
Width of Column Strip Csw resis4ng M1

m1 = M1/ Csw
Middle Strip M2 = 0.4 MP
Width of Middle Strip Msw resis4ng M2

m2 = M2/Msw

m2

Y
m1
Interior
m1

m1
Interior

73.29

73.29

kNm

31.4.3.3

43.98
2x1.25 =2.5
17.6
29.32
2.5
11.73

43.98
2.5
17.6
29.32
2.5
11.73

kNm

31.5.5.3

m
kNm/m
kNm
m
kNm/m

31.5.5.4(a)

Exterior
-34.2
-34.2

Exterior
0

17.6

-34.2

-0
17.6

11.73

11.73

-35.4
-ve sign : Hogging Moment (tension at top)
+ve sign : Sagging Moment (tension at borom)

17.6
-8.85
Interior

-35.4
-34.2

-8.85
17.6

-35.4

-35.4

Interior

Step 7 : Check for adequacy of Depth

Max Design Bending moment = 35.4 kNm/m
Mu,lim = 72.41 kNm/m > 35.4, Depth is adequate G-1.1(c)

Step 8 :Rebar Details

Ast,min = 0.12 x 200 x 1000 /100 = 240 mm2/m

7.5 Ast2 58490Ast + Mu = 0

Strip Loca6on

Moment

Ast

Bar
dia

Spacing

120(T)
115(T)
160(B)
200(T)
200(B)

(kNm/m)

(mm /m)

Ast (prov)

(-)34.2
(-)35.4
17.6
(-)8.85
11.73

637
662
314
155
206

637
662
314
240
240

10

(-)34.2
(-)35.4
(-)8.85
17.6
11.73

637
662
155
314
206

637
662
240
314
240

10

mm

Along X
Zone A(Exterior)
Zone A(Interior)
Zone B
Zone C(Interior)
Zone D

Along Y
Zone A (Exterior)
Zone A(Interior)
Zone B (Interior)
Zone C
Zone D

10

8
8
8

10

8
8
8

120(T)
115(T)
200(T)
160(B)
200(B)

26.5.2.1

Exterior

A
Exterior

17.6

17.6

C
A

11.73
11.73

B
D

17.6

C
Interior

17.6

Interior

Exterior

#10@120
#8@200

#10@120

#10@115

#8@200

#8@200

#10@120

-34.2
-34.2

Exterior
0

#10@115

-34.2
#8@200

-35.4

-8.85
Interior

-35.4
#10@115

-34.2

-0

-8.85

-35.4

-35.4

Interior

TOP Rebar details in Corner Panel

Design Example #2
Design by DDM at plate supported on
columns 500 mm square, for a Live Load
= 4 kN/m2, Floor Finish = 1 kN/m2 use
M25 and Fe415. Floor slab is exposed to
moderate environment. Column Height =
3.5m (c/c). Bay spacing in X and Y
direc6on = 5.5m c/c. Assume that
building is not restrained against sway


Interior Panel P5
Corner Panel P7

3 bays @ 5.5 m c/c

A. Interior Panel Design

Zone A Corner Strip

Zone B Middle Strip along X

2.75m

Zone C Middle Strip along Y

2.75
B m

B
5.5 m

Zone D Interior Region

Step
1: Panel Division

into Strips

31.1.1(a)

5.5 m

Moment
direc6on
Along

L1

L2

1.375 and 1.375 m

Adopt 1.375 m

2.75m

1.375 and 1.375 m

Adopt 1.375 m

2.75m

Width of Column Strip on

either side of Centre Line

= 0.25L2 and 0.25 L1

Middle
Strip

Step 2: Trial Depth CL 31.2.1

L/d = 26
Modica5on Factor = 1.33, Assuming pt = 0.4%, FIG 4 IS 456
d = 5500/(26 x 1.33) = 160 mm > 125


CL 31.2.1
DS= 160 + 30 + 18 = 208 mm ( assume #12 bars, and bars in two layers)
Provide Ds= 225 mm d = 225-30-18 = 177 mm

Step 3 Design Loads / m width of Slab

wuD = 1.5(25x 0.225 + 1) = 9.94kN/m
wuL = 1.5 x 4 = 6kN/m
wu = 15.94 16 kN/m
Step 4: Check for Applicability of DDM: CL 31.4.1

No. of Con5nuous Spans in each direc5on = 3 ; OK

31.4.1(a)
Long Span/Short Span = 5.5/5.5 = 1 <2 ; OK 31.4.1(b)
Successive spans in each direc5on = Equal; OK



31.4.1(d)
wuL/wuD = 6/9.94 = 0.6 < 3 ; OK





31.4.1(e)

Contributory Area

Step 5: Check for punching shear around Column

Assumed d = 177 mm
Sec4on 1:
5.5m
Cri5cal Sec5on at d/2 around the column
Perimeter of Cri5cal Sec5on = 4 x 0.677= 2.708 m
Vu = 16 ( 5.52 0.6772) = 477kN
c = 0.25fck = 1.25 MPa
ks = 0.5 +1 = 1.5 <=1 ; ks=1 ; ks c = 1.25
Shear Resistance of Concrete = 1.25 x 2708 x 177 = 599kN > 477 kN

