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NG L

'Janapriya'E

By
cuX'i*.

-.

AMH

S H -G R

Mungara Koteswara Rao,

Edition

'

M.A

-.

AUGUST

I 199T

A|

1997.

'All rights reserved

by

co

Jaaapriya Publications,

ns
.

Tenali.

io

Price

at

24-00-

bl
ic

.24-00

an
Pu

Cover* Design

IV. S.

oh

'

Vijayawada-3.
Printed at

.M

c^w

w
^i

PfiAKASH,

Janapriya Printers,
Tenali-522201.

201.

w
w

SST'L'.?'!!-

Cover Printers

Sours da ram Printers,

,Chennai-21.
*-

{Phone No.

28037)

For Cop

Janapriya Publications,
Agnikula Ksliatriyula vari Street-II,

Ganganammapet TENALI-522 SOL

f

J.P. English

Grammar

CONTENTS
Phrases and

English Alphabet
(esotf

es

'

Sounds of Letters

Kinds of Phrases

Parts of

co

Syllable

4*7

Kinds of Clauses

Speech

ns
.

10

4-9

Clauses and Sentences

Kinds of Nouns

bl
ic

18.

at

io

Articles

(j3&57>teae>
Kinds of Verbs

Number
From

Singular

Form

to

an
Pu

20

Plural

Form

oh

Kinds of Pronouns

53

Kinds of Adjectives'

.M

Gender

From Masculine Gender

w
w

Kinds of Adverbs

prepositions

Kinds of

Feminine Gender

Case

(LtfS,)';

Kinds of Cases

Kinds" of Conjunctions

40

Kinds of Sentences

Usage of Apostrophe

Subject and Predicate

Usage of Capital Letters

45

to

JLP.

Grammar

Engligh

si

(Degrees of Comparison

Silent Letters

70

10.2

Formation of Degrees

Active Voice and Passive

104

.Voice

Passive Voice 74

From

Punctuation Marks

Passive Voice to

Usage of Punctuation

Marks

Indirect

at

Direct Speech and

Speech ((SStfg^sp&ra
g-ste)
Direct Speech to

Same words

76

'Parts of

an
Pu

From

s5S*j(

bl
ic

&6c&>

106

io

Active Voice 75

105

co

Active Voice to

ns
.

From

Comparison Adverbs

107
in Different

ZL$

Speech

Indirect 'Speech 77

Verb. Complement

Formation of words

(d^-fStlr^j&Oy 82
a)

Formation of Noi:ns
I 1

8-5

ormation of Verbs

.M

Tense

i>8

oh

Verb-Mood

Kinds of Tenses

w
w

86

(S"5sS.E9SSo

Kinds, of Participles

Diminutives
SU

(ySsSpSte idS:io

Gerund

[fisSaS^tf

Usage of Tenses
Tense Charts

Formation of Adjectives

83

Participle

99

fS

f^^
\

-s

329

KPSS^sptf^

Confused words

91

1S2
Stress

Conjugation of Verbs

on Syllables

Figures of Speech

95

ci]

J.P.
*

^f

L-yr

Gramma-

jiii^-ifc:".

^ yrr"

.-."

es;S(jbc&

.^J" . *'

CO

2NGLk H ALPHABET

r*J^J'**r*'*V'***'jrm*jrmr***r*jz*'+ ^y:
:

eaofc-efc.

siS

co

tftfsSiaeo:

Script Letters

"Alpinabev

l]

Print

bl
ic

at

coex), i!j

^o^o

io

as

26. bflS....
(Letters)^
>

-^^a'i^co

ns
.

gp&
"

5O^ egdsSs-}

Letters
(a)
\ / Capita!

1]

(A)

Small Letters
fb)
\
'

an
Pu

wfi[tf:Sasa)!

flies' ^tfs$x><>x>),
V
Q

Luia- ^8

(',-;.>,

C'j

jsoci tfptfod!!

Ca;dtal Letters(e0{5b^

P;-2.vf

000,

"Sbtf

sifSa3c}:.

oh

ABODE FGHIJKLMNO?
.M

QRSTUVWXYZ
w
w

(B) Print Snaail Letters

(^^

-S)^ ^^sSoocw)

abcdefgiiijklmnopq
u vw j z

:s

>.

(b)

2]

Small letters. bfi3S-

(A)

Sf/i'i".

? i

aTs

|^o^

Capital Letters

wYr

^a) Capital

:.

.:B

}.[\

Grammar

English

S3>6(J)c&

sjoA

(B) Script Small Letters

a

bcdefghijklmnop

w x

isp
I

'^G^o

bl
ic

words)'

an
Pu

ii^^^Dex), 3tfsSeJO,

^^-.>-

letter

(Single

at

io

ns
.

co

space

Capital letter'

26

iS

A, E,

w
w

Vowels

.M

oh

iSgpii tiotfO-

O U"
9

Vowels fe5i\o)),

2] Consonants

21

Consonants

I,

1]

Serai-Vowels

i]

&$c&'&

"Water(^d5 5'); Walk (s-r); Yard

"y,

(dSpff);

You(do)

J.P. English

8]

Grammar

"My (a); sky

e&

s^ctta sonS.

*?

(^);

> &)

Paddy

Happy (t

t^o&.Vo^' ^^d3S^....

3tf;fo$

"^

r^

tf;

&c6^d

*'
*w'

Vow

(a*);

Jaw

(5*);

(sr<)"

8]

"Few ($.j); Bow

Example

S>

rate

"

w
w
:

date

(sf^), part

band

(s-gfi"),

^s

pearl (sSff), learn

seat
treat

red

first

oh

.M

cat

an
Pu

d&*
:

(3ff)

card

at

Sound

bl
ic

^e |8ofl sSg

io

..

ns
.

1] Vowel Sounds

co

Sounds of Letters wtf

si

aa

(\&&\

bed

(3&],
(55S)

(35").

bird

(SiS").

(K>).

pin (&5") stick (ft I").

kind (^off), kite (iff).
f

box (53*^)-

Q3

cot

6-

book

&e

stool

stone

a7

mouse (s^ ^), house

(3ff),

(ax>F),
(fSbp*"),

(&*S")i

look

(eaF)

root

(cc*S

close

(f

.w

&

cut

(^ff),

shut

(sS

^sS.ff).

push ($5), put (s&ff).

duty

rfcpj*5)i

tutor

(txp

J,?, UtogUsh

Grammar

2] Co^soaant sounds

o?c

bottle

(^ScT), ba/r; .^i\

notice

(^}

chemist ("SSbS), copper (^

cheap (&S). chicken :'^"?j.?r

Machine (Zc^)> c'hiv^ry

do.wn (S"^), day s^V

finger (S>orf5),

(a5\

city

ns
.

co

at

io

dog(cs-^T)

goat

bl
ic

merge (Sso\ urge

6"

N
:

S"

jolly (ir-fe).

kick

(gr).
lock (as~), long
j^^o^\
(1),

monkey ^ol), mice :'^

name ^Ssi), neck ^si V

post (s^|), pen ("3>5"^

graph ([n-g), phone (??5

r5

quit (g^ff )

5"

roof

Q
R

w
w

key

oh

(^s

(^^),

jump (eoS),

.M

an
Pu

(5"%

laugh (j-5), enough (*

hot
horse
X

quite

(^

cT

road

(tfpg),
(s*5^.
school (SpjuS"), slate "J
state {T:!"'!'
shot
=

(St-S"),

S"
IT
5"

tea

((3),

thick
that

ticket

(as~\

(ar), thing
there

(tfff),

mention

S^,

(okl.
(3r"/
section

( s>.s5|0

Grammar

J.P, English
___

W
X

vote

ward

fix

(Si"^),

joy

^-goff).

(SPO), well (36").

Example

vacant

(s*ffi-),

six

(Sf\).

^rpo&s,

(&},

yard

ns
.

forty (S'S),

by (3), type
Zebra
(A Lap), Zeal

io

"syllable

tsoe^db.

oh

spelling

w
w

.M

syllablesn

2] power

either

examination

beyond
5]

(sho-wer=^-sS5"),

(be.yond=a-d^pod"),
(ei-ther=eo-S5"), 6j

i r? -So- S-SiS"

'syllables'

'syllables

shower

a,"

an
Pu

:-

bl
ic

at

SYLLABLE

1]

Examination

co

(po-wer=sS-sS6"),

S]

brother
4]
(bro.ther=r^-<S^),

(exa-mi-na-tion=

y
....

syllables

rr ^)
1

'3o<& syllables rprSb,

wtf

DifidfimflSa. cat, rat, cut, put, dog,

a,

^ syllable^

Grammar

J.P. English

atS-idfi

10

oASj_rM

PARTSOF SPEECH

"Parts of Speech

position /Stf ^g^sio), 7] conjuction

co

^m^^),

ns
.

(sp&e-rfstea), 3] Verb^dfi), 8]
Adverb ( LSdfr>
Adjective
4]
(c^sssSis), 6]
1]

(55^

Noun

8]

(SsSa^dasS),

pre-

Inter-

f
s.

(&t!'\$z\
OJ
\

Nouns V
*

place or thing etc.

Suman

tsfi&l

Oodavari

8]

the

is

sSaSi

name of

"iifio!

(flfc?S6)=

person

India

2]
Tenali
SatsC&!
4]

Chair

.M

1:^!

esodj'fio.

noun

(&&5")=

oh

1]

es-^-

Definitioiii-

:-

an
Pu

"s7^s^tf^Si:^

bl
ic

at

io

juction

6]

is

S]

4]
5"j
J

is

Mangoes

are sweet

^
Tenali,

2]

a-^^rp &-&dbo

(ft>tf

The book

Tenali

VERB
).

&&

((Jc&)

"verbs

?6

(sSr-S

town

sj-g'g^o^ociS)

town"

bag (^^sSn

in the

a big

is

^crS& &o3

good boy

Sita sings well

2]

Rama

w
w

l]

5]

(@KJO
\

isCS sSdossS^l!
/
03
Q

"Rama, boy, Sita, book, bag, mangoes,

SQD- "Nouns"

:.

(iScSie)"

il

J.F. English Lrraiunmi

Def.

A word

:-

which

*|>c&

expresses

350

A Si

or possessing

doing, being

is called a verb!
-

S&t>

eat

otfs$c&)'a

3]

kill

3)csfi3&a.

is

have

(tfo&do)

= 'S'S 30c&

^&>;$^<5.

5]

was

Who

sits

5]

(CDO

He owns

io

killed a bird

8] Gopi

4]

round (s:o&
on the bench

a building

The maid brings water

(sS

2> sp^g^oorjo^O- "is,

2Se-

ns
.

ball is

at

2]

The

bl
ic

1]

co

4]

sits,

killed,

an
Pu

'verbs'

3]

owns, brings"

sSo&- "Pronouns^tf^&sSaoeoy'eKi f3or>&.

pronoun

He

w
w

1]

is

word which

....

is

8)0)

^PcSbSS^^OOD.

used instead of a noun

It

^wtfefo),

[wfl,

Suresh bought an apple.

He gave

it

to

Rainesh

-E^c.

H^^^SSrS^^ ^^OCJ

a,

.M

Def.

S$c5

oh

SS3
:

19

"2)

o_
.

2]

She

x.
sister
Sfl).

aptfQaf5ofiiO

"He" <3&;3a- 'Suresh'^b

Eo&cxirr?^,
'

""
"it

'an apple*

(3o\

Her

:Ravali has
(tfsS&S-

"She"

a Maruthi

sSjcSbSs5

w&cS-

AS^a.

Ravali

Can She presented

to

her

^^^S

KiSj^pg'aoQ

"It" ^iXbSa.

"Maruthi

^s^o ur>^?D-

a&carn^,

it

<tf

hngiigh

car"

&

Ex.

ss&?jJi-

Ravi

:-

(sr-*)

Raju and Ranjilh are

A
as^oft so 5

In

od&c^rpkb, "her"

They

3]

Grammar

friends!

They

are Cricketers

55o5d&j s'ocd^ca

~?^2p&5! spdo- lo'icT ta dor?

"They" 3&3- Raju and Ranjith eb

They

are a teacher

(astf&

3^> 3rj&).

4]

She

are playing tennis

at

io

a dancer {&'&
&^*}l 5j

co

(3& E?sai&)! ]
He went to Tenali

^gcSSboo)! 2]
is

Yu

a boy

ns
.

am

EO&OOT

^s ;io^ sS36r*?jj 57>^"5S^s:^ sSoiDotfofi!

oL
i

e*;=rS:*tf2e&-

1]

*))!!

3. P.

"

(-Sft

an
Pu

ADJECTIVE

4]

Adjectives'" ?5^

&

bl
ic

"^ 53-s'^SoiSD- "I, you, He, She, They"

ctf^s^o& ss&ecrp &sSa*^

6SDir*cfi.

word which

oh

-Df/. '--An Adjective is a

tells

the quality, quantity

or number of a noun.
:- I";

Red {-^-:\

.M

*=?n

Beautiful

w
w

^ot2pr:\

Swetha

is

1]

3]

The Earth

~J

^-

i,-

Anand

oj

is

"55

round

girl

(ao^b),

(1^
class

room(tftfrf3

^a^-sSasS^

a short
is

bov

good

^^:^2^ c^o^D-

4]

^-.^ ^c-c^r?

^=0::-

-L

5" Y^inniuna
(

beautiful

There are thirty boys in the

cJC

*'i

is

5"j

Five
/r-oS^:), 8]
Big ("ai'\ ;] Soft (i^a).
Little

i]

dancer

S7^^r-,
3

^cL^-

"beautiful, round, thirty, short, good"

Gramn,tr

J.P, English

b^oa e>cl!d3 5s^,e-&- "Adverbs'

<.'/.

:-An Adverb

is

a word which describes a

ac-i---:-,.

an adje-

verb,

ctive or another 'adverb.

....

Ex.:-

2]

Sasi

"sings" s*& verb

is

v^ry good

"good"

,-&

?Sj

r,^^

^^-^o^;.

^-

girl (%.:.

adjective

&-

^.^ adverb- ^X

"sweetly"

{j

"C.o'j!

'ac\erb

"very"' r^^i

tenches very ioudiy {'ec&^o

V
L

bl
ic

S]J Jayaram

at

io

sps'oSSacSodSO....

^,

sweetly

sings

Chitra

co

1]

ns
.

Ex.:.

1] Sujatha

came yesterday &s*rf-

crying ioudiy

aXaers*

wsi^. s?o

^^

"very

sS-^S^),

wfo&S^fi). a]

3&^&n-

(i

Adverb &-

My

The

mother

rSefo&ofi).

.M

very siowiy

^^

oh

is

an
Pu

&

I'Nssr?

4]

.hild

walks

Vandana

well^oCJS-.tf^^rp ;j3*&o^). 5] Ramya loves Raglvu

deeply ^&g....tf^&- .TCS^rv ^^^^(S.).

w
w

writes

'^yesterday, loudly, very,

Adverbs

rr*

slowly, well,

^c* djfSScSj'Ao^^^^d

deeply",

...

6] Preposition (a*'^g^5TsSw):. cd^- prepositions rr S5a3w*cxx). .Beo^o 3 ....

Crammer

J.P. English

me

2] Give

-'

'

^i-bj

ST-OJ^^CT 3';*-^:r!

"5o^-.

:~^9^-:T ^''S'^&rs
s

-"1

81J Padrna

clever

is

c:

p"en

'

^io^c!

lazv

',,

=iw^-

'

''but

c^^c

;'..^:--

:'-:

r^V

('si^^

1
^
'r?.dn:a is

"I:":-

3 r'S r?^

^o-oc^V 2] Use pen or pencil

station
railway
*

^^uoSoroSu

(3&
\

5]

students got up
Ca

E.'tsi

w&

"$5"
y

the

*Ji"^fj

oj^^soi-D....
^

s':

!*-

.-s;,-:^'^
_

''and.

or,

class,

rp

,0^

is33-row?rS..

w
Ex.:.

An

dii^r-^a^

InLerjecrion-is a

Alas! She

ij

Hurrah

vj

sSi^c^b-

"Interjections"

word which'

tsg

1
-

is

dead (^--j! %s^

Padma

wontiie

.'

r-8 *;-.'.. v.'

&-, ju*. T-^J
1

'i>

<iJ

T>

-'

_v< -T

'^M

'

"a

^s

"^'

v.'

^,

r,
f-

u.

sudden

expresses

V
1

i'^Jr'ac.'SS)!

-championship

^^ ^s'^/j-J* "Hurrah
*0*^ :o^v=^o" 7^^:ir.^^?.Vi!
v-

before,

but,

&*o5>,".otf'j5i?5-:r

feelings like surprise, sorrow, fear, joy, clc.

the

Interjection

yo^rS.

<

iTzccoS"

...

sSds3xo5- Conjunctions

w
w

:.'::o^rv-S

.M

"{

entered the

teacher

(^^^^rtlb^'

k^. ^.z^

"

^6-tj^

oh

when"

>-j

When

aaac7&N.

3*^6e

'ov*
p

^o-!j

:~"''

poor bu* iior.er^V^ri "ui'sr-A rr-r.'....

reached the
train starred before

is

The

4l

sr-s'?

io

Shvam

f^&cV.

e -

c't^r-^b?:r^.

^-i-^.h

at

8"!

(-^?

i'i^^:o t:

bl
ic

S^ftodb^a!

c-.^i

Janaki are good singers

an
Pu

;-?c^?j

or"

3o^:

lazy" fe-&

z^l ?l/.:e^

^fj^o

ns
.

Sxisecla ^ n ^

*:

-"^--

a-

,.

l"l

"

--.

but

clever

i&

"Padma

^3 :PO? I-,:"'.-.-

"Give me a

'o

^^o

pencil

me

"Give

'3:-:::::?'^j-

sr!?--^:--'

^^

-;

f::-j$j

'

^~

^-JL^

co

s^oS'-i
.-

pen or pencil

r^T

&Z.I& s^A

IS

(
11

i-:

^sf-

8]

Ah!

How

beautiful

it

your mother,

(&Sr>tf&>6? a&frJbJS^a-

building

U&

"Ah"

xfi*....

ll Alas[ is

is this

Ifo'

who met

in the

accident

new

a^

B&^^S)!!

SfisSe- Interjections'

ri

or An"-sSjBcsSo-"The

^s

iS)

^&

fitfsSacao-

r?

ic
bl
an
Pu

Parts of speech) n

:-.

oh

Kinds of Articles

OW

O<53

w&Sa

.M

Dtf&>eon aWoocfi. l]'"A or An"

Article, ,5] ".The*

Articles

w&Sa-

&

Definite

Indefinite

(*)

Article.

&

w
w

^s

8jr

Adjectives

at

io

Articles
i(

stf o&

4>'s

co

aS*.... "Alas, -Oh,

e&

hav<

ns
.