Cri4cal Sec4on

0.677m
0.677m

5.5m

OK

Step 6:Design Moments CL 31.4.2.2

wu = 16 kN /m
Parameters
L1 (Span in direc4on of Mo)
0.65L1
Ln (clear span extending from face to
face of columns, capitals)
Ln > 0.65L1
L2 (Span transverse to L1)
W = wu L2Ln
M0 = W Ln / 8

Along X
5.5
3.575
(5.5-0.5) =

5
5
5.5
440
275

Along Y
5.5 m
3.575 m
5
5
5.5
440
275

m
m
m
kN
kNm

Step 7 : Distribution of Bending Moment across panel width ;

CL: 31.4.3.2, 31.5.5

Moment Direc5on along

Nega4ve Design Moment
MN = - 0.65*M0
Column Strip M1 = 0.75MN
Width of Column Strip resis4ng M1 (Csw)

-m1 = M1/ Csw (Zone A)

Middle Strip M2 = 0.25MN
Width of Middle Strip resis4ng M2 (Msw)

-m2 = M2/Msw
(Zone B & C)

179

179

kNm

31.4.3.2

134.3
2.75
48.8
44.8

134.3
2.75
48.8
44.8

kNm

31.5.5.1

2.75

2.75

16.3

16.3

kNm/m

m
kNm/m
kNm

31.5.5.4(a)

Posi5ve Design Moment

MP = 0.35*M0
Column Strip M1 = 0.6MP
+m1 = M1/ Csw

96.3

96.3

kNm

31.4.3.2

57.8

57.8

kNm

31.5.5.3

21

21

Mid Span M2 = 0.4MP

38.5
14

38.5
14

(Zone B &C)

+m2 = M2/Msw (Zone D)

-48.8
-48.8

21
-16.3

21

14

-48.8
-48.8

-16.3

-16.3
21

kNm

31.5.5.4(a)

kNm/m

-48.8

14

kNm/m

-48.8 -ve sign : Hogging Moment (tension at top)

+ve sign : Sagging Moment (tension at borom)

21

Step 8 : Check for adequacy of Depth

-16.3

-48.8

-48.8

Max Design Bending moment = 48.8 kNm/m

Mu,lim = 108 kNm/m > 48.8
Depth is adequate G-1.1(c)

Step 9 :Rebar Details

Ast,min = 0.12 x 225 x 1000 /100 = 270 mm2/m

26.5.2.1

G-1.1(b)

Minimum Eec5ve Depth of Slab = 177 mm

6 Ast2 63906Ast + Mu = 0
Loca6on

Ast

(mm2/m)

Bar
dia

Spacing

(kNm/m)

Ast (prov)

(-) 48.8
21
(-)16.3
14

828
340
262
224

828
340
270
270

10
8
8
8

90 - T
145 - B
180 - T
180 - B

(-) 48.8
-16.3
21
14

828
262
340
224

828
270
340
270

10
8
8
8

90 - T
180 - T
145 - B
180 - B

Moment

mm

Along X
Zone A
Zone B
Zone C
Zone D

Along Y
Zone A
Zone B
Zone C
Zone D

#8@145

0.125Ln
#8@180

#8@145

#8@145

#8@145

#8@180

0.15Ln

Borom Rebar Details in

Interior Panel
D

0.15Ln

0.125Ln

#8@180

0.3Ln

0.2Ln

#10@90

0.2Ln
0.3Ln

#8@180

#10@90

TOP Rebar Details in

Interior Panel
Note:
Distances for curtailment of rebars are
measured from column face

#8@200

B. Corner Panel Design

Step 5: Check for punching shear around Column
Assumed d = 177 mm

Sec4on 1:
Cri5cal Sec5on at d/2 around the column
Perimeter of Cri5cal Sec5on = 2 x 0.5885= 1.177 m
Vu = 16 ( 2.752 0.58852) = 115.5kN
c = 0.25fck = 1.25 MPa
ks = 0.5 +1 = 1.5 <=1 ; ks=1 ; ks c = 1.25
Shear Resistance of Concrete = 1.25 x 1177 x 177 =
260kN > 115.5 kN
OK

177/2 = 88.5 mm
500

2.75m

2.75m

Step 6:Design Moments CL 31.4.2.2

M0 = 275 kNm
Step 7 : Distribution of Bending Moment across panel width ; CL 31.4.3.3 , 31.5.5

=/

1.25m

Assume Columns and Slab panels are with same

modulus of elas5city

B 1.25m

B
5 m

5 m

Parameters
S u m o f c o l u m n
s4ness above and
below the slab

2 (4EcIc)/Lc

Slab s4ness

ks = 4EsIs/Ls

c = kc /ks
c min (Table 17)
= 1+ (1/c)

Along X

Along Y

Le = 1.2 Lc (CL E1)