Hurrah"

you

th

typist (isr^! fc3sp,, v \]Tti "g&Sa)?! 3] Hurrah!

c
the
state
got
}Kr'cooa
rank^^-S! h%>

(e$co:pg

You

53&/T3^)?! 2] Oh! -Are

!b

"a, e,

3',^^

i,

o,

fllsos^....

u
....

cry, fry, fly, sky"

!

tfe9

4S>aa

ufj....

esoX

articles

s-c^Sxtr

Alas!

this building

is

"Ah" crl

....

who met

your mother

Is it

S&^o^a-

^SSrfiJ^e

So

sstf \fc
tJ

cysi^&'ocoftj
".I.-

>k

t:;i

cwb-T
'

You

^^)!!
OL

"Interjections'

*"
sr^??-o

rr-

ic^

itfsieaa- Adjectives

^"s rl-^cSs

rr-

Kinds of Articles

:-

.M
"

O 53

Cl

indefinite

(?^^

Article.

&. &

^s Articles

-"J

An" es^Ss

The" <B&3- Definite

w
w

Article, 2]

(9th

Sj^^rjor? asfeoo-cfc. l]'"A or

1

X)

lL3^&-bc&r> aoA?^ (^3 esO^-^SslD-

oh

Parts of speech)

an
Pu

bl
ic

Articles
u
w
"A or An "&cfio The"S:b

the

have
you
'

i$>

SeL^x-t::.

("---.:~---o!

ns
.

Oh Hurrah"

Alas,

got the state rankiVs^S! S)^

Are

Hurrah!

-'1

1.1

accident

Oh!

i']

oSiS^V.M
.

lc

in the

usSa^rr^r-y)?!

(k*f**\ ^t&.... iTtf

*
typist
V. ^
\

oC*....

(*!

IJLJ^J--

.'

new

1"]

afs

beautiful

in*&!

io

focVuVM
o'-

$oA5

ss^i&cifi

at

How

Ah!

?.]

Ifi

co

Grammer

J.P, English

lw

^ci:
i.T"
tfjArSS! dS.?cpS&r?-

s.3'

n,

c.-vi^

e,

i,

o,

u"

c:-&

ad-

g::orr'... t

4t

3-...

^*:-

isefc&r?'....

cry, fry, fly, sky"

JJl^j'rV;

C'ii

i'^.v.'o

L.

:......

tffifi

articles

S3*cno

Crammer

An

".Y.:.

:hair,

An

donkey,

KSsS)33tf^

Si

3]

Nouni fe^^rS L~6

eye,

ass,

An

'A'

fox,

*r-:oY

&

&sSa.^oE?{). Ex.

soldier,

inifom ^c&pfO^Sb),

"One"

w&

one

:-

^\'.

S5<^^'

hour

3^- "^^"

cfo3S3,

university

esi5yy5*

ci5^

Atf^o-5

^SS") rupee note,

^.v.

A E

one

coin etc.
(j&S} rupee

The Sun, The Moon, The

Earth,

The Sky

63Sd8p
etc.

cSSioi^Sboa,

boci-

The* a AsSar-Aos?0-

:he Himalayas
(si^tf&seo),

Jengal (^s.peSsS^)
:]
J

At />

iS

w
w

w
5]

-:-

etc.

An

(&S3"),

LJsage of 'The' (a/iS ASSa^K&j):.'

8
....
itf^&o& ^ODCS nouns & fiaofifi- 'The'a
.] tf^ff
?).

bench,

oo&- "A a ^c^Ao^^>.

.M

5]

etc.

'An'&>

oh

cdMa*&d3bc5')

:-

bl
ic

S3fii&50&

,xS*Sa3Pi3'

fc

An

sdb^ ip^oD.^ ofl^^

an
Pu

"U" wSD

o3&

(osS5) man,

etc.

'wS5")
I]

Ao;/^/

&:c&-

union (<3Scs*&-*&}

at

An

;.

-Esf.

el':

orange, an umbrella, an idol etc.

"H"

^dJ^^?i-

--**.

^0.

Nuiti'Sineular
*~

n*a iste?oiotfs3&>
a^tf-JOS*
M
tJ
|_

ns
.

Common

her

co

tS"

5=n3b-<^r?
XJ

-s

t&* d&"' o a5.-fi):-

('

cf 'A' or 'An'

Usage
1-1

17

io

J.P, English

iSo?;^
L.
w

?hc Bible

The

The Ganges

Atlantic

(Sa),

The

Bay of

etc.

[^003^00 1btf&
CO
l

v. .

sSaofiSb-

'The*

^SSf>AocpD.

The Koran, The Ramayan, The Mahabharath

v.

eic

ff

:-

Grammar

J,P, English

of

Usage

or 'An'

<A"'

^^yS^S

1-]

17

^3"

&oAiS

-r?il.r

'Singular

Num-

(''

tt&^as^^a

Common Nuuni Jte^tfiS

ber

-::'

1^3

!3te:eC:>tfs;efc

~^~v^:oV

el':

^:c-^:- 'An'^

tVdfjJ'floC'O.

sprf^

sSdJiSa?5&

chair,

3]

donkey,

^sSasprftf

"H

honest

"U

M&

fl

t&^

soldier,

[Ep-tfo:!).^

&.

"One"

e5& fre

"SSS""

r. ;.

one

J?-v.:-

note,

^ex)cj)

(sStfjtfs&eo),

Bengal (tsz^tf&o)
L_

The

Bible,

^,j,

f<rtz<.3$?,^\

European

>

one

^S"] rupee coin

CS^P^&CGO

The

The Ganges

etc.

etc,

inS^

Atlantic
(?5s),

The

Bay of

etc.

i^otf&oo "i>tf& sSaoCo-

ij

Affr

^^r Atf^olS
Ex. :- A
^ccr^ocr-D.

A ASicapAoEr'O. ^'.:-

The Himalayas

iSSfc6'

etc.

An

(&S5"),

The Sun, The Moon, The Earth, The Sky

^Doui.- *The*

bench,

nouns

2] (S^i^Sbsa, sStftf&a-.i iS&ojo,

Si

:-

'The' (a/tf

1] tf^S*.... Jitf^sSn&

c0.

o:nr-

A"SS

unirerxiiy

(5") rupee

w
w

Usage of

A>/^'

.M

S]

Ex.

oh

etc.

^-.ooei-

5-^^^o

union (d&rSz^S}

cafiS\>

an
Pu
A

^SX

An

(caSS) man,

sSo&
^

^sS3t^os-.

11

:Sff) etc.

'^?^

^cfoOoSSotfj

&

fox,

^I^^.r5^

An

v. ;.

'A

x)o^o-

r?^

co

^^

ns
.

^ex)

rr-&,

orange, an .umbrella, an idol etc.

io

sS-ee

An

ass,

at

2]

An

eye,

bl
ic

An

E.Y.:.

CO

'The

^sSfTr-Aoo 8

v.

The Koran, The Raimiyan, The Mahabharath

etc,

3j

^^

830^6^ 3-"
Nouns"

Mob

^i^^s^:

wO^ci.

^FJ

-EO

Army

-~v,:-

"Collective

"tior-'o-

("^^c

:i:.:r-=r-'^^

Flock
r-i^r-SS-^cc)! Herd,
(aoiLS,;;

('&::: -:^

Pack, Bunch '^rSi^c. ?Si/.,---ajM

i.jcs)*irTj

co

<

^^sr ^'^^):.^^

e& *Er

(jjteg

TjCioj'iOocsr

jwaj^urr. (C^Cv.j^rT*
1

^0)0 "l-io.Vc-^Maieriai "Nouns' ^

n-ol-ui. ^-v.

?j

Ci -, Milk.

^!

Paddy,

1] goodness

iced o^^cc,

si?!,

C^ oj" u

'1

oa

w -w -

^oO^^oio),

a O OiJ

JJ i. oijD

hardness

r oU

i-J"' u&

(/<c3^^s^),

O u>

whiicr^s

rtbesSloo TiCi!
SxoSji^icjS
(-**
co

2] movement (tfo^b, r-^Qi); walk (:;#), sight (O^),

.

--

.*-_'.'v''

w
w
.

>".*'*.

-:'

fw.'JU^

urjnu

"1:

';

richness

m usic

('^-v.^/.-A

?.]>oiwj

oj^r-

Ov"

w-^-

''

M I.

Verbs',

1.,:

i/..:-

.".

'^."'bL-w

--_'^.J

'

;-.

'

Gc^grophy

*>5JXrj^i ^C-Tj-Twc-.

T"

?.

<>

ojCCw

&0&

!i
-

'Common M ouns'

po\criy

o: c

"ks

u-j*i"r"':. x*.^

-'"_;

r/.

"^w

litcrotvrc

;\v,:\;ljy,

.'..-JiC-.u-'e'J^j",

"

I'^Si '..':,

ihcf't

^'

cldncss

d^nce

'

iiiicr

i>v'

vvUO^O

N<.

'^

:.

'%.'.-?.

^I.-.&^o^A
OC

8l Childhood

'

w"C(\OJc-.JlJ

c:

-^

(>-o

'

redness fa-^u^^^j)'
ucisluY
*
\
"j
/

.M

nouns"

sSr\w&e.c3 "Sii:o&- "Abstracts

oh

GUL,

bl
ic

(riis? r^siiS^-cJs'sxo):.

an
Pu

O "LCT '-0

P. Ice.

io

Noun

^i^C'&ci^xi

i^-'^;^^.
-a
L.
-^

at

etc,

51 Abstract

1*3 rt)

CO-IT''--

e^rj^i

Goic, Siher. Mud, Water. Iron, Coal, Sand, Chalk

Wheat

51

ns
.

Noun

Si*r^^)!

4] Material
jJV err* ?ji"- n

Crowd.

/.

(rslz--u^}

Grammcr

Lnglibh

J.I*.

Abstract Noun

good (&

goodness

old

oldness

(is>;o>)

hardness

(rffi)
iO /
\

poor

"^d

poverty

co

Abstract Noun-

hard

sight (i^sS))

think

thought (&?'

obey

ns
.

see

obedience

io

Sjg'

grow

at

growth

Common Noun

Noun

bl
ic

Abstract

child

childhood

an
Pu

friend
slave

Q&
(

slavery

manhood

oh

man

friendship

.M

Kinds of Verbs

w
w

SE8on B &.

'),

^>S)

Intransitive verb

.2]

SsS^rv....

1]

Transitive verb

(cS&'d

(wft^tf

[ocii),

3].

Finite

verb

'

[8cJ&),

Infinitive verb

4]

verb
6] Strong

verb (cbtfys i|^b),

verb

(&og

L ^)' s ]

Au xiHary

1] Transitive Verb:1

S^^i-

*^-( object)

Sb.

Radha

gw^

tea

iJ&),

(fSSoe Lpcoi),

6]

Weak-

7] Principal

verb

'

(subject/

aoaiSton

"Transitive Verbs

1]

(esfSsSrSStf

to her

guests

cisSc3rftotfo&

[ScBob&....

4]

J,P. English

Grammar

<3i

eSjtdfi

seA

:f

'gtf

(gives)'!

2]

|jpc&-

guests (v

the

Ramayana

Revathi ^flrfj

SB

&><&o<3).

.,

(3<

'g"

3] Finite

ns
.
io
bl
ic

8D?5r&...

Usha runs

.-sS

at

Ooha weeps

g'CJ^Srfb.

2]

3^sSn Sie&^A&oa).

(^

fast

an
Pu

1]

"Intransitive Verbs

'r

Revathi V

The Ramayana

2] Intransitive Verb:-

o&-

co

(reads)

everyday

syg'gSSaS*

^ L c^-

gfc

(Radha)

"her

B6*....
'

Verb

& LS'^

ozT-S

&'s

SS?6

sScJS

'

'

go

to office

.M

l]-They

sjfi

The
8

SxST

play chess

girls

<l

play"

e5?&

""
to" o&

t>

'

'preposition*

I like io

:.'

Simple present tense

&

geo&CoS

Verbs"

is to rise

office.(opfio

wS)S&

...)

eSsb

go to cinemas

Her habit

to

(sp)^ex>

^ ^^^

Verb

..... "Infinitive

2]

<

4] Infinitive

1]

3&^-5*- "They

w
w

'go'!

2]

Verbs

oh

"Finite

early

(lo

Sto'^&

SpSSoSb

[ScCcp

sSeffioo

(verb)

J.P. English

81

To

u'd/fc

Grammar
short distances

Weak Verb

5J

:_

a good

is

exercise

|c^&}|b&-. present tense &

ro&J6$& -d\ '-ed' '-t skSj/fc suffix
S^r^cS esg ;Jc&"o&-"Weak Verbs
1

is*

....

3,3"

6] Strong Verb
tense

&o-

an
Pu

bl
ic

at

io

ns
.

co

se

;$

*3si:&

past tense

BsSJido 290!;

*&

z^

:.

past tense

cir3S*b3

oh

Ij

Come

[Scitr....

"strong

[g-cd:5;?oc;-

(past tense).

sSpsSSfl.

'cPeSO

^x^oiacSbo

>

['past
^r

^g

Came

y^ a n*
tense) ^ ^$^?F "o
4

e5

know (present

2]

jr

^?6j

<s*a

^*SO

5\Vrr
uJ

knew
tense\
>'

^tfe...,

(present tense),

"o" ^?i o^^O

w
w

f-v- :-

present

(Principal Verbs)-

To^>r6o^^,. lf

^5f.S

(inside vowels)

.M

^^v.^

.Ic&exi

7] Principal Verb

:-

--.sHcaiaf

2oi:; ws
"

gras?

^%

^i?.-

sri e &>&},

'OiaoS;.

Our

principal verbs

Kumble

grand -father

J.P.

Engligh

Grammar

gs&f>c& 30 AS

28

tf^
8] Auxiliary Verb:- sxo*>j|Si:o*
(principal verbs)Sao tense &sSSe
To&to& SSsJc&s3& !d&e&,...
"Auxiliary
L_
^fidfieo)"

SsSarp

e$

wo^do.

i!

i] Be, 2] Have, 3]

.,.

6] Will, 7] Shall, 8]

"Need, Dare, Ought,

Used"

w&

^s

Anomalous

fj^o

c3^

^SsSaoST

-...

'Anomalous Verbs^

speoK)

e?sSa

4] Can, 5] May,

Do,

Finites

Be=
Can=

am,

are. was,

were

at

2]

is,

can, could

bl
ic

1")

io

ns
.

Must

1 '

(^e^sf

co

Verbs

Do=

do, does, did

4]

May-

may, might

Will

Shall=

Must=

8]

Need=

Dare=

w
w

1C

1]

should

must

need

dare

Ought=

ought

Used^=

used

12]

would

shall,

oh

7]

will,

.M

6]

have, has, had

Have

5]

an
Pu

8]

T4

Kinds of Pronouns
...

us 'pronouns

&

Sj^^n3 ....! ] Personal Pronouns, 2j

Possessive^Pronouns,
Demonstrative Pronouns,
Relative Pronouns,
Tnterro-

o*

4j

5]

Grammar

2?-

Pronouns

e$a e=oj*&.

what,

that,

but

as,

-^Sj

&:^r<?\oi& rS^^sS^^o^o- "Relative

SisSSn*

1]

That

e^a esodj^^b.

-cTa

who, whom, whose, which,

te58

tfoaoaoaS....

s^aa

S-cS^

my

stole

bangles

whatever,
"Relative

^pe5

aT'^SxQC

isoiS ^cpsS^^ra

woman who

the

is

..

etc. siofc'^

whoever, whichever, whosoever

pronouns"

n 83o&
s

(ss*-

is

JisSSnp....

This,

c
3'g&S^a- "who" e^c& c6tf?RS sSi&5the woman" &>ocfo "She stole my bangles*
&

es3:.V

a3 8

"That

the

SS(^S5)

"This

whom

^s

^s^)!

wish to

s^^^6^^- "whom"

4] Demonstrative Pronouns
"Demonstrative Pronouns"

oh

take

the bride" &rtc&> "I wish to take"

an
Pu

is

bride

at

toOS

is

bl
ic

2] This

io

ns
.

)ou)r6

\T

(joosoo# jStf^sfc&jeo)

S3*i3p&x)o&> cex>^)k
(relate J2b

pronouns"

90 AS

3] Relative

saSjidfi

co

J.P, English

w
w

This
1]

is

my box and
8

that

is

co

^S) esodj*d->.

S)

AcyfrtfraSb-

.M

That, These, Those, Such etc,

(S^tfgtf

yours

[o<2>

fstft ss* "2>ia>

5j

&cS

"This", "That"

.,..

"This

"These

"That
2]

(aja/
11

(wfl)

T/i/j is the

^
"Those
house where
"This"

was born

Grammar

J.P. English

26

5] Interrogative Pronouns (i
"Who (iSdb), whom (isSea), whose
n

what

w&

(J>5fca)

iStf^ex)

"Interrogative pronouns"
x. :

IP//0 is

l]

which

3c

your father

sS

co

a&

"Who"

"what"

ns
.

o/^

your name

is

&%&;&*;

"which"

name (ea^
2]

"Which

"ts^a

is

she?"

.her point (

7mr

is

she?"

*&

5^&r

.M

profession (es: 5:^6

~ iO:

c^lC

oh

Sj

"What

^- "who" es&So

"ir/70 is she?"

an
Pu

1"]

bl
ic

io

"what

*;

io

What

at

2]

"who"

&?la

"which"

her.

"What is

e&Sa "What

"what"

is

is

her

t^^?}"

w
w

6] Distributive pronouns
R,>{6

f5i**wfc;&:e&- "Distributive pronouns"

fSr't

!&&

i>i?lri.. Each, Either, Neither. Any,

None

Ex.

mango

l"!

Each, of the girls

is

given a

^^: sj^A?:*}. ] /;A^ of

(s-^5^ ^5* ^53 z-^^ tf^s' Sd^o).
5
& ^-'
pens is good "5^ iSSS^ec

&3' sSrSiS

the

S]

^j

(-3S&

boys must do

Neirher o f

it

the two

Crammar

J.P. linghsk

eidEi

7] Indefinite proncuns

"Indefinite pronouns"

is

-well.(wos
then nothing (Vbexi da a-S
!]/!//

knows

that

Some

2]

&\

secret^

ded prizes (ssotf:^

to the

swimming pool (&**

8] Reflexive pronouns

5J

better

is

&>). 8] Nobody
All were awar4]

Many

went

of us

ns
.

thing

Y.

co

>-

bl
ic

at

io

c-cs

"Reflexive pronouns"

an
Pu

a-

"Emphatic or Emphasizing pronouns"

:-

myself

She hurt herself

1]

in the

room

oh

JS-v.

esS

njsS4;S3).

2]

e*otf&)

3]

(ss*

herself read the letter (es^D&

themselves crossed the bridge

.M

4]

oureelves planned the project

w
w

We

5]

(&

our-

o$tf\&&*o$)*

8] Reciprocal

She

They

"self"

es& sS^

my-myself; she- herself; he-himself) rrh\

:- they -themselves;

pronouns*

hid

esotfdo

D&W^ personal pronouns &-A'.:-

pronouns

ourselves)

rp....'