Lc = 3.5-0.225 = 3.275
(2 x 4 x Ec x 500 x 5003/12) /1.2*3275 = 10.6 Ec x 106

(4 Es x 5500 x 2253/12)/5500

= 2.67Es x 106

2.8

3.8Es x 106

2.8

(0.7/0.5)*0.1 =0.14 < c. Adopt c = 2.8

1.36

1.36

A. Exterior nega4ve design moment:

-m1

Width of Column Strip Csw resis4ng M1

-m1 = M1/Csw
Middle Strip M2=0
-m2 = 0

-m1

-m2

-m1

M0 = 275 kNm

Moment Direc5on along

Nega4ve Design Moment
MN = - 0.65*M0/
Column Strip M1 = MN

Exterior

Exterior
-m2

1.25
Interior

-m1
Interior

1.25

131.4

131.4

kNm

31.4.3.3

131.4

131.4

kNm

31.55.2(a)

2.75

2.75

47.8
0
0

47.8
0
0

kNm/m
kNm
kNm/m

31.5.5.4(a)

Exterior

B. Interior nega4ve design moment:

- m2
Interior

Exterior
m
-m1 1

Moment Direc5on along

Nega4ve Design Moment
MN = - (0.75 0.1/)Mo
Column Strip M1 = 0.75 MN
Width of Column Strip Csw resis4ng M1

-m1 = M1/ Csw

Middle Strip M2 = 0.25 MN
Width of Middle Strip Msw resis4ng M2

-m2 = M2/Msw

- m1

-m2
Interior

- m1
-m1

186

186

kNm

31.4.3.3

139.5
2.75
50.73
46.5
2.75
17

139.5
2.75
50.73
46.5
2.75
17

kNm

31.5.5.1

m
kNm/m
kNm
m
kNm/m

31.5.5.4(a)

Exterior
m1

C. Posi4ve Moment in Mid Span:

m2

m1
Exterior
m1

Moment Direc5on along

Design Moment
MP = (0.63 0.28/)Mo
Column Strip M1 = 0.6 MP
Width of Column Strip Csw resis4ng M1

m1 = M1/ Csw
Middle Strip M2 = 0.4 MP
Width of Middle Strip Msw resis4ng M2

m2 = M2/Msw

m2

Y
m1
Interior
m1

m1
Interior

116.6

116.6

kNm

31.4.3.3

70
2.75
25.5
46.7
2.75
17

70
2.75
25.5
46.7
2.75
17

kNm

31.5.5.3

m
kNm/m
kNm
m
kNm/m

31.5.5.4(a)

Exterior
-47.8
-47.8

Exterior
0

25.5

-47.8

-0
25.5

17

17

-50.73
-ve sign : Hogging Moment (tension at top)
+ve sign : Sagging Moment (tension at borom)

25.5
-17
Interior

-50.73
-47.8

-50.73

-17
25.5

-50.73

Interior

Step 7 : Check for adequacy of Depth

Max Design Bending moment = 50.73 kNm/m
Mu,lim = 108 kNm/m > 50.73, Depth is adequate G-1.1(c)

Step 8 :Rebar Details

Ast,min = 0.12 x 225 x 1000 /100 = 270 mm2/m

6 Ast2 63906Ast + Mu = 0
Strip Loca6on

(kNm/m)

(mm /m)

Bar
dia

Spacing

Ast (prov)

(-)47.8
(-)50.73
25.5
(-)17
17

810
864
415
273
273

810
864
415
273
273

10
10
10
8
8

90(T)
90(T)
180(B)
180(T)
180(B)

(-)47.8
(-)50.73
(-)17
25.5
17

810
864
273
415
273

810
864
273
415
273

10
10
8
10
8

90(T)
90(T)
180(T)
180(B)
180(B)

Moment

Ast

mm

Along X
Zone A(Exterior)
Zone A(Interior)
Zone B
Zone C(Interior)
Zone D

Along Y
Zone A (Exterior)
Zone A(Interior)
Zone B (Interior)
Zone C
Zone D

26.5.2.1

Design Example #3
Design by DDM at plate supported on
columns of dia = 450 mm, Column head =
1.5 m dia, Drop panel size = 3.2 x 3.2 m,
for a Live Load = 4 kN/m2, Floor Finish =
1 kN/m2 use M20 and Fe415. Assume
clear cover = 20 mm. Column Height =
3.35m

Interior Panel P5
Exterior Panel P2/P4
Corner Panel P1

6.4m

6.4m

6.4m

7.2m

7.2m

7.2m

1.6

A. Interior Panel Design

1.6

Step 1: Panel Division into Strips 31.1.1(a)

MSy
1.6

1.6

CSy

Moment
direc6on
Along
X
Y

L1

L2

Width of Column
Strip on either side of
Centre Line

Middle
= 0.25L2 and Strip
0.25 L1

7.2 6.4 1.6 < 1.8 m; 1.6 m

6.4 7.2 1.8 > 1.6 m; 1.6 m

4m
3.2m

CSx

MSx

CSx

Lx = 7.2
Zone A Corner Strip
Zone B Middle Strip along X
Zone C Middle Strip along Y
Zone D Interior Region

Ly = 6.4

CSy

Step 2: Trial Depth CL 31.2.1

L/d = 26
Modica5on Factor = 1.4, Assuming pt 0.4%, FIG 4 IS 456
d = 7200/(26 x 1.4) = 198 mm > 125


CL 31.2.1
DS= 198+20+18= 236 mm ( assume #12 bars)
Provide Ds= 240 mm , d = 198mm

Step 3: Design Loads / m width of Slab

wuD = 1.5(25 x 0.24 + 1) = 10.5kN
wuL = 1.5 x 4 = 6.0kN
wu = 16.5 kN
Step 4: Check for Applicability of DDM: CL 31.4.1

No. of Con5nuous Spans in each direc5on = 3 ; OK

31.4.1(a)
Long Span/Short Span = 7.2/6.4 = 1.125 <2 ; OK 31.4.1(b)
Successive spans in each direc5on = Equal; OK



31.4.1(d)
wuL/wuD = 6/10.5 = 0.571 < 3 ; OK




31.4.1(e)

Step 5: Drop Panel Size : CL 31.2.2

Length along X Lx/3 = 2.4 m

Length along Y Ly/3 = 2.13 m
Generally Drop Panel Size is set equal to Width of Column Strip
Proposed size 3.2 x 3.2 meets all the requirements.
Minimum thickness = DS = 60 mm or 100 mm; Adopt 100 mm

Step 6:Column Head

1/4 to 1/5 of average span = 7.2/5 = 1.44 m

Provided = 1.5 m ; Ok
Equivalent Square Capital =0.89D = 1.335 m

 Minimum Eec5ve Depth of Slab = 198 mm

Eec5ve Depth at Drop loca5on = 298 mm
Sec4on 1:
Cri5cal Sec5on at d/2 around the column capital
Perimeter of Cri5cal Sec5on = ( 1.5 + 0.298) = 5.65 m
Weight of Drop Projec5on below slab = 0.1x 25 x 1.5 = 3.75 kN/m2
Design Shear at cri5cal sec5on around capital Vu
Vu = 16.5 ( 7.2 x 6.4 - x 1.7982/4) + 3.75(3.2 x 3.2 - x 1.7982/4)
= 747 kN
c = 0.25fck = 1.12 MPa
ks = 0.5 +1 = 1.5 <=1 ; ks=1 ; ks c = 1.12
Shear Resistance of Concrete = 1.12 x 5650 x 298 = 1885kN > 747 kN

Capital
1.5

3.2 m

Step 7 : Check for Shear around Column Capital

1.798
Cri4cal Sec4on
DROP
3.2 m

OK

Sec4on 2 : Check for Shear around drop

Cri5cal Sec5on at d/2 around the drop
d = 198mm
Perimeter of Cri5cal Sec5on = 4 x 3.4 = 13.6m
Design Shear at cri5cal sec5on
Vu = 16.5 ( 7.2 x 6.4 3.42) = 569 kN
Shear Resistance of Concrete = 1.12 x 13600 x 198 =
3015kN > 569 kN

3.2 m

Capital
1.5

DROP
3.2 m
3.2 + 0.198 = 3.4
Cri4cal Sec4on

Step 8:Design Moments CL 31.4.2.2

wu = 16.5 kN /m
Parameters
L1 (Span in direc4on of Mo)
0.65L1
Ln (clear span extending from face to
face of columns, capitals)
Ln > 0.65L1
L2 (Span transverse to L1)
W = wu L2Ln
M0 = W Ln / 8

Along X
7.2
4.68
(7.2-1.335)
=

5.865
5.865
6.4
619.34
454

Along Y
6.4 m
4.16 m

(6.4-1.335)
=

5.065
5.065
7.2
601.72
381

m
m
m
kN
kNm

Step 9 : Distribution of Bending Moment across panel width ;

CL: 31.4.3.2, 31.5.5

295.1

247.65

kNm

31.4.3.2

221.33
2x1.6 =3.2
69.17
73.78

185.74
2x1.6 =3.2
58.04
61.91

kNm

31.5.5.1

Width of Middle Strip Msw

3.2

-m2 = M2/Msw

23.06

15.48

Moment Direc5on along

Nega4ve Design Moment
MN = - 0.65*M0
Column Strip M1 = 0.75MN
Width of Column Strip Csw

-m1 = M1/ Csw

Middle Strip M2 = 0.25MN

m
kNm/m
kNm

kNm/m

31.5.5.4(a)

Posi5ve Design Moment

MP = 0.35*M0
Column Strip M1 = 0.6MP
+m1 = M1/ Csw
Middle Strip M2 = 0.4MP
+m2 = M2/Msw
-58.04
-69.17

25
-23.06

29.79

19.86

-58.04
-69.17

-15.48

-15.48
29.79

133.35

kNm

31.4.3.2

95.34
29.79
63.56
19.86

80.01
25
53.34
13.34

kNm

31.5.5.3

-58.04

13.34

158.9

-69.17

kNm

31.5.5.4(a)

kNm/m

-ve sign : Hogging Moment (tension at top)

+ve sign : Sagging Moment (tension at borom)