'Reflexive

*'

English

Grammar

rtbxo-3

SOdS^d&o

:-

1]

These two

a^6^&
help one

CP

fSefsiSMiorSa-

sisters

loved each other{&

ftj&o&rKS^aa).

sSifcrjtfsSa

another

"Reciprocal pronouns"

rsfeS

SoS'd

an-^o>

o^

&Stf8o&SVo).
"each other"

...

^ja5*

co

at

vcs'

sSe5

ns
.
io

ASs^Aotfssdfo sSdJa^siS....

5i

-*

y^

so3._ "one another"

Kinds of Adjectives
s^;&:e;3o& ...
&. ssaao tf^Den*

Students should

2]

.i?.

Sl5^ocdb. wS>

'AdjcctiJ

63

SsS?5n....

Qualitative

l]

bl
ic

Adjectives, 2] Quantitative Adjectives,

Numeral Adjectives,
3]
Demonstrative Adjectives,
4] Distributive Adjectives,

6]

an
Pu

Sj

Interrogative Adjectives,

1] Qualitative Adjectives
co,

s^s&so sSs:?:^

oh

3^

tative Adjectives"
:

Sudhakar

re///

an

tree"(^^

w
w

It is

is

.M

A\

<SbraSb:e?Si

woman

SrfsfooSueu):.

0"S^fiec&-

"Adjectives of Quality"
//&t-A7

a,sf

man

r*tfS

cSarfe

tf^atfe

(ffcw^

3iiadtSM

(Says'

3dg)! 3]
4

We

@a

2]
bold

sSeSbefo)!

Sakumhala

oM

"Quali-

wodj*efi.

5 Ss*c&&

had an

^^>

is

hous

2] Quantitative Adjectives(;5&-.Bff^g'
i&fte r^' :_ sS^8s2b& ,^::o-3 ecTcsd^ al^ra^o^. "Quantitative Adjectives" z= "Adjectives,
of Quantity"
.^.-?

*.

1]

siJ,

have

'5^c~^-::).

...

"How much

J/;r/e
~

money

(^

otf?" esi

g|

SujaiLa got sufficient

SSSb-

a}E383o

aftf&osS, 3,3.

mar k s i n Matlematics

Cjrammar

J.P. English

3&_s5

&

sS^S^o

n6 ^

o$>g&>

S^

(cSo

wvToS^

^^

"Numeral Adjectives"

ba

"Adjectives of

^O^P^

(>6

io
at

There are three members in that

joSisgo:

A^fii).

family

bl
ic

"sfori&

b) Indefinite

Sjl^sSojco),

Numeral" Adjectives (eKiSg

^s

spSjSiae*^

kt

(05

^o^o^v^o:!--.

three" e^^j

adjective.

an
Pu

"a^tf"IO- 'aaisSa'rp' 3Ji3cxdDSSsDri,... sjS "Definite

o?o

Adjective"!

&

a) Definite

03^,... 'So&rY' SSS^oc'do. eiS ^"jrr-....

Numeral Adjectives

1]

Number"

ns
.

ocr-

^o

rfS

Numeral Adjectives

3J

eats

Aruna has some

ofij&). 4]

sscS^sk

co

(3j"SS"
money in her purse

Mohan

S]

).

rice

sio^

S>[SjcSj

ijj

Numeral

second year B.Com.

Course^' fi?yj-j. s'Sa.
2] Kaipanais studying
cs&

"^iioeo^o?6

adjective..

si^

w
w

ajfl

failed

^s'gsio^R) "second

c5osie^tfsb"a

'ag^Sx^Vi*

in

mathematics

(oc$*

36-^

Sjo7j :'Cficjo

acji

-'a

tf^Cfi).
...

"3odo:

^B

"Definite Numeral Adjective"!?

3]J Seventl students

^oScSiacJ

tf&2g)fi?f^a).

cSoi^tfsSa

.M

year"

"So^sS

oh

^5"^-

5pg&jc5^3- "several" e^& adjective- ^-^3

Indefinite Numeral Adjective'!

dead bodies were found in

battle field /tfes

6'o^^jjS

"many"
1

adjective-

'wSgSsS^

n-^S....

53-

'Indefinite

Numeral Adje-

ctive!'

4] Distributive

Adjectives

&acfc. Sjtx-ira-:::^&

,.,

"Distributive Adjectives"

Grammar

JLP. English
*>:*

t'i:\

rf&aSa

(t

Etu-h girl

book

///i*r

"!

t>

a,^
eats a

mango

&s>

sS6<e*

s?

as

(> a,Sj_

to

help you for

will

^jSg^SSp-...

90 A

asSiJscHi

.\^nher team scored a goal

lj

nation

JJU

^-sSfc

m
co

r^orl- "Demonstrative Adjectives" &

0<-

i
_J

hill

i'*s

\,

beautiful

(^

^1

woCSSsSa).

4]

need

/Afj

81

bag

bl
ic

at

girl is

the

These books are old (^s -rfo&Scoeo sptfL\

U.
/

io

^^\L\

buildings are on

ns
.

77/{?A-

lj

S]

sS

5J Demonstrative Adjectives

Ex. i.

exami.

^c&S&&ofi).

sx^Sbd

a* 5"

the

6j Interrogative Adjectives ('J

"What, which, whose" ^."i SwSfoseo- 'Nouns'S:

Whole box

rank

^S

&....

is55

s?s' &S^6JO SToa^)?

3]

{,%,*&&&

>

w
w

&&

ao-i's:^

7
/za?

fc^)

>F/?/c7z girl

books do you

^gs3^^^)?

^e

got the
like for

S3*g&;o

*(

adjectives-

box,

girl,

books"

/si

i SL^o"x

"a^'}? 2]

^)^:sSj2^^

6* a "who^e, vhick, what"

nouns

'Interrogative Adjectives"

this^a

.M

reading

is

oh

x.:-

baa

an
Pu

-.sS^soiT Aifcj--roisiaS

&

Kinds of Adverbs jfic&p

_

Time, i]
Adverbs

Ai verbs

1]

of

of Number,

Adverbs

Manner, 3] Adverbs of Quantity,

Adverbs of Place,
Adverbs
5]
6]

of

4]
of

Reason, 7] Adverbs of Affirmation,

Adverbs of Negation,
8~j
of Adverbs,
Two
Comparison
forms
of Adverbs,
2]
10]

11]

English

J.P.

Grammar

Time

Adverbs of

1]

s*o&

B&ft

s<&eo

31

(5^0 |Jc&r

Sj1;ed&ex>):-

^u^^::xEoSa ec&- ''Adverbs

30ceiidtio

u&

11

Time" wS e9oir>&. Sr^tfraSkr?

of

so AS.

ss;6|j)c&

siB....

"ii&yefo?

|SStf^S)-

AsS^pAorfwiePoa. "Now, Then, Already, Early, Late,

S3572>ex>ir>

Koib

a*S

S>S>^

"3 $)

Manner (68

oh

S5&c.

kt

rbs of

Manner"

ij

^JO

co
ns
.

8]

a|\

(tola

My

came

sister

meet you to-morrow

S^^so^ew):- MC&

SdSr D"3^eaSbo&....

"Adve-

S5o^&.

Chitra sings sweetly

fatf

&>&tixr? &*&&oa). 2]

walks slowly (&*

Our grand mother

&o3). 3] Lalitha speaks loudly (&&&

Jhansi

will

^ScSip

8S6AS56" 30cSto^dEix)

.M

w
w

&.

sSo^fi). &1

4]

Sd&^)!

late

^e3&&*Ko&).

2]Adverbs of
i fisn

Sefi^ijbS^a).

an
Pu

(& fr^a S)^

yesterday

(3&

wo^gsior?

iur-<S

one hour

comming by

is

2] Already

orto&).

ejlS^eib

one year old

o Sj^&
(ejS^fll

Pinakini Express

^S

(tf&?

io

is

come now

at

the child

will

Adverbs- Z

bl
ic

Ramya

lj

&

To-morrow"

To-day,

Soon, Immediately, Since, Ago, Before, Afterwards. Yesterday,

Ks-dStSsia
1

^fiSrr

s&*^-&iboa).

Lakshmi Bai fought

brtwely^&h^aty&rxn
-

"sweetly, slowly,

*Adverbs of Manner'
....
e

aoSS*....

3tf

4]

loudly, bravely"

^Sp

*Adjective*& CStf "-iy"

Adverbs w^cCb:

<&>

SoSa^apv

-^

^u-,^Xc^). Ev.

Bad-

English

j.P.

Grammar

saSi&dS

-31

11

Adverbs of Time

S35?8a>rv> ASS-53j*^otj*:-^r'coa.

irp&o
<

^^^

S^so^exA:/

tc&r<=

($*v
V

goAS
CO

\_

"Now, Then, Already,

Early, Late,

the child is

Pinakini
j"Sj5

vesterday

Kodo

(&
\

(tf&?

is

comming by
6

^soXSgi^rT

^^5

OJ

S)cS^
>>-

tf&
Q

sS&^JS^aX

4]

I will

2] Already

sSc&&0!
ej^

$jzr~

one hour

sSO\Sa\
&1j
XJ

co

urfe&).

sSSjifo

(3^3

year old

ns
.

one

Express

a,^

"

come now

io

will

cz

bl
ic

Ramya

Adverbs- ii

late

My

8]J

^^S
sister

^f\

came

meet vou to-morrow

""

an
Pu

1]

&&

at

To-morrow"

To-day,

Soon, Immediately, Since, Ago, Before, Afterwards. Yesterday,

ij

55o^Cb.

Chitra sings JM^^f/j

w
w

f-v-s-

Manner" &>

.M

rbs of

oh

SJAdverbs of Manner (88

Our grand mother

(ojtf

walks slowly

sSa&^^rr- Sfdfcdboa).

2]

ss-cjiS^ 3sS^cn

(&<*

fioa). Sl Lalitha speaks loudly

Jhansi

Lakshmi

Bai fought
i.

CJ

brovt.^^ .^

"sweetly, slowly,

'Adverbs of Manner* o^S"

^s

Badly; Sad -Sadly etc.

_^

loudly, bravely"

,*..

Adverbs es^dBo:

[j^Spo

itf^wrtcr^.

v. ;

Bad-

T t>

Grammar

P, English

3] Adverbs of Quantity (5&pss>

Much"

*=& Adverbs-

Swarna has finished half of the work

l";

(&?tf
\ cj
ra

:::r.e

SI:e is

He

/w/y

is

wrong^wtfR

tfsS^

SpJ,^sS)!

ri S&JiS

for cooking
^Z:
(sSoi:^

^- rt happy with her husband

:" His preachings are

4] Adverbs

->1-

Number

2a

tfri

Sc^

an
Pu

":;.:;:...

of

wy

ns
.

i]

io

^:~'-

?6/<^^^- &* -6
3] She took

at

~.\'T

bl
ic

*'sSir7....

=r

"Adverbs of Number"

&

'Once. Twice. Again, Never Often, Firstly, Secondly,

1

fold

oh

Four-fold'

.M

te--i

Anand

'.isited

Adverbs-

Madurai*

L^

ASS^p.^otfsjfirSfi

once

...

Three
-^6

^c5

w
w

Partly,

wholly. Almost. Little, Quite,

;.

uoi^fi. "Half,

co

L"!:.::r:.v^- ''Adverbs of Quantitj"

our

often goes to temple

jJ:\
:.;;:
i^ Sangeetha
(;SoA&
We
JII "\^::i\
are
rise of
three-fold
expecting
>]
-/ G:n:i:h:

r:/^

r-J^

came

^:-

our house again in the night

s-l-\5).

Adverbs of Place(c

---: -:-

V-

ro

...

\ r^>,\,

"Adverbs of Place"
F^r, Near, Outside,

.oi-i.

Inside,

"Here,

There,

Within, Without"

Grammar

J.P. English

There

)oSsuo

(rtbStfrtea

a book

is

fiSbEPesSSco

He came

i~|

shop near the

4] There

fccS^a).

(3*stoS

[ScS$p

6] Adverbs of Reason ("Sr>&

w&

is

Reason"

esS esofipCo. "As,

Adverbs-

bl
ic

Because, Hence, Therefore

at

"Adverbs of

io

co

....

here

&

S^Sfi).

ns
.

Sa *0i & )'

3^55

emple

w^ato

canteen inside the Bus-station

Kuinar did not attend school, because he had fever

an
Pu

l]

r?

co

She went there

(w?j

(atffife
T

qoA

Adverbs

&>

1]

:.c&

39

S^Sei, io&StfSrSrr

GO&

fifteen

she could

no

ej&&>

...

ballott

ss^tfsSaKpefo).

S5atrS"3iv

(es^sSi
v

oh

^^g' ^^?& 3o^

gj^cxaaa).

U]

The

director

a]

As s h e

w.^dDioS
is ill,

.M

the meeting postponed

tfotfrv
AS^o&S....
(Scpc>&;33bSPCXXICS'
is
attending a marriage
sSd^fi).
4] Gopi
therefore
unable to come r^ 53

hence
&r>

ea

and

is

w
w

^SS

is

Adverbs of Affirmation
Locip Sjl^raSS^eD^- Frp^^esSS^rr'.....

tion" eft

55oj&. "Yes, By

all

Adverbs of

means, Surely,

Affirma-

Certainly"

Adverbs-

she
1] yes,

By

all

is

good dancer (g7&,

means Amam

is

a suitable bride

a,S

&oO ^_^)!

2]

Grammar

J.P. English

34

Surely they

sS2b%)! 3]

go A 5

atfi&cSo

will pass

(tf^

She will come

4} Certainly

8] Adverbs of Negation

has no work

He

home work
[&&

S^j

(atfas

^o^i.i

^&). 2] They

2gxz

is

not at

all

a-

an
Pu

L'feiaS^ssV s:">

'Adverbs' r^- "Simple Adverbs

Adverbs

9] Comparison of

Sc^

He

at

i^L:I

bl
ic

i:

Si

cdSgib).

good lawyer
;.

not do their

did

io

src

Adverbs-

co

^^

notatall, any"

ns
.

"No. Not,

Adverbs of Negation"

i;

;-

/SrTtfsi:

zz

i?S:e

K5os:oSoC
56 ^Degree)
of
Adverbs
^Comparison

HlsS.gs^^&-

u^)

Late"g& Adverbs^*-

'degree

.M

oh

"Fast, Long, Soon, Hard, Early,

1'

Ramesh

w
w

l] a)

(Vc-^MX
$
'

(t'^-ri-SS. ^02....

Degree (tf^^asb)
uo^s? ^rt:

2"

a]

...

o^j

writes /flJr

degree

s^si>g^)

Ramesh

bl

teCS^Dtf

Degree, b^ Radha came

r*

l:^t-f,

^^;^^*

S^^rr-

(&$

fastest of

earlier than

all

Superlative

"a:ower*3

Suresh

Comparitivo

!^Sr-&)

SXar? *S?E^

Radha came early

Ls*^&)
F^j/er than

writes

c) Raraesh writes

ytf:atf

positive

(tf^ 5^^rr-

sS-j\Sa)

(tf&S.-

Degree
positive

Rajan (cp^-C'as^ To"& .^^

Comparative Degree

c)/

Radha

came

English Graircfta*

.i>.

of

all

Superlative Degree

Two forms

10]

of

-V

^co^"

,.^g&GeD^

S&ofi).

/ofe to office

Adverbs o~ -

co

y?6i

^?L^

^ SSit'.^

Hari go his job lt/tely(&

a] a) Lavanya

came near

to

Ramani(^ Ses^c'sb.iS

w^i

b) Sobhana and Padmini are nearly related (^sSrS

3] a)

Kamala

studies Acrn/

^^ ^^&

studies hardly due to domestic

b) Kan-

tf&$&ofl).

work

sjcCSSS

^o&t,

ctf

.M

oh

chana

an
Pu

>).

bl
ic

at

lj)

Hard-

io

Chandrika comes

T\vo

e^^ woi^db/'Late-Lately; Near-Nearly;

Hardly; Loud-Loudly; Pretty. Prettily"

1] a)

Sy*33ae&-

|5clJ

ns
.

forms of Adverbs"

igScSpAotforfa

-'-

11 j Interrogative
^d&Ddo& 6sSSjftotfaefo ^Sc^p

w
w

ijS^ex)

es^ woi:

Jb.

"Why, When, Where,

Adverbs"

1]

JFAy

did he

is

she late

\&*3*

^o^&

come (&&&> 2)v&>

?

>le3&}e&>- "Interrogative

How
4-]

adverbs
12] Relative

^3

deep

How"a^

Adverbs-

5$tfb^&)?
^oPogSfbn
]
Wliere are you
s
?
]

^)
is

this well

^s

r?a

ctf

^^
*

So

Grammar

il

-v. : .

2"i

ca eso-&.

"Relative Adverbs'

Soundarya came

child

to her school

sA~

hood ^t

won

which

his white horse

Nahatha loved

where she

studied

cS....o>& E?
1

exactly he expected

7C*dbss rSrr

^r. 'Adverbs' ic -;jr>:.otfa;5S

w

il:.".-'

:.iT:-3:r-i.

Compound

L^iL:

:^:

?:-Xi?jio--....

'^L i?-rp....
3"!

1-

'Prepositions'^ -

Simple

prepositions,

Phrase prepositions,

oh

preposiiions,

Tv

^gg

bl
ic

an
Pu

xic i's^:-:rrL^

(pa-

of Prepositions

c^;!-:^

selection

at

Kinds

'I.P.S

got his

Narayana

ns
.

her

in

io

rTo^^; s$S;&).

race

the

5pi-

co

J,P. English

4] Parti-

.M

ciple prepo>i:ions, :" Appropriate Prepositions.

1J Simple

w
w

prepositions
^^~--"Q^

f:^^^-^-"--^

;^i\ TiU ;^::}

^:->:-j

Over

1".

From

[3:^"

My

sifter is

,^

To

.^:::-5

On

atf^g^^sSweso) :-

Prepositions' &:

f&
N

(s^gptfga

r sSo}

^::-i. "In

tions" ^S,

'

with

1);

;t:^');

Prepositions c

studying in a

Into

(0*36,

(s*);

upon

"Simple Preposi-

of

(Soui);

rr^ io* ^Sc

school

6*o&);

At

(c3a^)

By

Near

Grammar

J.P. English

?6o^

&&5

fell into the river

Sharmila
^i5

is

at the

waiting

SvjdSttS^ z>\

Prepositions

*T'
In e^>&^D
11

o^j soij'ti).

<4bout
ii^

ni

;'

v^

^long

"i)

(&sS^c&, KjsSoCi);

^bove

is

5t'side

a bridge across the river

oh

wrote ten lines

^^Sb), 2] Raju

fc<

C^.:v

(^),

-.;:.

^crci-s

.
_

"

^s'\-?3}

etc.

-"

1:

: i

(-

g^s

fl&oMf the co^r

8] Sailaja walked

^J:_
.:

-^:._

thrice

-::

:.:!:

.-

,_;:;!
:.-."

-J

.M

Sio&oo
jap^dfcV
/
L_
__a

temple

-'A''. "2.-

i<t>

"

an
Pu

There

S^-.fc'':

^Soi:,

.;

^ofi); S^neath^^^cS, sA,^^: --J..