Step 10 : Check for adequacy of Depth

25
-23.06

-58.04

kNm/m

-69.17

Max Design Bending moment = 69.17 kNm/m

Mu,lim = 126.36 kNm/m > 69.17, G-1.1(c)
Depth is adequate

Moment
Direc4on

FE Results from
ETAB

MS
CS

Moment
Direc4on

CS

Step 11 :Rebar Details

Ast,min = 0.12 x 240 x 1000 /100 = 288 mm2/m

26.5.2.1

G-1.1(b)

Minimum Eec5ve Depth of Slab = 198 mm

7.5 Ast2 71488Ast + Mu = 0
Strip Loca6on

Ast

(mm2/m)

Bar
dia

Spacing

(kNm/m)

Ast (prov)

(-) 69.17
29.79
(-)23.06
19.86

1093
437
334
286

1093
437
334
288

10
8
8
8

70 - T
110 - B
150 -T
170 - B

(-)58.04
(-)15.48
25
13.34

896
222
364
190

896
288
364
288

10
8
8
8

85 - T
170-T
135 -B
170 - B

Moment

mm

Along X
Zone A
Zone B
Zone C
Zone D

Along Y
Zone A
Zone B
Zone C
Zone D

#8@110

0.125Ln
#8@170

#8@110

0.15Ln

#8@170

#8@135

#8@135

LAP ZONE

0.15Ln 0.125Ln

7.2 m

Borom Rebar Details in

Interior Panel
6.4 m

#10@ 70

0.2Ln
0.2Ln

#10@85

0.22Ln

0.22Ln

#8@150

0.33Ln
0.33Ln

0.22Ln

0.33Ln
0.2Ln

0.33Ln
0.2Ln

0.22Ln

#8@170

Top Rebar Details in

Interior Panel

Note:
Distances for curtailment of rebars are
measured from column face

#8@150

#8@135

#8@340

Sec6on Through
Middle Strip - CDC
#8@170

7.2 m
#10@140
#10@85

#10@70

#8@340

#8@170
#8@170

Sec6on Through
Column Strip - ABA

2. Corner Panel Design

Step 7 : Check for Shear around Column Capital
Minimum Eec5ve Depth of Slab = 198 mm
Eec5ve Depth at Drop loca5on = 298 mm
Sec4on 1:
Cri5cal Sec5on at d/2 around the column capital
Perimeter of Cri5cal Sec5on = ( 1.5 + 0.298)/4 = 1.412 m
Weight of Drop Projec5on below slab = 0.1x 25 x 1.5 = 3.75 kN/m2
Design Shear at cri5cal sec5on around capital Vu
Vu = 16.5 ( 3.6x 3.2 ( x 1.7982/4)/4) + 3.75(1.6 x 1.6 ( x 1.7982/4)/4))
= 187 kN
c = 0.25fck = 1.12 MPa
ks = 0.5 +1 = 1.5 <=1 ; ks=1 ; ks c = 1.12
Shear Resistance of Concrete = 1.12 x 1412 x 298 = 471kN > 187 kN

OK

Sec4on 2 : Check for Shear around drop

free edge

free edge
Cri5cal Sec5on at d/2 around the drop
d = 198mm
Perimeter of Cri5cal Sec5on = 2 (1.7)=3.4m
Design Shear at cri5cal sec5on
=1.6 + 0.198/2
= 1.7 m
Vu = 16.5 ( 3.6 x 3.2 1.72) = 143 kN
Shear Resistance of Concrete = 1.12 x 3400 x 198 = 754kN > 143 kN

Step 8:Design Moments CL 31.4.2.2

M0 = W Ln / 8

Along X
454

Along Y
381 kNm

CRITICAL
SECTION
drop

Step 9 : Distribution of Bending Moment across panel width ;

CL 31.4.3.3 , 31.5.5

=/

Equivalent side of circular column = 0.89D = 0.89x 450 = 400 mm

Assume Ec = Es

Parameters
S u m o f c o l u m n
s4ness above and
below the slab

2 (4EcIc)/Lc

Slab s4ness

ks = 4EsIs/Ls

c = kc /ks
c min (Table 17)
= 1+ (1/c)

Along X

Along Y

(2 x 4 x Ec x 400 x 4003/12) /3350 = 5.09 Ec x 106

(4 Es x 6400 x 2403/12)/7200

= 4.1Es x 106

(4 Es x 7200 x 2403/12)/6400
= 5.184Es x 106

1.24

0.98

l2/l1 = 6.4/7.2 = 0.89,

WuL/WuD = 0.571
(0.7/0.5)*0.071 = 0.1 <c

7.2/6.4 = 1.125, WuL/WuD = 0.571

Adopt c

(0.8/0.5)*0.071 = 0.113 <c

Adopt c

1.8

2.02

A. Exterior nega4ve design moment:

-m1

Width of Column Strip Csw resis4ng M1

-m1 = M1/ 3.2

Middle Strip M2=0
Width of Middle Strip Msw resis4ng M2

-m2 = 0

-m1

-m2

-m1

Moment Direc5on along

Nega4ve Design Moment
MN = - 0.65*M0/
Column Strip M1 = MN

Exterior

Exterior
-m2

1.6
Interior

-m1
Interior

1.6

164

122.6

kNm

31.4.3.3

164

122.6

kNm

31.55.2(a)

2x1.6 =3.2

2x1.6 =3.2 m

-51.3
0

-38.3
0

3.2

kNm/m
kNm

kNm/m

31.5.5.4(a)

Exterior

B. Interior nega4ve design moment:

- m2
Interior

Exterior
m
-m1 1

Moment Direc5on along

Nega4ve Design Moment
MN = - (0.75 0.1/)Mo
Column Strip M1 = 0.75 MN
Width of Column Strip Csw resis4ng M1

-m1 = M1/ Csw

Middle Strip M2 = 0.25 MN
Width of Middle Strip Msw resis4ng M2

-m2 = M2/Msw

- m1

-m2
Interior

- m1
-m1

315.3

266.9

kNm

31.4.3.3

236.5
2x1.6 =3.2
-73.9
78.83
3.2
-24.7

200.2
2x1.6 =3.2
-62.6
66.7
4
-16.7

kNm

31.5.5.1

m
kNm/m
kNm
m
kNm/m

31.5.5.4(a)

Exterior
m1

C. Posi4ve Moment in Mid Span:

m2

m1
Exterior
m1

Moment Direc5on along

Design Moment
MP = (0.63 0.28/)Mo
Column Strip M1 = 0.6 MP
Width of Column Strip Csw resis4ng M1

m1 = M1/ Csw
Middle Strip M2 = 0.4 MP
Width of Middle Strip Msw resis4ng M2

m2 = M2/Msw

m2

Y
m1
Interior
m1

m1
Interior

215.4

187.2

kNm

31.4.3.3

129.3
2x1.6 =3.2
40.4
86.2
3.2
26.94

112.3
2x1.6 =3.2
35.1
74.9
4
18.7

kNm

31.5.5.3

m
kNm/m
kNm
m
kNm/m

31.5.5.4(a)

Exterior
-38.3
-51.3

Exterior
0

35.1

-38.3

-0
40.4

26.94

18.7

-73.9
-ve sign : Hogging Moment (tension at top)
+ve sign : Sagging Moment (tension at borom)

35.1
-24.7
Interior

-62.6
-51.3

-16.7
40.4

-62.6

-73.9

Interior

Step 10 : Check for adequacy of Depth

Max Design Bending moment = 73.9 kNm/m
Mu,lim = 126.36 kNm/m > 73.9, Depth is adequate G-1.1(c)

Step 11 :Rebar Details

Ast,min = 0.12 x 240 x 1000 /100 = 288 mm2/m

Minimum Eec5ve Depth of Slab = 198 mm

7.5 Ast2 71488Ast + Mu = 0

G-1.1(b)

Strip Loca6on

(kNm/m)

(mm /m)

Bar
dia

Spacing

Ast (prov)

(-)51.3
(-)73.9
40.4
(-)24.7
26.94

782
1180
604
359
393

782
1180
604
359
393

10
10
8
8
8

100 - T
65 - T
80 -B
140 - T
125-B

(-)38.3
(-)62.6
(-)16.7
35.1
18.7

570
976
240
520
270

570
976
288
520
288

10
10
8
8
8

135
80
170
95
170

Moment

Ast

mm

Along X
Zone A(Exterior)
Zone A(Interior)
Zone B
Zone C(Interior)
Zone D

Along Y
Zone A (Exterior)
Zone A(Interior)
Zone B (Interior)
Zone C
Zone D

26.5.2.1

#8@80

Bar Spacing
Strip Loca6on Moment
(kNm/m)
mm
dia

#8@170

#8@80

#8@95

#8@125

Along X
Zone B
Zone D
#8@95

40.4
26.94

8
8

80 -B
125-B

35.1
18.7

8
8

95
170

Along Y
Zone C
Zone D

#10@65

#10@100

#8@170(Min)*

-38.3

-51.3

#10@80

Exterior
0

35.1

40.4

-38.3

18.7
26.94

-73.9

35.1

-24.7
Interior

#8@140

#8@170(Min)*

#10@135

Exterior
-0

-62.6
-51.3

-16.7
40.4

-62.6
-73.9

Interior
#10@80

#10@135

#10@65

#10@100

Moment

Spacing

(kNm/m)

Bar
dia

(-)51.3
(-)73.9
(-)24.7

10
10
8

100 - T
65 - T
140 - T

(-)38.3
(-)62.6
(-)16.7

10
10
8

135
80
170

mm

Along X

#8@170

* Op4onal Top Rebars

Strip Loca6on

Zone A(Exterior)
Zone A(Interior)
Zone C(Interior)

Along Y
Zone A (Exterior)
Zone A(Interior)
Zone B (Interior)

Transfer of Moments and Shears between Slabs and Columns

The maximum load that a at slab can support is dependent upon the strength of
the joint between the column and the slab.
Load is transferred by shear from the slab to the column along an area around the
column
In addi7on moments are also transferred.
The moment situa7on is usually most cri7cal at the exterior columns.
Shear forces resul7ng from moment transfer must be considered in the design of
the lateral column reinforcement (i.e., 7es and spirals).