LVlow

(SSa^),
prepositions 6*-

1]

Adjective'

&.

'prepositions'

bl
ic

etc.

^^b

at

prepositions"

Sl^ss:;-

(^Adverb)

cfv&

^^iiSSo?5

a,^

ry?j,

ns
.

&

43a&);

&o&

evening ("3?^ &fiSc&x.

Compound

2]

=r-.
'"

work

will

io

till

morning

-.;. :

bus-slop ,';;;:

We

t'^i;.-

3]

).

sS;2>c& scr-i
c:
*

The Maruthi Car

2]

g'i

co

w
w

built a house behind Gandhi statue

a,&'

^a>oo&).
-

will
5] VijayaDasami

come &ef

<'<'->

Deer;,-

vali

sio^?j

(&S^^i

3] Phrase
'preposition'

Prepositions"
t(

Infront

cause

of,

3^?
e.^i

of,

In course

of,

Away from, Along

In addition
with"

to,

By

virtue D:\ Bt-

S> prepositions e*-

T;

:-^r;v;
-- s h Grammar
---"-.

: -:

40

been working in

obstruct

of Time'

month

shed within a

this

&

Period of Time

:-

Tire:':

SoaoSowcS

prepositions

oc2&^d: &*to& ^oo<& S^^CP^.

>^

&-

-::::?5o-*S prepositions

&.

Point

sj"&....
CO

'Period of

'poii

<;

Time

o'

,*&

co

:"-

-."

tire-

ns
.

l~->r

office for

this

of Conjunctions

bl
ic

at

io

ICinds

b.

isSrin

tsS3

....

an
Pu

7: c"::nting conjunctions,
2] Sub-ordinating Conjunctioi

Cc-:re3iitive

=-

Conjunctions,

O'V "'.I L iHL.SeS

:-

Clause'

w
w

,":

o,^

Co::;-.:-.::ions" t-^

rO^OOD^GJ ^O^aO

rSsoJ^ru

s'e^S:)

Cc

>

?5sxo^c^o^

S5?5D-

"Co-ordinatir

s>o^c. "And, But, Both, Also,

Then, Too, Only"

"Co

e>&>-

clause)

S{fi3

es&>

^Conjunctions'

Not,

&

\o&

Yc!
*y>i

T:.e:^:.:re,

Phrase Conjunctions.

zps^rtsio

SSOir1 ^)*

65^i

.M

en

4]

V JT^ aCc^adSc oodfc

oh

1-

studying medicine and I

----'-^ is

V.:-T--

\:

Me

My

's

good

c._

77

''"' =

~"

'
-

"'

father

is in

doctor

^^

/w

-:r;f:

Chennai

is

not a

am

ffn</

studying

my

cnginee-

mother

good man (wtf&

SP&). ij Chitra

is a

is

in

sic

Singer, Sobl

J.P. English
is

Grammar

a dancer both

41

are

(&&
\

friends

2] Subordinating
:.

'

rli'S
_!>

Conjunctions
&- 2^' Sub-ordinate
l

'Principle Clause'

a,

%*

rpcSiB,

L_

Clause'

'

frAoCji

"Sub-ordinating Conjun-

Conjunctions' &>

ctions" e$a fc9oir>&.

Study well (3s53

did

not

co

E\.; m Revathi failed in her examination because she

6

..... e3^o E7rv tfcS

tffc^a ^oA^o"f:
?5oj0- "Revathi failed in her examination"

$&

...

cSS.

*principel clause'

e5<2>

she

did

io

JA^ti

ns
.

SSfiKS"

v& wsSa!

bl
ic

at

not study weir ^^b- "es?^ a^n' ^^bsS^&"

^a 'Sub-ordinate Clause' eaSQ.

Sub-ordinate Clause CD&

an
Pu

ajfi

...'Principel

^e^sS^-

Clause

"Because" w&?5a-

'Sub-ordinating conjunction
:

BDc5a.

'Principal clause' &>tf 63^^236 ^ics

"

Sub. ordinate Clauses"

^a

e5oj-db.

'Sub-ordinating

oh

As

am

suffering

from

fever, I could not attend Ihe school

w
w

11

.M

conjunctions'

(3&

2"
&:&
23tfs>&* B?tfSStfa&^o^sSew....
3tfj3tf S*o^^).
Though he is poor, Gupta earned more properties (rtieS "id

&

3&

Sekhar's dead^^po^ SoSr-aoS&i). 3]

body was kept there until his son came (wtfa &sSj&e*b ^S^
&.... 1so" &^tf S^sS^ wi'j-S s&o^sftSa). 4] You will no
sy

eo^ ../wtf&fi

be appointed in

rB

this job unless

you get

3] Conrrelative Conjunctions

your

(Sotf S^tf

degree

Soaotf S

(fe$

Grammar

J.P, English

"Correlative

as

Conjunctions"

Not

ther ...nor,

42

only. ...but

Nei

"Either... .or,

o-j-&.

Though...,yet

also,

Eieiher attend the

home

AV/f/^r the power of his father nor

of his brothers have saved him

(&$&

^c ^^^-^ siaa

^c^teX

:'Io^E^

<7/^o

&i:!

well

4~ Though she

is

bliend,

is

(d.v^ S^?& sSr^Sj

a patient

>Vr she does-

^:j--.... ^S ei;;tf5?& ^^.n-

cs^a

only a

H2i

*-

&*&

duties

her

S^^&oa).

at

6*A

He

S]j

'

io

doctor ^wr

B>as*tf&>r?fc

tfo'.S-

i*

money

the

2"!

3c?

3os>g

(sS3^

co

If? 26;"!

0^ go

work

ns
.

1"!

-^oZ:

bl
ic

4] Phrase Conjunctions (sr-^p'rt SsS^^dib^oeo):*: rCoi-X"^-^ -" -^-^ 'phrase so- 'conjunctions' S5S &SS
1

c:-=,otf^^!ps^. 5.C 5r---

As soon

oh

that,

an
Pu

"In order

They studied

well

.M

I]

entrance

test

^UT

w
w

i2^

tfs

As

as,

well

Even

as,

order that they

may

get ranks

(~Z ETP -*1^S -L^^^^: c:g cir-fo....

^Sx,6^
S*D^i-,&V 8"!j The train will
^--

^o^n

of

s:ifc3c;.

SAARC

t/>'

the guard

is

Pakistan CA uv//

5 oiJ^

3P5-

iv.v

2?3^-.r

India

is

the

sr-db

s^5

leave

the

execuse

She behaves always <w

si^S;': z:i;\
Daina '^" l?*5 i'->^ c^^-? ... Z

member country

&5^ Saa^

Eiv/j r/ she resigns her job I will not

-5":

in their

given green signal

U
t"!

if

,-

As

if,

station

'".;

&5^ t

"phrase conjunctions"

// she

SfiJj3tfsS3o)!

4]

her behaviour

was

princess

Grammar

J.P. English

^-^

-^

sofv

.rr&S

r;

Sentences (^^e>

of
iba

ei

(sentence)"
"

(go 36^)"

Sx>r^

330sri!l.

-''

ssS'^tf

"You go

w
(fc^,
\

sSarfsSoSSerfa

SS-S&Y t.&
f

^t':S::

tfs^o oRJ-

^pSoSA-.ci. 5^;.

You"

S&^
-

c*a
.

cs^Si'

s^C....

OS.

"i^sStf

-.3

o^S'^&o

..."Come here

!>

(Single

"go there"

ns
.

word Sentence)" ^^

esPj

co

..,.

csgicoc

Kinds

io

word Sentences)" ^a esSsSda;&.

(Double
l"i AssiarT ^s^r^ CfS'sSxeo! e??j ^sSrSn ..,.
!

at

sertive Sentences.

2] Interrogative

8j Imperative

bl
ic

Sentences,

Sentences, 4] Exclamatory Sentences.

^D^O

Sentences^sSj^S sj*fg^o>):-

an
Pu

1] Assertive

g?&"es^r?fc, "s-e^"

B-^gSSie3&-

n rr>

&SoC).

a.5'

^'e

.M

21 She does not read English or

tf

L^.di

"Assertive

^"s

Cat drinks milk (iO S^ex sj^^o^V

"Does cat

w
w

l"|

3e$

oh

Sentences" ts^^odj' do.

^^iT^

s-tf

Tamil

s^^sii
drink milk

SJ^

(ss^o
"

a.^

3sS.d6sS&.-

s^^g&s
"Does she read English or Tamil

^B 'Assertive Sentences*- S5A

"Soeii

SjtfSaajn

&tfSos33)^a).

Affirmative Sentences, b) Negative Sentences,

Sent ens
a) Affirmative
ST-^^O)) :- a,^
(&g--tfsa

"Affirmative Sentences"

a)

.?.

Hngiigh

*:city

Shalim

t]

a,

^33^

44

a girl

is

so AS

JscSiobcSSa

a,

(S^oa

gyO*)!

2]

Chennai

is

rttfx>)!

Negative sentences

tea

SfeSo

(es^o

esfj

&&*&).

woi^efi. ^".:-

2]

He

not a good

is

2]

S)S^

S&f^%)?
4-

May T

S]

Where

home

is

your

sister

^^

^^^ s

s^^y?

3] Imperative Sentences

^a

-v. 2

OS^oS) (r S^M

me

.M

s^^.^efe- 'Imperative Senteu-

SSXJL::

your book

c] Kindly

w
w

U^i'?6)! 1] Turn to the

God, save my mother

left

io

sS-6

(tfcifi*

S&,^^)

(^'&

5]

(SesS)!

Iand(tfrf5?!

Exclamatory Sentences

^>^o

(CLciSfc

help us

4]

itf^to

Stand up on
_ij

Please give
:

gftfa

(i
^

oh

(^S?

doing

....o

r as"^

^"

c-:-rc.

ccs"^r..

(b

you

an
Pu

s-S -ScsH^....

at

i]

io

&S^ 5?SjSo&. "Interrogative Sentences"

Who are you (fc Mfis)?
What are

bl
ic

.:

man

ns
.

2] Interrogative Sentences
cT*

She does not take

1]

"Negative Sentences"

co

b)

Grammar

^"^
w^J

3*j-i.

K-SRi}!? S]

^:c"?!

-v. ; -

How

8]

]^

What

rp>....

a fool

beautiful these

May

god bless

Alas! such lovely dog

is

girls

you

dead!

"Exclamatory Sentences"

am

(^So^ ^DS

are

E^O^S^.

(&

(3^&

a!

a^

ssoefa

'5&5
tf

SP^O

tf^ofian-tf)!

i3jdStf&

sS

4]

Sbtf p

JLK hagiish
\OTLi- tV^ra
^
ao^aSapos.
;cnce,

ro'-:-'
~

i^or?-

c^-j

:"-\'----

:-.

,__

Compound

3]

'--i'iwoC.-

J3Y-.-1.

--..._.

Sentence. Si Ccrr.-'cx
i] Simple

Sentence' L;:^'

.^o^

&

"Phrase*

Ci

c?5o2

co

^5iTl^;o)
*4

j^^Ij Subject

"-^^ ^o3S&- Noun

fc

io

./

:.

na

'Pronoun (eocTpc^siSaV
cu
V.

S^SS

pronoun

?jcp

noun

*a

...

2] Predicate

r.o

,^uo-I=:-

:.

^^^o

v.

^^'^

pronoun &- "Subject

or.-

(^i.sz'-x'V-^

I'ssix

bl
ic

noun

^oiiioc.
.i*.'
<w

an
Pu

us

?,

(sc?)"

'Subject^

risor-*&-

^
r,

-.-

,^:::i:

iol i

.M

oh

tfe

Predicate

w
w

The ring (6oKtfxV

is

made of

She (^loV
Cat fasV
\ C3

smiled

Chowdary (^cJa)-

is

Ravali ftfaS^-

wrote a

Ssb^&i:

S^sii

's^tfiKic'cii- ''Predicate" oS uo$j*&.

Subject

ns
.

^^

i] Subject -s'^

at

cate (^^T^fiJsSaV
\
i)

Subject and predicate

'

^or^iY-o*

ir:. :.'

v
f't

i^^o^.

drinks milk (pea ^

is^.-isb)
^
v

a rich farmer

rfo

'predicate*

feold

letter

'Subject'

(^sw5
S"

atJi'sio

?i,

s*8a

O&P ^KSpo^^ ?&!

t^O 'predicate' 6^^r....

a.3"

3oi

sSags^Saw

,1

rT:;_:\
rcilo-l

L-l:

Grammar

made, smiled, drinks,

"is

i 'Predicate

r:oiri- "Verb"

n3\... 'Subject' ^cli^

"gold, milk, farmer, letter"

".

sStfsio &r>

^- ^xj^ ^dic?i& g

^c^.5p&~

i".

^^
iiofia
-*

/verbal
\

-j-

c*sr^~ L

Aotoofl.

'

jf (Subject);

'

a.*

^f Object)!!!

w&faoco5a*&

^s'

^/fsSan-A;

"predicate"

Verb' &6dt& 'Object*

Predicate

__^

i_

Verb

object

an
Pu

The

bl
ic

at

crci s'f i

jtc
U

tt&sSio&^S
Subject*&-

a,5fS

eats

The pen
Raitfith

oh

grass.

is

black,

killed

a tiger.

saw

an elephant

speaks

Tamil.

w
w

.M

^?^i

=-

l_

COM

here

<&

&&

i;

JT tsS^S

s^

eft^BSSrp aodao.3.

efl&tffi

es&afcoS

wrote''

io

^/.

is,

co

EFog^ae

&&I&G& $oASi

46

ns
.

J.P. English

y.^fc^)!

5]

Go

there

4] Stand up

^&

tf

Subject"

came

6o^

-P. English

Grammar

A
e?$i&c6 *o

47

hey laughed

,^6

81 Sarika cooks

Ssp^).

(r-a

Suman goes (&&3T 3&&).

(^^) So^ocS

(Jcii).

orv
jE.v,:.

co

r
priya (Subject^VtT} eats (\ erb^!lo^o) mangoes

io

ns
.

^\
PHRASES and CLAUSES

at

co ^o5d5so apsbe4 -

bl
ic

"Phrase, Claxise"

'Clause*

.,.

Phrases

Rekha

waits to receive a leiier

Shobha Naidu
jc^xrS>^). 2]
i'SM
_^

3"|
.j

3*

Gopal

is

.D.S'

sfco-j

sS^Gfir

''Phrases

many

^-

teaches

4] Raghava

(s^S'g^rtSwc^fe'g^w):^^^

^&

L^-& tfgixcn

srd!"

ASSSr-.^oiS

3^:0^

-rfc.

sSfiTSw

J>#5rs*....

p.j

"Noun

o'^SS e!r*oo;S:\

Adjective, Adverb"
1

...

^si^jdJcA)!

OF PHRASES

DCi- "Noun,

a great dancer having so

**

>-$& rTr*e"

;iNDS

is

a good teacher fat several Students (ioiJ-.T

a right method (&3

'

{
V

w
w

'Phrase'

o&S:....

.M

oh

(5

an
Pu

t*

phrases, b) Adjective phrases, c) Adverb phrases.

Grammar

J-P, English

They laughed

47

sS|fcc

S] Sarika cooks

(<^& rls^riX

250

AS

(zr-bg sSo&efc)

Suman goes (&& T 3:^&).

r

4-]

NOTE

r
:

co

".v.

mangoes

priya (SubjectsK-'s'^Veats
(Verb=iSduo^
l_
^.^
\
X
/

ns
.

'

tf^)i

ioficS5

S75'

at

2:0

io

PHRASES and CLAUSES

bl
ic

aS*- "Phrase, Clause"

tf

Phrases

'sir

Phrase'

too

.M

oh

MI

'Clause*

an
Pu

.,.

,...

Reklia waits /o receive a letter

"I

w
w

Shobha Naidu

^ic^ccija). 2]

awards

(~*&ijr

aa"?&-5&
r^Sre
2

is

Sr

s,s'

&o-I

4]^

Raghava

(^o^:^
teaches

o*$iS 85*ioi:&).

(s^a'g^

"Noun, Adjective, Adverb"

i;

,,.

rTsS^

'

KINDS OF PHRASES
as

a.^

^53scji;-eab

o6'^:^

i^^qdBaodO!
t

a right Method (jS^S L^&cT

JioCiC'-

many

a good teacher /^/ several SrmJents

qj

///

a great dancer having so

G:SS^&&e?S:

?S^S)! 3] Gopal

is

Phrases"^-

?--&

g$xzzrv

p.j

a) "Noun phrases,

b")

Adjective phrases, C

N
I

Adverb phrases,

J.P, English

Grammar

4R

90 A 5

eS|frc&

a) Noua phrases
1

'^roL

:.

'^'^rt^'

rSsSECF--^ s?^

^-ijs?

'Noun*

!i>

sfi

Kaveri expects

fr

"Noun phrases' uS

S^----S/-:'^-

'sir-bo

&

'*

co

"expects"
:?,^?5>a), ^3 -^^-?i>:^.... "Child" pj&~ Neuir"to deliver a
Noun"'Child"
esia
rp
^c&Sb. object
SSRi%S^6.
child" ts.si
'Noun
^rc:^ ?3^:^^^:'^ i?S3c-^^,
phrase*
1

,^---

".

c 8 ^?^^

"is

bl
ic

objects'

SVr^^V ^

-t?:r^

ba^ket

flowers'

<

(&

carrying"
'nouns'

?:

DS5Qotf::&'
*

Adjective

I);

phrases

35-':

rv-

ET=: ':

^&^

(S^^ss-sPS'gi^Ss^oi):-

'Adjective* ^5

.^o.^C- rs-; "s^i^e SSsis^cfiS^^

r^l'-.^v.e

S?r=o:o.

an
Pu

a basker of flowers" ^*; 'Noun phrase E^C.

"Adjective phrases*'

oh

carrying ^ /?^A-e/ uffiowxrs

Is

at

Sulochana

ri-f^-sTrS

io

~j*

2s

ns
.

&a

SS,^

&c^s5tfi-

^oir-Sc*

^s [Joa s^s'^-e^ XriKjotfo^!

n

The

T?en

.M

*he table

01?

w
w

Gowtham

a political leader

is

,T-oM
Go\v:ham tsr':
pood

5^'

'Noim'sb
i5

L-

toS;!
'

Adjectives

c".:2'x_ csd'sS.:^

Adverb phrases
a,s
s-V.^s^SS^
...

,*4s-!ov

7:o
-^-

/?cf>-

*7

5j3o&

good charGder{$&^

^s'-vV-^rti ''Leader"

SLf:^^:,--

>.:.%- 'Adjective phrc?e'

c^

3*5=sdi CT,-i^:*)!

chcracter'*

^r.-v!:.^

o:'..r?-!o:^-

i;i."::.:i-.

&cl-:i:r^.... 'Adjective phrase* s?<3.

TO-:<

-"'*

fc

r c.->-. -:>,>....

L^s.sc-^-r

jTr:.'..