EXAMPLE
Compute moment transferred to Interior and corner Column in example 2
Interior Column

As spans are same in both direc5ons
M = 0.08 (0.5 wL L2 Ln2 /(1+1/c) = 0.08 x 0.5 x 6 x 5.5 x 52 / 1.36 = 24.3 kNm
this moment is distributed to top and borom column at junc5on in propor5on to their
s5ness.
M = 24.3/2 = 12.2 kNm

Corner Column
M = 131.4 kNm

Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)

CL 31.5

Edge Frame

Transverse Frame

More Comprehensive and Logical method

Used when limita7ons of DDM are not
complied with
Applicable when subjected to horizontal
loads

31.5.1 (a)

Idealizing the 3D slab column system to 2D

frames along column Centre lines in both
longitudinal and transverse direc6ons.

Longitudinal Frame

31.5.1(b)
For ver6cal loads, each oor, together
with the columns above and below, is
analyzed separately. For such an analysis,
the far ends of the columns are considered
xed.

If there are large number of panels, the

moment at a par6cular joint in a slab
beam can be sa6sfactorily obtained by
assuming that the member is xed two
panels away.
This simplica6on is permissible because ver6cal
loads in one panel only appreciably aect the
forces in that panel and in the one adjacent to it on
each side.

For lateral loads, it is necessary to consider an equivalent

frame that extends for the en4re height of the building,
because the forces in a par4cular member are aected by the
lateral forces on all the stories above the oor being
considered.
En6re Frame Analysis
Gravity + Lateral Loads

31.5.1(C and d)

varia6on of the exural

moment of iner6a

I2 = moment of iner4a at the face of the column / column capital

c2 = dimension of column capital in the transverse direc4on
l2 = width of equivalent frame.
Varia4ons of moment of iner4a along the axis 0f the slab on account of provision of
drops shall be taken into account
The s4ening eect of ared column heads may be ignored

31.5.2 Loading Paiern

wu LL > wu,DL

Cri5cal Sec5on

Interior Column Centre Line

Column /Capital face

< = C/2

Results in Signicant reduc4on of design moments

Design Posi5ve Moment (Span region)

M3 = M0 (M1+M2)/2

Distribu5on of Moment
Similar to DDM

Example 3 : Compute moments in exterior/interior Panel along Longitudinal Span

Longitudinal Span = 7.2m, Transverse Span = 6.4 m, Interior Column = 450mm dia, Column Capital =
1500mm dia, Exterior Column = 400x400mm, Column Capital = 870mm(square), Floor to Floor = 3.35 m,
Slab Thickness = 240 mm, number of Panels = 4 in each direc6on

6.4m

6.4m
6.4m

7.2 m

7.2 m

7.2 m

7.2 m

Step 1: S5ness Computa5ons

Exterior Column (Kce) = 4E x (4004 /12) /3350 = 2.55E106 = 1
Interior Column (KcI) = 4E x (4504 /64) /3350 = 2.4E106 = 0.957
Slab(Ks) =4E x (6400 x 2403/12) /7200 = 4.1E106 = 1.608

Step 2: Simplied frame for analysis 31.5.1 (b)

Joint
A
3350

3350
C

7200

7200

Member

Rela5ve
S5ness

1-A

1-2

1.608

1-C

0.277

2-B

0.957

0.187

2-1

1.608

2-3

1.608

2-D

0.957

Fixed End Moments = (16.5 x 6.4) x 7.22/12 = 456.2 kNm

Sum

Distribu5on
Factors
0.277

3.608

5.13

0.446

0.314
0.314
0.187

Joint

Members

FIXED
1A+1C

1-2

2-1

FIXED
2B+2D

2-3

FIXED
3-2

DF

0.554

0.446

0.314

0.374

0.314

456.2

-456.2

456.2

-456.2

FEM
Bal

-252.74

-203.46

CO

-101.73

Bal

31.94

38.04

31.94

CO

15.97

15.97

Bal

-8.85

-7.12

CO

-3.56

1.12

1.33

1.12

-528.43

39.37

489.26

Bal
Final end
Moments

-261.6

261.6
1

261.6

Counter Clockwise
end moments are
posi4ve

-440.23

528.43 489.26

440.23

Step 3: Design Moments in Exterior Panel

A. Design Nega6ve Moments at Cri6cal Sec6on

At Exterior Support : CL 31.5.3.2
Cri6cal Sec6on from Column Centre line = 435 mm
235
400

470

870

261.6

16.5 x 6.4 = 105.6 kN/m

528.43

0.435

105.6 x 7.2/2 - (528.43-261.6)/7.2

= 343 kN

Design Moment = 343 x 0.435 -261.6 -105.6x0.4352/2 = -122.4 kNm (Hogging)

At Interior Support : CL 31.5.3.1

Cri4cal Sec4on loca4on is at capital face

Width of equivalent square

= 0.89D = 1335 mm

261.6

16.5 x 6.4 = 105.6 kN/m

343 kN

528.43

0.6675
417.32

667.5
mm

0.175x7200 = 1260mm

Design Moment = 417.32 x 0.6675 -528.3 -105.6x0.66752/2 = -273.26 kNm (Hogging)