Jv?f^

CT

"The pen' ^^: 'noun*

2]

vours
/i.-r L..:.:^
"

the table" -rx

--^^-^^^on

^3
;j 3'

is

i?^s?SrJ-

o^

"\vhohas

sS3.

t.^ c^&'gi^rtoSMeM):. &

(ijd&*
?i^:^c^^: (phrase) - 'Adverb' 3

^^

^?^^''- "Adverb,

phror-cs'

-:r-

,-?o^cS.

&

\lv&

Grammar

J.P. English

come

1] Anitha will

4,9

Race

morning (v^X bZ^Zzt* sS&ofc).

morning" w & phrase- 'Adverb Sc

//,- t

horses will run in

swifi

S&e"

sSirt

mannc r

0&&).

X&

fc^v*

(^7]

^ 5^ 8 s$*a....

"in swift manner"

irr-sTo

>

//?

'&>3*!CJ,... "in -the

*o

30 A 5

s::|i;ii

co

phrase- 'Adverb'

ns
.

Clauses

at

io

"clauses"

bl
ic

1] Sudha expects That she will. get an award (sp.T .' a

3r-oci&a &tf
that shc will get an
aft.v&^a).
53-Sgsb^....

& ^.

award"
02

&

Ao&fcsSetf

the bridge

oh

is

^c^b

"will get'

d&

.M
&9vXb

w
w

constructed"

(->&

s^_5

w
Main

^r:r>

...

so^C

a&

c^

s&o&to

35

'Clause SD^J

consirucieil

\&* s-^n-cS
"con
"my father" -^ s^
f

es^srip dko&daSoS

..."that

my

father

Clause'

KINDS OF CLAUSES
clauses

g>Sa, ^s^::

hm my father

SS^oasS ^o3r^ aa)! ^6 sp^r^^....

structed"

wtfs&atf^ s^s-^oA'^o

2] This

'phrase

an
Pu

"she"

^ ^^ ?3^3-c^i

fc

^^5S

Stfas

oa-cS.

tsa

Sa.

(wgortauo ^&3):.
c

G:^....

clausc'e&-

Safin*....

A)

^v,

j^ct^n* g

principal

Clauses

&
or

Clauses, B) Sub-ordinate Clauses.

A) PRINCIPAL
!

CLAUSES

or

MAIN CLAUSES

'clauses'
.... sj-fiSotft)
c-rin- % 5
Clause'oA- "principal Clauses" or "Main Clauses"

Covindhasaforeisn'car which

pensive" **&

3o&

K&

Clause OD

'Clause*

^i^i

^!^^:"V'...

Clause

ffi

tr-^rr-

expensive" (ia

^"^

.Idtfig^

fi

an
Pu

cai which

is

is

clause /;r=iI~V cf^o^do ej^j

oh

i':,

^\':

w
w

car"

*i 'Sub-ordinate

3^:::: ...

^S'^bC'^.... "which

'

CO

"Govind has a foreign

5^-^f51-

^G

.^:^^).

.M

very expen^:\c"
:::I i'.,.,

'clause'

very expensive (^SjoE"

^rr :;fXl L3. ^^.^..\*:

r.

clauses" &&

5r-^?r.^:::-&>- "Sub-ordinate

Go-t'ind l:ai a foreign

^^

(^^06'

e^g'::;:

?:'ii c^io^o

".v.:-

"-

bl
ic

tfSo^i:

very

^^^.^5^.

CLAUSES

B) SUB-ORDINATE
:-

is

wtf&o
os&&'
-M

-.

ex-

cf^otfda ep&rr*

Clause* *S5. "which

^^

35

a^^

(^o5

very

at

c*s:

is

SD^.-..

dS^D-

L-.

^3-^b^^: 'Main

"which

Sjo6c&:

"Govind has a foreign car

ctfcx^^Y'
y
C\4

11

Govind has a foreign car

co

4S:,c.

"has", "is"

ns
.

%c

^ ^&8*~

*o&&.

'Clause' eo

very expensive

is

io

X.I-

50

Grammar

JLP, English

^;.o

'Main Clause*

clause'

co^.

KINDS OF SUB.ORDINATE CLAUSES

(cs^o&'

<l

s^cT'^c;;^^ ^^i^w):^i^E?s-.;uo^-."Noun

"Adjective"

"Adverb -^r;:
tl

i]

Xoun

t5^ X:-^:
1".
~*

ic^l:

y^?56oi- 'Subordinate Clauses'"

Clauses, i] Adjective

Clauses,

8'j

Adverb

Clauses'

^'^-:rr L^oSS^iS?^.

Noun Clauses

Noun"

sS&23ri

t&

(&&*?*?
-

a.rr

-j;

-^

---..-y:

sT-^^c^ioeoV.y
a.

'Clause

r^cT

=7-5;..^"

^. "Noun

.',".
"

:.!

Clause;,"

*:-

;5^cxoS

know

lj

a* Si.

e^TJ

3$xn3)-

3&>

__ _
oi

__

L.

that she is a

Zio&j!

1-]

good teacher

The

fact

certain that she will come to-morrow

^^r-^^rr-....

"Noun

is

at

lie

ahh> to

is

StfjSSa)! 4]

(ssZ; 3^-

Clauses

15

^'&'o

scrys

that she

&ip

>o>

s5-^^ fifsS^a
c;^r-- That 3*
(

It is

rooj!

n-fj,

Noun'&
o&-

*clause'
o^ci

pronoun's
1

^rjr?

'Adjective

"Adjective Clauses" ^Tj

She

the girl

is

ir//t?/;/

esoSj'db.

I loved for the last

Soeorv 3&> [j>^o&tiS

&

three

wsSr^oa^)! 2]

an
Pu

25xre^o

nS. 'qualify' S?> So^

c^:aS a?3coC Sc^^.^ 'clause*

bl
ic

SCP

r?.^

io

at

2]
&*&

ns
.

co

\\'It

rSio-i^oASa

sSO SciJotoSb

-'

f'-sTb

from

I differ

wS^&KP^?^).

do the work (*s^

in*afc"
sjoAS
U
CO _

ski^-cLi

__Urammar

J.P. Engiisli
________

nwmhs

This

is

(fi$

the pen

which I lost yesterday (~^ ^& ^'^^S ^*^b^ ^ ^^:o ^)^]

Sankar is a boy who is both clever and mischievous (SOS) s&dc&a
^bodod tf?5a 3o&ip ^s: s-e& SfoSo)! ^s sp^gSxoe^R) "girl,

oh

&&

'Nouns'A- & ^dbs?^'

'adjective

sS-^rS

.M

pen, boy"

clauses'

qualify 5^r3^ca.
^^cTessSarp "adjective cia-uses" G$&SL-

w
w

NOTE

whom"

^?SD

"3

3a&}f3T*....

3]
eui"

sStfsiiead*

Noun

Q^^'osia^a 'Adverb' 3^xa

cea.

v")

clauses

ADVERB CLAUSES(L8 ^--^^

"adverb
i)

clauses"

si^^-

^& aoir-&.

b-*3^

adverb clause of pmpose,

clause of condition,

^s

sStS

ii)

iv)
vi)

jjo3
adverb

'Clause'csi-

Sf'Sjiaeorp

oj^do

clause

of place,

of

Reason,

adverb clause

adverb

AO^OM.

wgoffswjw):.

Sis53oSS;lc^a
a

Adverb clause of Time,

adverb

eJcosr^S.... 'adjective

g>

ill)

"who, which
'Noun'^- qualify

&
[S'tfotfsSr^aa.

clause of

compa-

J r.

Grammar

Lrghiii

of

adverb clause

\ii'

riser.

>%

result,

viii)

of

clause

adverb

i\\

>v?"'C*iii.:;i.

c=r:>[>u:o

adverb

clause

of

x) adverb

concession,

clause of manner.

Adverb clause of Time (so :&&' jjSc&rO'sSfo

adverb
Z?Z* Ci\xj:- -c &::': r:rC-o-:.: 'Adverb claube'&ii)

'

;:"..:

.-L-jf/rt"

".\

crners, the students stand

ns
.

.;-

co

'*

^^^6.

cla^Cv'f rlacc" ^^

Trc vor.:an searched

:-

"::::-

J-".

>".-::..;

^-

;ii\e:b Jlcuie'

w
w
.-

hot

o-:rveb

'

"

L'.:.L-j :.;;:;r-j:::
t

~-:-

-^
*

--""..*.....

iv;

Purpose

\^.

o>3'o

(fifrJ

'adverb

sp^l:^^

".J^

"adverb

i'o

r-

A^'/^)

clause

///f

^>o^

'Adverb

"

r//^//

(\&5te*
13

oto

^=3"^^.*.^: j:. jic-r'^^Lx^

.:.:..

of

oh

;3

clause

.M

^c

p urse

"adverb

'where" Kri Si'i^- 'placet

i;i; A-jverb
* c

clause'^-

irA^-f she lost her

r^:^ ^Z; StfS&L).

r^^l:^

.!...,-:

'Adverb

an
Pu

"i--oca

bl
ic

-ic:.:.r^

r".7c;;t^):.

j*

(go

at

Adverb clause of place

ii)

clause

io

adverb

clause'-

of

purpose" u g

guests' may

^^^
^Q

(i

^tf

so that"

enjoy

the

3a3fin-

Sfl

&&

<^

Adverb clause of Reason

'adverb

_
Grammar

-v.

The

:_

properly

Adverb clause

v)

'Adverb clause'

of

o"

it

Condition

Clause of

?ip-2oi^

^ajO'i'?J?5:

&

Condition"

Adverb Clause'^^"-:-

5odj=cfi.

S*rfSb& S^5
if hfs brother comes (tf
"if"'Adverb Clause a^a

He

will

s&

go

"

3tfsS

io

ns
.

e^^QOiSS^):.

Adverb

construct

"because"

^-

S"5o^5a
u

sjoAS
CO

S^OSPaotfa folks' 33....

A s3-cio*

fc3<&.

efciicfc

collapsed because they did not

building

(gdjtfsio

bo

co

J.P. English

8"|

Adverb
:

Pallavi

is

'

s'o"a-

Padmaja (Stf^s

*Adverb Clause

NOTE

^oej^db*

Comparison"^^

cleverer than

an
Pu

-v.

clause of

bl
ic

^^go^):-

at

vi) Adverb clause of Comparison(^^^^o

a"l^ea
sSag^eo^S) ?^Co>i Adverb Clause'^-

sSgS

"than"

S^a

Li

oh

asboc^ 'Clause' ^o&&.

than Padinaja"
L o^'
claused- L o& (Verb)' g&. "^3.... ^iai 'clause* soM'3?
:

s<jr^^o-

vii) Adverb clause of Result ($&tf&*df

Clause' &- "Adverb clause of Result"
Ex.*. Savithri was so

<0

1'

'than Padmaja'

w
w

.M

jJdSj*

S^sa

&Q&&.

tired that she could not

cook (?>Sjji spn

'Adverb Clause

esssSiSD^a^iaoSorS ^odo SoCx)e5^iir$^6).

6*&-

"tliat"

&9?Si

oSdSeSjo

viii) Adverb clause

Clause^-

-^e

s'S" 5 ^300^*0)

'^OafeSu'wo c6y*OrSjt6^ a.

of Supposition

"Adverb Clause of Suppositioa"

(e5r^f ^d&
&&

Grammar

J,P. English

Erm

*':-

//// raf/w, I shall go

faStf

S&aSjSsS^ai^.-^Si

'Adverb Clause

<*&

fifa- ''Even if"

Adverb clause of Concession

,"lo^so 37
^2 c;Li s^) - ^^^ 3?^ fSpfioiSi

3*-

ix)

'

"Adverb clause of Concesssion'"

co

poor she is honest (o# "fj^cp^ BoSsS^flS

5
^ 'Adverb Clause' a^a-" though
or-s'g^e

of
x) Adverb clause

^^ ^*^)

Sjv*S5:x'&

Clause' &- "Adverb

Please do

75 I

Jid yesterday
*

sr-sTr-sSafra
&

gj*tf!f

c*

5ls

(&

u&

clause of Manner"'

an
Pu

A\

<

bl
ic

sr8

Si^

Manner (3*$

oh

->

.M

k~o

Compound

w
w

nce,

b~\

li

?s2.^.

-&'*

CU

v^x--r.

t^OW

rJj

..S

>

CM.WX

JCS-.J

ir-^.... s,t ?/5

*L

Ar/r

;.

ETsSj*?!,.

Simple Sentence,

^-

"as"

of SentenceV

2]

eacip 5^s'<^oc'

?5

Complex Sente-

#!;:. son*

^j^c^b
2

S;^oS3sid

phrase, clause c

'

(&*&*iSg

'finite verb'

s'CAcCco?^

STS'gSw):. 'Subject
c^psSSb- "Simple Sen-

^ol-r-'i:.

"Finite Verb"

;.^r?

Sentence" s*&

sentence

1] Simple
tence"

sc:^, 2-....
Z

LC;vV

..

Adverb Clause'

*:

xo^' S3s'^ix.

'Advert

S^^r?

5fc?S

S>^

iy

ip^oc&

e^oij=&.

CLAUSES AND SENTENCES (s^r

00 sx V . *c*o~ &w=-.ss&3
Construction
j
y
'

11

ns
.

-sTi

&-

io

S^-^fe rfei).

Zo

Is

Claxise

&3> ^o4j"CSb.

at

Though Latha

A-. ; .

'Adverb

atfr?...,SosSfii

s^sSx&

'Simple Sentenced- "clause

L'iSi:. 'Kinds of Sentences

S'Oft

sSjotffib'

phrase

ft

Grammar

j3eortD tf&'sioe

SB

Complex sentence

2]J

Clause

&

s^&S&oV
w

(SOQ
^>
C*^ S3

a,arsa Sc?

sS>ad&

'Simple Sentences' n

spfe'gSSaoSi-

^o^>

a,

^fe^Sn ^ 'Sub-ordinate

d&sr^fif*
a,^

^^

is

in your pocket

at

2]

^^

me know"

were studied"

frrS^a.

me your pen which

(^b&

"Let

sa-tfgSSasfir

"Where you

sSjficSio

'Sub-ordinate Clause' e

Give

30ag*asS^64)! ^e

'Main Clause*

studied

^a uoirc.

co

me know where you were

Let

io

1]

cfOAdfio^ =p^jcSa&-"Complex Sentence"

ns
.

Clause ocoa

'Main

s-s

'

Engligh

J,P.

(Stb

"Give me your pen &s&

^B
Is5^ot&)!
S5^|SSS*.
&Qd&> "Which is in -your pocket" o&>'Main Clause'

Sub-ordinate Clause ex

Compound Sentence (sSD^sr

Clause" <y>&3>.

Raje$h was

l(

Rajesh -was

w
w

c&?5^

ill

.M

^^)

:-

"Sub-ordinate

iS^fip, S&S^Sr.... ^oefcn-a, ^otf^o'cb

3&^.sS
'Main Clauses*
A
Sentence"
"Compound

3^a&.

oh

r?JO.

^
^

&^a.

an
Pu

3]

jl

bl
ic

So s oSjxs'&' ^y*

ill"

and therefore

he was

absent

from

office

sSj^c^ "Therefore he was absent from office"

'Main Clauses' Atfa.

The examinations were over and hence the students vacated

hostel

3S*&),

(;Sfia(e

^B spg'gSSxa"

....

"The examinations were over"

"Hence the students vacated, host el"

'Main

Clauses

ArS^

^&

^o^o

'Main Clauses'

Compound

sentence'

&

"Double Sentence"^^) wo&pcfi. wotf^o"& ^SbsS 'main clauses

Grammar

J.P. English

ooir-3).

58

'compound

sentence

&- 'compound

b'sfise:

*$\&t&

&.

Sentences

r?

'compound

'complex sentence' r?&;

sentence' n-&

sentence' rr-& str>....

&;*&>

^^L-^ ^^^'^s'

m
co

Box

(ifeSa),

zo&-

"Singular

VoTc ?;_.

Number"

Boxes

sSi^&itt^;. "Plural

3ec<ic-i-

an
Pu

?5o*gff* ASS^g;
("Ssjieo),

Women

Number" b-a

Woman

&?>),
<s

Number (sj^S&'s&i):.^^

2] Plural

(s'r&is:;,

ns
.

(ig'tftf

Pen

aaSj8oceE>.

io

Ass (,Tatf),

at

&&-

OStf

l] Singula

fSovoSSt'^an-....

BO& ^Saeorp

bl
ic

Number

&-

"Sentence

NUMBER
^

1] Singular

sen-

'simple

gc&e?"

i-^.

(Noun) ^i<^o&.
Number, 2] Plural Number" a&

&Z

"Multiple Sentence"

'simple sentence' &-

*d....

'complex sentence'^,
tence'

Asses

()

esotrdb.

h=Si

Sc?

Per

(n-iiSeo),

i3si>5jo^,

aS^/6

ol^&.

(&'

oh

FROM SINGULAR FORM TO PLURAL FOKN

^-S;

w
w

.M

'Nouns'*,

1] ?r-c=i's3^ri'.... 'Singular

<cfa

Number'^

g^dsSeS....

3*0

'plural

Nouns Sonumber'

sr>'

<3

coC^CiOtr1

A"' : -

fc

cats

g)

(^^>

S] dog

do

(Sb^)

boy (B-O&)
boys (gpexSb). 4] girl
(so-0^)_
(s-Otfexi). 5] pen (jfe:)
pens (tfeSneoj.

(^ft-2>
girls

cat

8]

& ^^ r^

2] Singular Number
ch, x" es& s^i'^xc^

V^>--.^ r:^i>^-,K

ia.&a-tfs'

S^eo-

fe-Jl I7s^coj.-s;3 Sto'Sko CSt'7

ss. -plural number'

frter.

"s,

ss, si

"es"

English Grammar

J.P.

v -:-

57

gases

1] gas (sydfo)^)

buses

(eao&).

3]

kisses

(&&>)

ass

6] brush (SboB)
branches (ska

asses

(rr&tf)

(&seo).

5]

2" bus

(spd&^eA

bush

(r?Z

s:r:f

&?.

bushes

(27tf)

^7^::\

brushes (SboEeo). 7] branch

watch (rf^c^-Si,:^
8]
g^sfr^eo).
~:c:\
boxes
box (^|>)
9]

kiss

-i"

vr^
watches

(tf&<3<^tfs$sex>).

'

passes

3j Singular

Number

?s-s

1] city (SrftfsSa;

citw(CKcffeec). _i] body

count r- .-^
country

io

G"

ns
.

(&P>g&a)

1^

co

at

'plural

^.v.:-

storte*

story (tf^)
il^s

(fe^eo).

oh

(&ftoasSaeo). 6} lady

w
w

.M

o-eo....

monkey^

kidney

D)

(g^^e^)

(^)

'plural

t :i':.

s] family

^1:'^:-:*-

^':^-^^

ladto .^'X*

number'

key^ (s-tf^ Sfe^}.

S] ray (StfiaSs)

i-Sl...^

r-io-as:.

monkey (rs)

ray^

journey^

(stfat:\
s~

(&P|tfS>orfsS)

:"

(StfsSb)

an
Pu

&tf&oeo). 3]

bl
ic

"ies"

journey

kidney^ (s^jtf-LoSfce:"..
%
P la> >t:
r.]
(ifidSpes^a).

play^

4]
....

v.

1]

mango

"es" e5<&

e<tfSae& c^b.;^^

(sS^^fisSo^)

...

L*

mango^ (^SaSS:^.

^^-^^N

-'j

ccho ,U

'plural

^ero

-:

:/v

Grammar

J.P, English

56
sentence

'compound
5

e3S[&d&

&-

"Multiple Sentence"

'complex sentence'?^,
'compound sentence' rv&; 'simple
tence'^- 'compound sentence* rr-&> 557-. ... "Sentence &ur

fjS5tfx>er& sS^s

(Noun) s$tf:o&- rSo^gStf&Qn"....

Plural Number*' es^ oo&> ^sSas>

1] Singular Number
Pen
Ass
(nacS)

($&;$)

io

Box

(sfe&s),

( 2)|>),

Woman

(^^

at

:.

l] Singula^

ns
.

Number, S ]

NUMBER

gc&*?"

r? sSr&.-.i)*) in-

sen-

co

Sentences

^j

'complex sentence* r?&>

'simple sentence*^-

^....

2] Plural

Number"

bl
ic

sp&^tftf sS^sS&o&- "Singular

Number (a^o^^^);.^D^r?

^"ol i;.S:' rSQ$:a": &S>is:

o,
w
b

SSircsdi:.

an
Pu

c?

Boxes (l^^-eol,
(3'e^:sa\
sStfSas&- "Plural Number"

Asses (rp&tfco),
'
\

Women (4^) ^^^>

es

Pens

^S^s^^s

woJj'fib.

Lfie*

w
w

<Sr?S^L.

.M

oh

FROM SINGULAR FORM TO PLURAL FORV

^--(^^ss^A

...,

'Singular

Number'^ &&^

A-. : .

&

..

1]

cat

oe Nouns

'plural

So-

number'

cats

dogS
(S?exeo).
] dog
(&^j-)
boy
boys
(&^j_eo). 8]
(c-e&)
(gg-eocS).
4] girl (g?$)
girls (gpOg'ex)). 5] pen
pens (g'o&Dex)).
(s'e^)
i]

2] Singular
Ch, x"

(2>g)

Number

5^ ^tT&zer

w<tfsSxt9& 3^.i^e s
f

^^

&j

ra^

!75cxo.

!:"fiS-

ic-An-tf^ sStfsSaeo- "s, ss, sh,

s<g

'plural

Si'Sicao fcsStf-

number*

CCPSS^;

"es"

u&

Grammar

J.P. English

buffalo

(eA^SStf^tf&oco) 5]

r^

radio^

5]
5]

(&&)

fs&

canto

4]

phot^ (o^^4)s^).

bamboo

(soiSxiec).

r^^, *fe'5* n*3 aotf&^o

-

'plural form'

(:Ta:'S;u*x>).
knive*

(^s)

!iS-

.M

b.

11

life

5]

#B

&$#&&

(.^Sio^)

live*

(^CtfsSa)

(tf&c).

"s"sf)&

loaf

^Sbeo). 2]

an
Pu

knife

leave*

(*3&)

oh

loa^J
4]

leaf

1]

radio

2]

Number

'Singular

"ves

^:-

'plural

sjS)

bomboo^

(e5~otfi)

canto^

^socf&:)

T^

etf3.,..

I:G
^iptfcFsxeo). Sj piano (?5oA^^

^ ^^>)

(So

;&'&:& 3C^fc

*:?

Sr-aaKo^.

photo

1]

e&

-&V.:-

"s"

adfi&sSx>

MP

co

number

'nouns'so !i-irf:jSoa
L.
C.

ns
.

otf&

buffeloe* (flSeo).

(S3)

io

355

'o'S* tfotf&rt

:-

(wft^sStfjrfsk))

bl
ic

A 0T
r

valcanow

4] valcano

(jS5^&s).

at

echoes

aadSb go AS

5S

thief

[Jo

(fiTorf)

.5

(lOtfSas*).
thieve J

nouns'i>-

^^:: SON^

EPGO....

plural

w
w

forms Sl^&sFcao.
*,:-

1]

roof*

hoof (G'V)

^::eo).

dwarf

strife* (oj^o'iD^^co

^o?S....' singular

teeth

1]

foot

^&ao^a>co^.
6]

5] safe

strife

form'

(^c<^)

(<So;:::o>).

(sj&s$~&|beo).

proofs

(atftfjtfSa)

dwarf*

^swj^bcp)

safe*

(ajc&sS "2sgj)

^.:-

8] proof

(sjofi^^eo).
-il

-hoof* TBS'L.CO). 2] roof

^oS-

'plural form*

feet

6&-

^if&seo). 2]

a] g^>ose (s?&)

geese

sir>e

toot
(c-dbeo).

4]

Grammar

j.?. English
Ex.-..

]~\

oO

This air cooler costs three thousand rupees

c&o|tfo &7*&>cco!33 &*rc&o $S& 5&o<3).

five dozen eggs (e^o BD& sSo|Bo&Jea [A& w
'nouns'.... 3o<
's rotf
frtf fracas
10
j
6tfo

2]

She sold

s^

step-sons

refo&)

(53

fe*ciefii&)

^ssa

an
Pu
5Sfc'&>e&

^sSass-tftf

S&i^coa

r??j

..

w
w
J

^ )

Maid-ser-

&&&

o^l

AoS,

cattle

iSs'^-S

SoS....

5*3-

rs&es

etc.

^sSfio^eo)

'singular

eso"o& li^

number*
apostr-

&

ophe

5]

s*&. ^0- 'plural number'

.M

people

gtfo&

's'

^es ro), poultry (s 6j)>

^ol^ cc? cSow|oS>a
li] eWSxo&rpf^,
&o& 'plural number ao sS^^-veoa....
;

4] Step-brother

fc*cJ6cD).

asStfC"

oh

'singular numbers' r?

r&&ex>).

Maid Servants ^"aS&ooj&). 6] CommanCommanders, in- Chief ("Sjartfofcea).

(^a-SSS)

der in- chief

A\

(&S&

step- brothers

vent f"^s$&cpa>)

lljra^

Daugh-

2]

Daughters-in-law [*tfcj&). 3] Step-son

(*tfe)

^SSsSfi

^ugjo[&).

io

ter-in-law

son^-in-law

(<^gD&>)

at

Son-in-law

bl
ic

1]

ns
.

co

bSS "Compound Nouns"

There are three

1]
Soair

^*^o

wrote two

18]

r^

'pljiral

i's

and four

fi

si'co

6*5

S5i5c&

and three

'nouns'...,

number

^-

ra-ea^)

Ws

e's in

*a'wo

SbS ^

tfo^).

The
2]

on the black board

'singular number' o
11

sentence

that

*>

(as^

a^iS

s'^g

teacher

es>

J.P. Hi

Tins

-tin (d.StfisTi-

fishes

(aSSV

copper

3"|

(:ool;.\

^'u^co
;'CAU^
5J
\

^V

{'

s*3 c JcaV

(^G^

(v*F

irons

&nZz&)\

4] fish

-.

sSo&V

(&ZZK&

spectacles

^^b'^wiiV

custom^ ^cfSLb:)-

l] quarter

spectacle

^::^j-ix:\ 7]

s'o-'i

coppers

{'g^^\

iron

;!";

quarters ('^s^SjSS^^o:}.

[ui^-^o:.

;.
-

peoples j'^Cccc). 10J iight^?,^c;i. xvSi:)-

lights

force

respect

('v'w'iiijV

^:-^i-^\

forces/^fj^

(*j)-

respects",

C*C^D^'UO^O\

I-."

io

l'2~\

11]

ns
.

(ii;^^).

co

9] peoplei'sr5,j5e2-j:-)-

'

ox^' (ieiooV
ui
\

brother f^c:-^^)

=j]

SF&O&O:!-

'Greek'

i]

child

brother^

Axis

Ji

.'

ool

($/

(e^&o)-

chiiJ/V

(*.-&}
\

-!

ft^doOca....

ssog5P^

5sS[sSfisl.o5:-

::"!

'

^oi

Axes

'Nouns*

(^^^cx>).

fc

w
w

Uj

Bjtfu

{'i&'i
\
Ci

.M

15]

ren

at

(iui^oV

ox

an
Pu

i]
J

oh

v-:-

bl
ic

14]

good

Basis f^^>
dj
2] Analysis (^cSesSsxo.)- Analyses (stfssS^ec-).
Criterion
Criteria
Bases fw^?c>si:es).
4]
^jSSr-esSS:^tfSa)fiSSsipssSSD^.

&]

Crisis

-Crises

^5ooijf:6)-

f^oiCj^iifCo).

Hypoiheses ^AcAsioco).
(ijS&jfisia)6]
Cherubim
(B) 'Heybrew* ^spSisbeo:l] Cherub^ (o^j).

Hypothesis

*2j

fC; 'Italian'

Seraph

(rT^

5rS?sStae:-

Bandits r&:oi^:i J?Jnr>>

SSci'Sf)

Bandit

Seraphim

^aofi*d

c"o,^)-

(fTsS^

SS

Banditti,

JP. English Grammar

:=>-

(u^&&)-

4)

Patron

;^

-D\

Lio^
(^^^^^\
Host
(SoA 1:^-&V

(y^&&)- Patron^.v^:

&^-jc.

Actrcw

fSi^efoV
V

'

gfSS&cr'Ga).

4]

).

Prince

Princ^j

(c&sSo^aaO-

Gaii:r

S>3v'5 o^iio..e5B-

.M

',4-fio^
c?

i^Src'^r?

w
w

'

2"!

51^ Land-lord

*]J He-buffal!o
,

(
V.

#&*.Oa &V
/

washer
{'c'S'Cs^&j-

iT-a&iV Jenny-ass

("&

ic:i^asoSV

S"|

(V-'>sV
He-bear

^1 Bull-calf

c'r

God

r";

oo&'SS

icf^x

He-

"^.:-l"!
j

She-buffalo

*.

^^Pox,

."r.:?\
s

Land-ladv ;'^^cr/..
CJ
/
\

f&rpddJV

(c^a?

f^Kfc^s'V hen-sparrow

(ei^^dbV
\

woman

Tiger

^LscV
/^K
\

Pea-cock

_j

^es&SSlcO). SJ Cock-sparrow

(<is&3::rV

sS^assroc:.

she goat i^^co^}.

gout (3^'gftfcV
V
V

-^j
t -.v,s-

6'/'-.

a.^i;S5 ?.=r-

<

,2s

Murdert'^

(-^:i^^-:f;.

an
Pu

oh

^joC/oK Si^io'o c^o^'C-

C) S^^/sSoc^J'

pea-hen

Emperor (^^'^ oV Empr^i^ {^^<

CPQXT). Tj

bear

''^S&V

_J

Murderer (fratf^&V

(atf^s). 6] Master (c&s;^}- Mistr

sj

i* j

fSfi^-.
/
V.

S]

21 Founder

at

bl
ic

1] Actor

io

"ess"

maa

.?sM;;-V

ns
.

B) g^Si

e&

f:

o"^

i&

.T.:-

Poet'i.-:^-

5';

Hcii^ (Wfi^cxA

Priest^

ftosSsSa). 8]

Authors

8] Heir (c*<&&)."

(srssoaie).

4] Priest

!S

ess

'Feminine Geuder'r? ->-:^

i] Author (t'^oaS)-

E.v,:-

Poetcw

CS^X-

co

w...,

Be^tf

<&,?&

A) 'Masculine Gender'

fa,*C

3"!

Washer-

.J

Jack-ass

'&*,'

o.^-^^o^VShe
Cow.Calf

i&CtZ?^'

^"-:-

l"?

Boy ':?-;& V

Grammar
C'<

Husbaisd

(rf\

Bachelor
N

(.^J^CM-

Wife

iW;V

Cock ?'r3oc*}- Hen 'r1b^).

6]

,'-c-V

Daughter

Dog

7"

King

'^3-^

;--

r-<x^:j.

:"j

Drake

('y&z?t;:^.
V

s.

^rd-

\&*X

($ L&fc}

(&&&' fc-}
ll]

Nun (S^^^))
:T

Jirca^S^A

sSd'ir'::-r?

Hero

Heroine

;^3r^^.&V
1

f'?.-^^-!:^'
\

at

io

'sioD^; i::^: e

(5vfr^

Executrix

'

2]

(^E-io-ci&^ea).

bl
ic

1]

Duck

,*:V-^: --

--

fc^V

lU

Bitch.

faiths),

10";

Lass

Son
j

Wizard (^ojj^oe&V Witcl

La<
Ewe

9]

Ram (2TT;^V
Monk
fs?^\

-.

(&^0fj:^':c'sx

Queen -^s:\

Mothci

(do^)':

iX*'~;u)-

v
~.~!

Father

4"!

(|p-75^\

Spinsier

l:j

^~I

ns
.

Girl

84-

co

J.P. English

S-i

g"

ex").

Execute'

_,

Proprietor

Kro

r^^:"-

Widower
^otf^rV
r. Foxf^.uV
''l^-r^-\
Nbien
-=-

proprietrix

an
Pu

V/id^v

^j

2r^e crooni (i'i^c%

.'

>.

Bride

^ic^.".
'

oh

Case

Trr-

'pronoun* ^.,,

u :!--.. rrr-f^^rr Nouns'

;=

sat i-i^c.".

Ac^Xsi:.

*noun'

.M

s;

w
w

"C^e

ET-^;".'::^*^-

r?

r^

r-^33....

'case*

Sl

-:-?.r.

>,^-cr-

pronouns' Sc*

Sitfest

TE

'

"Ca^e' itfse?.-

if Objective Case,

'*j

Nominative" or

Vocative Case,

-l]

Subjective Case,

Possessive Case

11

&&

;>-

1] Noiai?ative
s-Sf

sr^../^^.

:^i:^

c-r

Subjective Case (ij-^sSr- SJ

):
V r? d
noun ^r-^&sptf^&T..,

'Subject

"Nominative or Subjective Case"-?^. r-^o^.

Grammar

'Vocative Case

:-

4]J Possessive case

^>1M-

"object"

!\'^

(s;^;t"
\

r?^

-'nossession^:

The

i'// /

kicked the fall

"kicked"

&.rl;.

noun'-

sSrc^ i.^

.M

d&sr-cr

vp;t<

^~^^:~

w
w

ctive case'
-

iifTr'

t: -

,:-i'^i::.

AJ

-^-/

-i-

-,/--

^"

w&

es& 'noun*.

'noun'-

'obje-

AX'- L.

.v.

"-^' ^-

rr-.l,

~2';^:.^o:^ 'preposition'

'pronoun

The pen
is

angry

is

rr-^...

on the

V:/rft /m-

^s^

r<^

f&^tf

'objective case'

fioSu S-rjco

^^

"
CTi11 ".

^'

:-i'

'noun*

^1 Sujatha

'table

"ball"

giri"

cr*;&

c^,

^"1- ^::--x.

A.^

^s SP^ --^

Otj

'>.

V--

'subjective

'objective case

-r^l-*,

'noun*-

-o^i tf3>^V

fsr-C-i'

'verb's':

^-?x

'subjective case

at

x?:..:

C'j

oh

S?i-

'verb'i: 6i-zr-^ A?>

*0^=^.
f-v.:.

Bab\

:~~

.--r:-^r:.\

.-l--

f3!0

^S^S ^5-3-3
took BrimlcTs book
(r

an
Pu

case

f^'^ b?c ^trS^A

car

Y' Fr-:r^'n":::^ *verb^;

:-

'subject'?^

5fl3

bl
ic

--yrr3* c^r subject

taken officer's charge

Keerthana has

Aw*

sp^

crfs?

^s* "genitive cases"

Ramya bought McenSs

2]

down(s:**>Jf

fc

):.
-'

AriN=i&.,..
=-

"ncuns'x;- "possesshe case:/

r-<''^x:

i,

:1]

^sv^-:

'subject' cx:3'.^

v"

v.:-

cr}!

^S^oA)!
sit

(J/Y/.V,

co

AV,

C-TF,

in-.i,

Sr% -^

(l
~:

come

<?SVv:':iv,

me

forgive

ns
.

rt(7W.

;"

>:-:-

io

J.P. English

::oi,r

'^viiir ai. prepositions

":i;e"

?:-

&

pronoun- 'objective

J.P. English bfatiifaar

c;

ssrvi^c 5or,
^-

_.

f^^ifaior? 'nouns'- i cases'

.:-

"I,

We, He, She, Who, They"

'objective case's^
[J^

'Sri

"Me, Her, Him,

Their.,

^o^cco.

sS^.cJ^:

3P o" ^ Slo "J 3"o o cbr- c^i cxb

ft

Subjective Case *^

srS';!i:*.*^o:i

\Vhom, Us

e^r?..,.

oi s: Ci &* ex.

eect^sot,....

1'

c?l. JL-

sL- 'objects \v

Usage

es

of

Kr&aptfSsSB 'possessive case cr

^->/^

'#&& \]&3*f'

bl
ic

o....

at

io

SSj*

w&&-

sjL *subjects'r? ilriCfSa

n*....
i.

&^

(iif;

ns
.

;.

w-

co

;rr-^:

CO

Apostrophe

s-oSi:-

an
Pu

1] [SpE&Sxo A^aptS s7SjSiDi;

ir^jc (Weight),

(Time),

e^ cSo3So-!jS ^SbirtfoSiBoSb C-icT- apostrophe

(space)
"of
sS^GdoX) s c:& AS^c'Aoc' . KP^EBSxr?....
apostrophe.,
( )

?je>S$s>
T

(ccco';>r)"

^^ ^4 ^^ ^*o3.

donkey's

milk, a week's

x-:-

oh

.M

march, a pound's

w
w

etc.

Note:- (j^Esp3a S&S5)0&

s^wS'SjijCDaj C-Stf

Ex. i.

a month's

journey,

weight,

Gayatri's pen, dog's legs

a stone's

time,

throw, a hair's

55^ S*^;:*:
apostrophe & AicSr^suSr^Ci.
clbocJx:.

?::-;

a day's

breadth,

_^o-lL

eovX':l;-

.T-X:

ril-^rs*

The roof of the house (a.&j)- The housed roof

A Chair's leg (fiSij^:
a Chair
(^So^). b) The leg of
(a-iV)The fly's wings /tfsr/ d) The
c) The wings of the fly
a^

(a.j>)-

legs of the ant (a-^)-The

2]

[_S*SSDO&

of &

Soo^o

rp

ant's .legs
(tfsSv).

ss*fiiBtf&'

&S5<arftotfSi&;

itfSasSc CStf-

&-

^v

-:-

a)

The

apostrophe S rpb
horse's tail

^or)

J.I*.