B. Design Posi4ve Moment

M(+) = (16.5 x 6.4x7.2)7.2/8 ( 528.43 + 261.6)/2 = 289.3 kNm
Moments
Posi4ve Moment (Span)
Nega4ve Moment(Exterior Support)
Nega4ve Moment (Interior Support)

DDM
215.4
164
315.3

EFM
289.3
122.4
273.3

Step 4: Design Moments in Interior Panel

A. Design Nega6ve Moments at Cri6cal Sec6on
At Interior Support : CL 31.5.3.1
489.26

A 16.5 x 6.4 = 105.6 kN/m

0.6675

387 kN

440.23

0.6675
373.32

Design Moment at A= 387 x 0.6675 - 489.26 -105.6x0.66752/2 = -254.5 kNm (Hogging)

Design Moment at B = 373.32 x 0.6675 - 440.23 -105.6x0.66752/2 = -214.6 kNm (Hogging)

B. Design Posi4ve Moment

M(+) = (16.5 x 6.4x7.2)7.2/8 ( 489.26 + 440.23)/2 = 219.5 kNm
Moments
Posi4ve Moment (Span)
Nega4ve Moment (Interior Support)

DDM
EFM
158.9
219.5
295.1 254.5/214.6

Need for Computer Analysis

The equivalent frame method is not sa6sfactory for hand calcula6ons.

It is possible, however, to use computers and plane frame analysis
programs if the structure is modeled such that various nodal points in
the structure can account for the changing moments of iner6a along
the member axis.
Column
SLAB

Drop Panel

Column Head
Column

FE Analysis of Slab
Slab is idealized as an assembly of discrete plate bending elements joined at nodes
At any point in the plate bending, there will generally be
two bending moments Mx , My in two mutually
perpendicular direc5ons coupled with a complimentary
twis5ng moment Mxy

Design for exure involves providing reinforcing steels in
two orthogonal direc5ons to resist the moment eld. Mx,
My and Mxy.

Wood Armer equa4ons are used for this purpose.

Wood Armer equa5ons (1968)

This method was developed by considering the normal moment yield
criterion (Johansens yield criterion) aiming to prevent yielding in all
direc4ons.
At any point in the slab, the moment normal to a direc4on, resul4ng due to
design moments Mx , My , and Mxy must not exceed the ul4mate normal
resis4ng moment in that direc4on.

Mx* cos2 + My* sin2 - exural strength of plate in the direc4on of

with X axis.

Mx cos2 + Mysin2 + 2 Mxy cos sin - normal bending moment in

the direc4on of

A. For bomom steel ( Sagging Moment +ve, Hogging Moment ve)

Compute : Mx* = Mx +|Mxy| and My* = My +|Mxy|

Case 1: If Mx* 0 and MY* 0 then no change in computed values of Mx* and My*
Case 2: If Mx* < 0 then Mx* = 0 and MY* = MY + | Mxy2/Mx|
Case 3: If My* < 0 then My* = 0 and Mx* = Mx + | Mxy2/My|
B. For Top steel ( Sagging Moment +ve, Hogging Moment ve)

Compute : Mx* = Mx -|Mxy| and My* = My -|Mxy|

Case 1: If Mx* 0 and MY* 0 then no change in computed values of Mx* and My*
Case 2: If Mx* > 0 then Mx* = 0 and MY* = MY -| Mxy2/Mx|
Case 3: If My* > 0 then My* = 0 and Mx* = Mx -| Mxy2/My|

Example 1
FE results at centre of a plate element are: Mx = 7 kNm, My = 23 kNm, Mxy = 9 kNm. Compute
design moments using Wood - Armer equa4ons.

A. Borom rebars (Sagging Moments)
Mx* = Mx+|Mxy| = 16 > 0 , Mx* = 16 kNm
My* = My+|Mxy| = 32 > 0 , My* = 32 kNm

B. Top rebars (Hogging Moments)

Mx* = Mx-|Mxy| = -2 < 0 , Mx* = 2 kNm
My* = My-|Mxy| = 14 > 0

Set My* = 0 and compute Mx* = Mx -| Mxy2/My| = 7 |81/23| = 3.478 kNm

Example 2
FE results at centre of a plate element are: Mx = 7 kNm, My = -23 kNm, Mxy = 9 kNm. Compute
design moments using Wood - Armer equa4ons.

A. Borom rebars (Sagging Moments)
Mx* = Mx+|Mxy| = 16 > 0 , Mx* = 16 kNm
My* = My+|Mxy| = -14 < 0 ,

Set My* = 0 and compute Mx* = Mx + | Mxy2/My| = 7 + |81/23| = 10.52 kNm

B. Top rebars (Hogging Moments)

Mx* = Mx-|Mxy| = -2 < 0 , Mx* = 2 kNm
M * = M -|M | = -32 < 0 , M * = 32 kNm
y
y
xy
Y