Grammar

HiigiisH

The

tail

,:

of the horse,

Rama's

was

Siia

b)

so A si

a?Jijbc&

wife

Sita

(or)

was the wife of Rama.

ul>~dj SSuJSv^S* ^ j"J J5 &;>,

fo*r^33tJSSLo3OC

8j

(apostrophe^ &o-^.

&*L?S&

b) Brother- in-Iaw's building,

*.-.

e'i

a)

Mother-

Commandcr-in

SSdilol;iX)^

-liSSu

....

in law's

house
orders

chief's

;rr\

siScoj

co

'phrase Vr

vL'

Apostrophe ^3 woo*&.
for mercy's sake,
a ship's crew, c] death's door
b)
-

ns
.

^S^ijo"

^r-

3^5

f-^:Jj*-^r.V^oi-o

etc.

a'

etc.

io

Cip^^C" ^> f^L,^^^ ^Sct^ic^ C-SSt'- s o^) iio....

^s ^SeS^o CSf- apostrophe fj i-oC, s & ibri
cv^.
A-. women's club, b] children's society, c) mcn'b s>how
a)

Cl ai^cSSi^
j

bl
ic

at

<iAi

etc.
UJuPCa5"uu?J

apostrophe
b^

girls'

71

8Lio

Lu oj~ '*

&o

sl-'jC?^

RJ

^COc-J

=OJL

3>

c"

school,

foxes'

rO^SluuPC^^CTrL

oOCJ

Xw-SSij -

lails,

d^i

S IVrJ

JT-ft},

.v. : .

5?ccrl.

oh

i\j*

an
Pu

CJ

a) boys'

burden

asse^'

ro^o^SJi'SjCC^^

fle

playground

etc.

a"l

....

^jrJ^ ^jC^O..

SS<?

2^i

t>

'OO

.M

d&w^s&iS:. QSSS .^&*ri'-i;SS; C-St' -^!_^t: apostrophe a sSD^dio

The Governer of Tamiluadu's residence,
s ?j s^o^L. E-v...
a)

The Nizam

w
w

b)

w
c^o

Hyderabad's palace,

sr-l'^ccC"^
-

;.ouj'o

cT'S^'fc-'l'wL-.co-

e.

sister

s-^'^w^oc:
.

&ioc?S).

"-v. :

a";

age, b) EJ.P. and B.S.P'

3]

Our

s e?S:

pany

c')

Surekha's

etc.

marriage
bj

o*

riouotf^x&i
^
apostrophe
f

Rajasekhar and Jeevitha's marri-

s rule,

c)

William and Mary's

Com-

etc.

sSSis-S*

'5;: Si*.

5?:

i^^

S5xe^S>.

w^ittrpa

g^"

'

apo-

Grammar

iinBlisli

j,l>,

[ill

*:-

sI^heTAos-^.

Dou't

a) I've (1 have), b)

(Do

(Can not), e) Didn't (Did not)

Can't

d)

c) It's (It is),

\w

not),

etc,

Usage of Capital Letters

fc

'small letters

saorS SjuiL-jj'o^dui)

oan

jc^dca

v_

**-*

CO

a33rt&

"V.;.

cat etc.

finger, they,

eye, ear,

co

3*3 (jp^w&'^oa.

-~,o

('l-iA

fipgtfjjcoe

'"SbJS

r
^tiaoJo^dxss 'small Letters' sT

io

SjaoO

tTfi,-

Letter

wicJi- Capital

c'cc,

isFc&sSttft

rv-

bl
ic

at

oi

(~co^:

Ramya, God, The Ganges

,-

ox.

'Capital letter

ns
.

r-^jii':^

'

2] English

Went

.M

Jill,

"Proper Nouns

8]

ty?irp

SStfSjK.oJioCfO

w
w

"i6

sSaro^rS

rs?i^*. EA\:.

the

tip

...

jjod

0"*0
,

"I"

e?;:o

'r3C5'ff.^si)

n^
zoo,
5]

b]

B.

sSes^xj

rp?j;

(pronoun)'

^;c

pray

:-

^EP

,:&),

C.v. : .

water.

Sjb&sfcno'tidb,

cStfibo

'Capital

Letter' <v

^D

etc.

'God* ^6cSw

sStf^o U*&

a)

God

sy^Q&^a
c?.^' f

sister

Tlie Ganges, Gcetha, India, Cheunai, Tcnali,

sSuJsJaJCi

|D':Uje.

My

:/j

fetch a pail of

w*;tfSa&-

w
4

Capital

^^^(Une^^o^):^^^

"lag,

Himalayas, Andhra Pradesh

The

name?

Letier\T-

To

hill,

^wbo

c.oXi"ixvl

table.

'Capital

1'

3SC

your

on the

is

teitf^iSa

oh

Jack and

is

poctry(^og^c<^b)r^

ieSsSaiToi

S*

What

l]

The pen

a teacher, 3]

is

v -:

|^^>)*

letter* r?

^'Sio abi^'^

an
Pu

|&

l]

'iiofiia

s3"5'gaeJ*

o^^^i^

Whcji I went
to shower

to

Sui^oriii

roo^o^'-OiJui"
7

n*?^,.. 'capital letter

Hyderabad,

His mercy on our

saw

the

family.

Direct speech'^ eSooofioOS s*/<fiiiotf- S*

fe^c'^io^-

*CapitaI Letter rr-

(j^-;:^,

fiv.

J,P. hng'iisL

"My

^aio,

a^.Roopa

Chcmdary

mother

new bangles,"

some

brought

h'i

''Our business improved a lot."

iolc,

ll

i'V.

if"
_l

sr-s'

-.

^^-:r;je?

ii.-crJI^...

Quotations
^

'Cuphal Letter' rp

A\

|sr:^r-S.

Gandhiji

cv,

'Capital Letter:/ i-r- :sp^-D. E-Y.

received by u.e Coiled or

~"S

said,

Govcrner of A. P.

the

District

at

Judge

was
the

io

and

Tfce

ns
.

co

"

_i

'

"*-

s$:.l::ira

God".

is

"}&

'.

"Truth

-*

Quotations i^'cfl:

.^j.i^.-r- -i^cbi^;^....
^.v:^..:.:-

-ir-feosSo-

&

crt-afarcs.

against

n':Y

O
O

b)

c'j

* Cf Six- o

ts

,. .

a':

Sleep,

Death,

vhat

Sword,

gi^-e

me an

everlasting

":50i5

T:

t..

w
w

.M

Silent letters

f.v,

" -

ii. -

ci

&1

'
fc

"

"1 ,

E; ;

C'i'

^c-f\ Hour

Bo:r>

Ij,v

fc"*

"

''

\ Palm

:"&

w^^'

great

what a great comfort you

enemies.

oh

vicior^

an
Pu

relief ;.uu gl\c to us.

i.;i

C&

:,.

sr-i^. EA\;.

"cupiiiil ierur'.T-

:\e to

o -1

bl
ic

at

Gannavarar. Aiv-Purt.

it

.-N

frpff;\

Island

Grammar

'siknt leters'Sa
:

Bomb

rfjo-*a&!

jSoi-

Hour ;sSc \ Palmar-*.

(crS),

Cfcrf

&-1

Thumb

Dumb

Bomb

i"

:,

XJ

Ci.

at

{"r^O- S^?6^

("R^fW

8] Sceptic
&

''

Sclo^i

bl
ic

Science

Scissors (tascO^S'Stf.
\
Ci* 6^-\5ov5{Sgi 3*?i-, ^^^ow:V
Oj

an
Pu

fV /

(V::i *"';:=

4']
-"i

^oi:l'.-'".,

'

l]

-s

Benign

17: -T":=

^'c^o

-^1 Design
fA3^} = ^-i
2] Consign (^S'25")=a.^oii.
b?r!S
4] Gnat (S") = cacci' CSr-S^, 5] Reign (l"}=

Resign

= tf^o);

oh

6]

^o>--:^:i^

-j

SS

io

(E)=:s!Pfce6i3eo.

<^^ e"j Lamb i'SEi>

8] Tomb (::*E'.'j=:r;r5.

(^S,^
v

IsbnJ;'r-rof

co

'^- 5

s's

sSi&c:': so.VS. -reft-

ns
.

'

71

J. P. English

(fiS.5")

7] Sign

^^; = ^$,

v^"-:.^!

^,

i-3^Qotfatf& STSl^

^&om

w
w

'tl

.M

Sovereign ^33S".) = wSSi,

Heir /ir^ = s-i'&&

ivi'^.
Honour
:-

1J

2] Honest (e3^g}= ^^d:be,

4] Hour (?5S:5')=:<od:, 5] Hotel (L^o;=

Humor

ii"}

I'c^sijS")^^^,

(*sr:5")=

s^isr-^

3:^0;

o]

3&

*K* &^So*C$?> ff*&^ Xi'fiKGi :- Knack ^l"= tf5cir>

C?^, 3| Knave (as)=^c5rpA, 3] Knee f:.)= ^=--sx, 4]
Knicker\^^)^^| Bj Knife ^35)= s, 3] Knit(a^ =
Knob (^3T;~^u-., ,*i^:&5 9"!- Knock {^r";=^^>^
iis^^;
CO
Knowyj Knot ^3) = ^3, :0] Know '^)= 3f:r^; lij
4

'/"!

'

-k

ledge ^3ff) = 30t,

*-

"

e.--ia;

laj Kftight

'

{g^.rshlA.

"'

Grammar

Cnlf=^r-i,
Would

S~|

(6

-*^^-fJoc:o^

:.

'

^ p^&a;

";

.'^r-^ssatfig:*:-,

(Tic-

Psoss

i";

*j

--

= S&.
.;sr-E']

Harm

T i^CvjcsSS
r

if'

E]

-*

f&SW

&^^ y^&o,

J4

-*

x.

8"!

Pseudo

''WsS^-^cSfcft.

5J*=l.

o;^^o^

SfcQ^

Listen (C"ar) = S:&i:,

oh

i^:i:,

Psalm

ll

:.

an
Pu

^
:

s |} =

.'

io

'w^
'*i;^;s
C5U

Psychology

8]

Damn fcr-?r:^-o^^,
\

at

(es^Si)^

Condemn

bl
ic

,*,tfs.':

(c-E)^*'

Autumn

1]

^-

'' A^Soi'cfifSi
W

ft]

'

^uJ^exj

r-i::&: 4"

Walk

3|

Half

3cS&?l;.

Column .^e&}=:

^oia, 2]

si&c'ex!

(^rW:-^:^

r^

;!:,

Folk (^T)s5f;S^&p*::
5]

Talk

> 6^ecvS85SS

?isrcSS

Alms (jaS^)=ei
Si Calm (s->) =

1]

';\-",)r^:X:;-, 7]

:-

co

u\;i:.; i

^do

flitfSweo

*3^
Balm (^^Vj =

E-V, 1]

?g

ns
.

English

J.P.-

Hasten

Often

S",

(^S")=

4] Soften f&-tS")=^d&:^i^

LT? ds-XSSciJa^S
s*S^
cw
x

r'i':,

.M

Gnavafn'c-)=sjjSo&,
Guide / r!~:) = .r*2-:i*,

w
w

";
1

8s5,

r"

Guilt (As

T"J

'W

S:^w:
S

!]

:-

l"i

Guard (r?o}^
\
a

;Cuess[?.S)s=4*i5, 4]

Guild f/\5) = SSf,

Guest

tfsSpe&B;

)=sg.<l'::.
1>

S-l^.e-^e^S)
SJ

S:^

Si^S^eo:.

Answer .'"Sj-^s
rJ
V

ll

-J

'0

Wrapper (^s55)= sSi^tf, 4]

Srf'ord^.r)=^c,
v
=
Wreath
<S
Wrong >off)
5]
(i^)r=st>e 6] Wrist (ag)=s
ssr-c:o,

";

=-?]

>**, 7] Write

{iT)-^^b.
;

*Gfr S<-Qe:ifo
'

.-

S^

Caught ^.:7;-

:"":

I-:'-:':'-.,
-

p; jf 1^

5-,

^^S^sro

:.
s";

ijv.v.7,^,.,

~ \ ^ *4

'

..

'-

"!

l]

Bright (^i-v) =

Delight

T ;** ! *

'-^

'P"

(A3f.)
N

* -^

'

Grammar

(p)~

oesio,

.;]

Might

9]

Thigh (g) = 3^, 10]

ll]

Tight

Though
7

\'

-.i

r'

S*v$j&*&$, 2] Island^ 3os):=^3^

= [jS6S)o

a,fe

(S-gS:oS")

#, 4]

Could (sf:5)= S^^eo^da,

5]
Would (^I)=r c&&i>,
7]

Wednesday(3^a}=
Should

6]

Youth

^&S)^

(^-a^=1

??]

at

io

SS^fcSST-r,

Thought(5?f):=^:,

IS Weight z: Si =
Tliroughfr&O^c-'c*,
sj
J
\

(^S) =

Parliament

^^^

(*)--c*|jf,

co

1:1]
-i

Drachm

Night

r^Wa&'^fiS,
W
^

1]

7]

ns
.

English

J.P.

bl
ic

Active Voic and Passive Voi ce

an
Pu

iiOcSSco

a'&.... "Active voice f^tf

\ _.
-^:.

"Shilpa"

r-i-^c^
1

w&

child

S^Sa- Subject

^&^.... "kissed"

&

verb

w
w

.M

'kissed

kissed the

oh

Shilpa

2]

The

ia

frS^V

SSS

"Active voice"

a-tf

a'&M.. "Passive voice

2>

.'5

(sTc.')!

child

was kissed by

B-^Sa**was

(^^';T^)"

"Child"

e3^ sSc?a Object

^&S....
(^ac-rfoaSS)'
wolr*.
*)- "Passive Voice" v
5)

'voice's*

^^.:^:\
^
(i'^;!

Shilpa(&cJ -353^6

kissed

sai^dcs.

A&....

I'l':

*':

35vto*

'Verb

^?r-

form

cf ::....

English Uramuiar

.i>.

ice's-...

e&

"He"

Subject

'Subject

ess?*? ,....

"Mangoes"

"sold" <-& verb form-

-:;.

Cells'.-?

&-.

'By

T0Aotftj4i-:,l.

"are"

Passive Voice

lovc

:-

You

:-

arc iocvd by me,

^tJ".:-

The Headmaster

P.j,-.:-

The students

.l.F.--

She does the work.

p.V-:-

The work

*l.r.:-

She has milked the cows."

p.r.=-

The cows neve been milked by

X.K-:-

done by

io

promoted by the Heaitnabtcr.

her.

an
Pu

is

the students

at

will be

promote

bl
ic

will

ns
.

Active Volte

co

wvv !....

s5r-:.

'Object' i?

object& e&.Siss&on'...

^a.

rr>

Lcr.

sent her for the job.

was sent for the job by

oh

P.F.:- She

A.V.t-

The peon

P.p.:-

The school

.M

is

ir.e.

ringing the school

bell is

bell.

being rung by the peon.

w
w

Direct Speech and Indirect Speech

^oei^ "]] Direct

Speech

(^-.

v*:ii>),

1] Direct Speech
i>ii^Ki-

t-&.

:-jon>

x.:-

*Q

She

i]

Indirect Speech

f>

($&$

5r-^ -*^):. iiso*

(6'^
sxon
SivioS)..,.
"Direct

said, "I will

come"

"g

qs-5i^)

..s'fib

Speech"

bnglish -Grammar

j.P,
j

<3^ aift'SiarT'

o: ^oo&
T^ci-

&.& Si^S t>to&...,

'Direct Speech' 5--

Jfotc :-

sdbrfbtiboc G

SSSjt)

Comma

-^

(,

&

^.... 3rf&

Quotation Mark

ifiiD...,

^pfc,

^>^cj

co

Sc

CO

"Now

an
Pu

said,

("si^^ Ssi

A44 Soo^.^^' oS
;*

3j&

^S>

^^"'j"

;SoS Asrspi'ra.viir-i':i:

am

ae
aoa

^i^^ Sfe&S^iMrp

.M

*a

$&& %*&.
going

to

leir.mc"

SS^Sfi).

sStfss SSSo-Sdo-D

...

10

'Direct Speech' c*
^?.^

w
w

'Indirect Speech' 5* ^S>

Ka-

afc^?c^\

ooitf

*i':-fi;ri

c,

?.,.!-.

^^"-,i:

.-1

^a 'S

Afo.,.'.

Jalaja said -that she was then going

oh

Speech

<s>2

J ^ ?>tf^^&.

D/rtrf Speech:- Jalaja

t3^-;&-

<w

at

'Direct Speech' d*.^^

Indirect speech*

"2
Z)c/, :-

""c

Asha said, "My mother &

^&5 jn ^pJipfi.
^Sj
2"a\&\
^ SO a.^ ^S-^Qcaoa'
&
DIRECT SPEECH TO INDIiiECi

SPEECH:-

ple

r!.;\;.

Mark"

asi^rio( Quotation

bl
ic

FROM

Indirect

io

i?!ic-:-.i:

|jie^^:r?

ns
.

^ ir-

sas&^cf -i^^:

("

l<

a teacher"

I;--*

tj

.v.:-

(li^

sr^'^^c^-

letter

c-:

i;

Sj

20:34]
l

"Now"

w&

Adverb.

she' r? S:p^.=55. wSr?....

A'ow- Quotation Marks

"that"
f

then n
55

65^

S3&5^ui

L:l^

conjunction S-l^:-^.

s*sw.

5]

*T* ^?

verb 5a'j. 'Tense'

& ^odb *o3

C;^^^

pronoun

^-^^.

verb* A-

"Reporting

Grammar

to.

3&V&--.
eras

'.Direct

Speech's*

b^wg^txo&

'verbs'

SLr-sfiifoiivii....

From Direct Speech

?So3?ofl

'Indirect" Speech*

Sx7*tfr

Verb"
i] "Reporting
'Direct

Indirect

c3::_ 'Tense'

'verbs'
M

The dog

Spwln- She says

that the

Direct Speech:- She^

says

is

running".

dog is running,

ns
.

'Direct Speech'^
*

Tense ^ctci:. Note'-

says'

&

verbs (is
^sS^
x-*^.
running)
s>&crp..,. "will say"
w^> 'Re-

io

6o&ciSSoS

*tfo...,

&S^

Reporting Verb- present tense

o^b^^Si "says"a&
...

rf&SctfoAi

&*&.

1:

o&

'present tense' e^

ts&SiL-

i^

Speech'^

<>-

in verb forms:
Indirect Speech:-

Changes

co

J.P. English

at

&*&-

porting Verb' At^ip.... 'Tense'

^; 'Direct Speech spfe'^fi^.... Quotation Marks

bl
ic

simple present tense tfySSb- 'indirect speech'

1

tense n

"simple past

,.

Direct Speech:-

am

was

Jayaprada said that she

Speech-

-Jayaprada said,

4^

ar s:e^

57>^-^>rp

Sr-sao
"

c^Sro^^sio

an
Pu

S^s&-

an

an

3o&&oS.
artist".

Imfiri't't

artist,

cou.rfo&

tfifaa

A-.:-

Direcr Speech-

.M

oh

'Present perfect tense' cErisSa. 'past perfect tense* r?

"6

an award'
award.

Indirect Speech:-

Taboo

Taboo

w
w

SpSt+Qbt'sz. coi'fSsr-dc, Ex.:- Direct Speech:-

father

is

Mating news paper".

his f aiher

uw

'Direct

Speech*^

Indirect Speech :-

"^-pfif

~:

He

said,

"My

said

that

aS^" 'past tense ^sSsSa

*SsSJ*j5 Aotocfi.
"past tense*

5o^&.
tu

Stefi

He

speech

'simple past lecse

said,

continuous

reeding news paper,

1

5]

have got
had got an

said that she

tense

CPSJ-'O

said, "I

'Present continuous tense' c^^S^- *pa$t

4"!

^"-:-

l played
Graf said

E*.:-

tennis
That v:t^

for

'Indirect
sa.-...

r^

r^sSSa- 'past perfect tense* rr(*} Direct Speech:-

twelve, years".

^7..,,-.?

--

---

Stefi

Graf

Indirect speech:-

Grammar

English

70

S>c& asoAli \r

satis

He

7,5.;.

6]

He

D.S.:~

(b)

''Our

said,

sister MY/;/

shall,

"will,

coo;,

may, can" uri ';o*j*u

direct Speech's* adb^.-r-

"would,

/'.v, : .

ou,V'c:r^

.*>&)

She

Hyderabad,

come to-morrow."
next day.
(d)

Suinan

co

said, "1

can do

Nagma
she

"Ravali 'wuy

said,

come the

thai Ravali might

said

TV

w//I

said that

this

at

/>.,v.:-

He

(c) /;.#.:-

He

/.A*.:-

./),&:-

ns
.

to

go

In-

...

"Sudha

said,

Sudha uvw/// come.(b)

Hyderabad '. /,/>',:- Nagma

to

go

Speech*

could"

should, might,

/).<;.:.

(HJ

[2^o'<r>

io

said, "I fl/wf//

jfcow/rf

night"

V<*V-,. Direct

me." /.&:-She said that

,c

the

in

'Reporting verb'.... 'past tense';/

fito-

away

said that their hhtei Inul *\VM in the night.

J,P,

work". /..>

verb"

"Reporting

G%

'Indirect .speech'

Aot)....
1

oS 6^<?,ufa

'^aid to"
'told'rp

"Ramesh

oh

is

wrong".

wnefi-

\said*

t'.o^Ko^.

Suresh

A\:- O.S.:y

/.,s .;-

Saresh

/o/rf

oL,.-.

oo&-

ufl 'Indirect Speech*

*fsio....

:5T

Speech

*said' rr-S

....

Soti^o^.

to'b'otfftrio

Naresh,

'Direct

^rl-r^

an
Pu

7j

bl
ic

Suman said that he could do that work,

s^//.J

Naresh

/<-;

thai

.M

Ramesh' was wrong,

w
w

From Direct
Changes in 'Pronoun forms'
Speech to Indirect Speech:- Q^&.... 'Direct
7

Speech

ij

'pronouns

^roj

L lo-

"

L^

'indirect

Sd^o

Speech's*

^eS^ex

0u J
'

l]

'Direct Speech* $* A?^.... *lst person g

SoficS

'

/Indirect

wS)^Aj1

'subject

Speech'

'

person' 'IT"

^o"&

Soda...

'Reporting
a 'person'
1'

KM. i- (VL\

/)_S\:-

.SV/tf.baid,

"I will go.

I.S.'.-

'pronouns'

Verb

6~*&%

&r

She said .that

j/ifl

J.P. English

would

Grammar
You

go. (c) D.S.:-

that you

would

'Reporting Verb
5

go." / S.

will

said, "1

you

sa id

Tnd

4^.

tT*

personV: ^-^S'pronounsV^,...
3
Jj
o1:._ *
'object*.
'person' T

c!

::^

^eorcc:--

'person'

IT

3?5|S>cSi

go.

'Direct Speech

?"]

80

She said to we, "You are clever." /.5 . She

(a) D.S.:She said to you, "you- are
told' #'V that / was clever,
(b) /)..:rlever/' 7.5.:- She told you that v/w were clever,
D.SJ-

E.Y.:-

ns
.

co

.(c)

were

"you

She told

r/?^>;

that

clever.

at

f/Jffj-

rfif?w,

are clever." /.S.

io

She said to

From Direct
Changes In 'Adverb fcrirs*
Speech to- Indirect Speech:- **&.... 'Direct
8

'Adverbs
6?S^

;1 This- that,

'Indirect Speech'^* ^s!

3]

way, 4] Here- there,

To-morrow-

.M

that day, 7

"-

These- those,

oh

3s" that

way,

*.

an
Pu

Speech'

sT

bl
ic

"Thus- so

5";

Now-

-&^c

&

in

then,

Sofii

the same

S] To-day-

the prethe next day,

S] yesterday-

vious day, 9] Last night- the previous night, 10] Ago- before,

Hence- thence,

w
w

IP

Interrogative

12"!

Hither- thither.

Sentences

O^^ErS'o&ueo)
v
/
VM.

'Direct Speech' to -Indirect

1

'Direct Speech

3]

&r&

-'Reporting verb'

"that

-T.v.:-

1'

t-^^

(a^ D.S:-

oij

'ask'rp

gr'^S

nw

ij3e^s-?xo&
sSje^cS^&.... ^B

^cs8

'

enquire' r?

^roj

He

said to me,

"Who

From

yj

Speech':.

'Indirect Speech'

^cr-^^xr?

has irone to Wi

Grammar

English

JJ.

eS

r-;i"

&5P3X)

**&,&'..
3
J

Rl

SsS^eSeSi

&DO&-

rv

'if

'whether' rvS sS&ofi.

e3o

-*

'*A.

b' J3..S'.:-

&S^ ^^sp^g^jo- 'Indirect Speech's

The guest said

to the girl,

"where

your mother"

is

'

Ex. : .

/a) D.S.:-

IS.\

She enquired

i'b)

D.S.i-

He

She

'said

me

said to

"Did you see the Coverner?"

to me,

had

if I

Governer.

seen the

"Do you

me,

He asked me whether

/.:-

where her mother was.

girl

The guest enquired the

co

IS.:-

1 like

like

Coffee.

Coffee?

ns
.

io

Commands and Requests (ssgoj &>o;b: cstfg^cSe)

From 'Direct Speech' to 'Indirect Speech :- 'Direct
:

Speech'^ 4e5^

bl
ic

at

'essaaj-ugg^^*^ fSoaofloOS
Speech C*^S si*

as-S'jSSa

'Indirect

1]

an
Pu

Sentence)o&-

'Reporting verb'S& edbeorp...-

ScitfcT^siccua

manded', *ordered\ 'requested

-:-

(a)

Z).S.:-

w
w

The teacher

class-room." /J?.:the class

mood

oh

&

.M

i'^cxo.

2] 'Imperative

'com-

-3^^6o21

'advised', 'prayed

sSo*!

iisiaca

'verb

6-r^

jflrW to

'Infinitive

the 'boy^C^f out

Mood*

from the
out

from

"Never keep

bad

The teacher ordered the boy /0?f

room.
1

|b) D.S .:-

company." /..:-

My
My

mother

.?r//i/

to

me,

mother advised me

never

to keej*

bad

company.
(c) D.S.:-

me leave." J,^.:-

The boy said

The boy

to

the

teacher,

requested the

"please g/w.rf

teacher to grant him

leave.
//rt

n o.

T^,A

wnmnn

c/if/7

to the

Queen "kindly save my

f

Grammar

sti'ul

to the

/,:- The beggarbegged

rupee."

him one rupee.

(L8

"Transitive

dog

^&

"dog"

'

oh

.M

w
w

cSJcotf^S^oaJSSi^l....
o-

sitive

e^

Horses

"x. : .

Verbs"

rw/j

^&^..

C<ki

sitive

&-

'Transitive Verb'r?

iJcSico):-

^^

(object)^

e;tfc& sCiV
|c&oJ&u; L_

"Intran-

4)

'objects' &$.-

Rivers // tm

s^ _Bo

cM-^o....

Koi'S "run", "flow"

$&

'verbs

^-

"Intra-

Verbs" rp "Is*^.^.
"o5

*-

ments

_j.

(ribg&ca:, sSeS?ifc&). 2]

So-

soir'&;

^s s^^-SSa^
|SSSr*o2>sY
S
&

g>{(>5&.^

Verbs'*

s=^

(&$$$

^5
"

(object)

&

"kicked" <s& verb

2] Intransitive veros

^DA

(5^-0

'object' a?^fi.

csor

'....

io

fcyrJt7 a

bl
ic

sitSn

|SdS3):-5^:^. "Transitive

(S&'tf^sf

^5^:^

The boy

sSrSsSbV*

an
Pu

ogive

Intransitive Verbs"

Verbs,

at

1] Transitive Verbs

"A'.

^ -^^^^,

&f3^rtefo"s*

cc^^l':.

(complete)
#3:& na "Complement

the passenger

Verb-Complement
J

passenger/'please g'm

co

me one

The beggar

D.S.:-

.82

ns
.

J.P. English

Bod^o i^c^o
*-

^^^:^o
^

v"*

5-2c^:oi3&
_*

^:j^5j i^oS&
T!

'comple
f

*!]'

Subjective Complement, 2] Objective Complemenl"

J p,

BngiisK

Grammar

Complement

Subjective

1]

a^

S7i&'&

c -w

softs.
:-

'Intransitive Verbs'^-

^o^cp^sb&i
en

oC

{_

3rri<&

'Object' a:W>,... 'subject

i*0v>:ifij

(Si

c3^ 5u5

sStfsipri

6&50 'Jui&>&....
i

*j

"Subjective

ii

Comple-

Objective Complement:.

'Transitive Verbs*- 'object'^

bl
ic

2]

at

io

ns
.

co

ment"

*'

objective complement"

w
w

.M

oh

an
Pu

....

Verb-Mood
iCi*....

SO&CD

w57fi

[Special functions)
...

2,^'

S5a

(verb forrm)&-

OD,

(Action)

"Mood

verb/^obb)

ea&rt*

(&Q')".

t3d*-

S)

id&a

S)

Grammar

bi
i(

iodefcea....

57-?s"u&s

"

mood,

ll Indicative

mood,

-J

>

Infinitive

^j

mood,

Subjunctive

l.j

2] Imperative
~*

mood"

mood

1]J Indicative

J,l\ English

:fr!

Kow

i-

co

ns
.

*&

^esir-)?

go to school (sStfs
>

$&

sy^Sc'otfsSM."

If it

[SS^sp^gSaa! &]

&efcw-r*....

beautiful

S&

this" is

&&

2]

io

fc

(e;cl

every day

rt

"i>$.&).

sr'^sSjS^

pen

Y/^ news paper

Subhadra

this

rcif/jj,

at

Stfj.ScSa).

I
02

your

cannot

bl
ic

.v.:-

Mood'cT

"Indicative

an
Pu

2] Imperative Mood (Li gu^

6
^'
?Se* (Advise)
^request)
Border) /S
:

oh

mood's" 5

i^Ji- 'Imperative

on the bench

l"l-Sn;m/.i//'
J
-^

ler

me go

^oixiV
you (g^& P;^

'

(S^

w
w

S]
truth

.M

^ v -:-

'ealjS^w) (Blcssings

S^.as^oa)!

(tr-

_ejO

ei3

s'isSo&?vtf)!-^

flare mercy upon

*6^!

sjfl

Stf^skS sSpip&^j).

us

'

CD

^A^ T!
r

SogJ

VSi'S!
v*. e

3] iaf initive
&2T

s^sSaSo^

Aoiw*^"^c^->':-

i]

1]

asked

Mood
..

(>Jc^

a^s^x; Sdic

'Infinitive

wish

him

/o

5^

ro

Sa'^,

Mood's* aoto3.

her fS&- <J3Zi&

^o home

3j 5/w//c

f3c-6!

wSo-^Sa!

:->

&*

(*o3 S^S

4]
5]

Of

always

God i/^-j
Oh God!

Orummar
drink

"^c^;w

human ('->y

mother (ao-^'
JVi :-

sJri v^.

'to

i^

'

verb- 'noun'.v

oS^T3--6^"i^x.

^^^>^-

drink"

"adjective'

mood

Swbjwnclivc

4]

;Ti-,

adjefitive'?7 ?Y^)

"vo

-v^--

v. :

i*

xlnn<hi

1
I

c^;.c?i.-

country

iixect"

Ag^lfoTO

/j.ij*Aowro4co

*-i

[Sufi

^.^JG.^-

i/-;^,^

so

kYufc

rt

....

were you
)S c*e^u!

(fc3

to
"
1

'iUM

:*,'

;-.?

'.jo7,y,./r,

n>:;"i

oOc.i

"subjunctive moou"

;3r3

God

^J

\oc--as&

lives if crops fail fcio&cso Sio^i'oj*^

oh

Who

cj^ci;

Tense

w
w

.M

Kp^^sioafi'

at

L.TO'-O^^O.:;;,

.....

3cy 'Advc8

1>

(^fc'ujf iji53juSi^);.

an
Pu

-j;^

:-;:-

i S--*'i

'InfhiiTivc

:iou)C^.'if>-jwri

bl
ic

OS" urjoSJSj.^^- <-"^

;.-

,-;

m ^^/

:^5^oS'=!i :^o:b1'

l6

<

S'^Ji).

a^i'-aib:-

fc

rr>:0

-Sr.;;^

ns
.

^
rb'r?

_.rpo

y,^
/;;

o'&a^ojtjS)

mooJ'^" 6M^

'Infinitive
1

jM"

^iv^.-.v.^)!

oG

ar.'

']'
|

Kanchana went

'';-?j^.

S^a:^.)!

io

her

(^ok:;

*>

co

milk

me

Give

ij

"Tense

rSd&cToCf

3oia

.vxu-b

Past

"1
Tcnso,
J|Prc&enl Tense, 2]
(Tense) ^o,;-:;rr....
Future Tense'* ori i^wo Stfiijcon* SjSKo^cifi Ao^ofi..

s'eS^
81

1]

Present Teuse (Si^*Sr-c3 s^csto):-

B,:.'

tcnye' S* Aofioa. Ex*- i] I

(verb)'- 'present
She /\v ^of/j.o- to school
3

?y.

'.J..^-

boy

r^ciro

J.V. Hngiigh

'*

(fr&&v^-&:^z&&^
ioCi:;.,

.v.

Maiigaia

.'

iie...

Rajani venr to Nellore

;":

o -t- & ieitef.'&o.X* a^tf^ic,

v,

'past tense'

^(verb)'-

3] Futuie fen&e (t'*i^.*j r ^Sw)5

-sr-s^
(L^:?ry*^& :^{>o^i:^ itfe-,..
Tuture Tense i- J*o*:o. ^-:- i] Kumar

^c^b (verb)'w-fj/ come to-morfew min-utes(r|

ns
.

oii c,*rto&>V S]-* I 5/ja// ^o within

;'^:;.-r

KINDS OF TENSES.

(LS

Present Tense
N

tfsfsiws.

present iadefinite tense

an
Pu

bl
ic

at

io

row

4s

co

a.:

oh

finixe ;ense'

The

chile

"simple present -tense"

sl^p* :?&

&,,?&&}.- 2]

w
to

<?

school

w
w

l]

^sr-

.M

(S3t

present coatinuous fcn

"'

t^

tense

&iS
*-.

cr-^cic^c

Aoii'-i;^

T>

^L
i*

\SS-

C.

-T"*

S:\

.T--;-,

olircr

*c

kr-jr

.*

(iii) present

;i.

continuous

:ccSc*^sSss&- "present
^-, : .

1] She

T ajri

going to

/? for::?//"-

towards

ij

(l&
me T?> ^
school

v^. '*

per^ct tease (^ci^^ ^^S>?:

so-

"

::-;>

"rte^eni perfect tecse*

&Z

-*o4^c. ^'-;-

l"j

have

gone

English

Jf.P.

Grammar

87

soAS \w&S
U

3^i.:A
>

'.-}

school [ti>j !:&

to

t&'ti&a

2I:

Hu

i.

towards nje

/w.* fn;;<i>

,(iv) pvesoat perfect

rt

cSo

^w.j

I htire

.:'

3?.idfiTSo^oa\

Tense ^s*^^

:.

been guing

s:&- "past indefinite tense"

slt-jpt

^[wijfer-A

::]

aio^A,

<L^J

to school

I \\^nt

an
Pu

(-"I

bl
ic

at

io

past Indefinite tense

(i\

1.

to school (SSa

2] Past

^v^o-2f,j

o^rSowhitij tSub^tab^w

ns
.

book

co

continuous tense" ?*&

^^i^^iij^- present perfect

*&&"&. &* :- 1 I hum been reti'ding a
j

continuous
(ii) past

tense

&

oh

.M

(3&

book

.^3j

w
w

to school

jsulit

S6&*?3

/:& tffib^i!j3

(US) pa^t perfect tense

s^^i'ViCjb- fiotf

ri&'J&^otT

:5r
"

'Tj

5 fJti

to
s

*>

:':-

w AA

?.

'0

(;fe;
'iv

EGAS

oj lij C^OTi 16
'^

^Or?

i^.c&iotfU)). d]

&j

Juio

continuous tense"

^v^^oa).

&^
J?.v. : .

!She

][

was reading

K&O^

{Sj-jErc?siw):
ft35ft&*o:.-sSSift)

to

o^^db.

*A\:

il I

had

She hml read a book

&

^1^

continuous

(iv) p-ast perfect

2]

child

ctb^a),'

iulj>xb-" past perfect tense" ^?u

school
ii

cSoofi3?j).

Tbe

lo^i

(:3?i

oAcii.

(So^r^

l
|

(aeSocSj*u

^j^'ui^- "past continuous tense"

o///,^

.v. : .

LoO:--cS.

ten^c

(&^o5"C

jr:^ ^."oia^^v, : .

i"|

'''past

lwd<bi*en

perfect

whig

to

K.P.

school

-|

;'^-jc

book

V:Cc*3

:>ljx?i;

^7...

&od

&&%>&

SB

dco).

She had been reading

*l

Future Tense

(3&

school

&&

tense"

Zl;&'&\

tense

5 ';2:!
:

be reading a book

Future perfect

;iii)

/?i7V t

;'^ ^

^35

,co-rf to

shall go

to

book

11

Sfe^efc*

Ss'ix\=5:

Future perfect tense"- ta

school

.M

.v/:!.-;*"

lj

^^^

tense

oh

sSs>

^&

bl
ic

She

be going to school

j/: t7//

an
Pu

r ^

i" I

^r-^^:?^. "Future continuous tense

-ScSir*

&-.;.

io

T:-cr:s^i:

&. Ex.

i] She sha]] read a

Future continuous

('ir^

esoij

i'wft

"Future indefinite

^52

tense

co

(?) 5iiiv?re indefinite

ns
.

3]

2]

ajoAS'

at

Grammar

English

(S-^

eodj'di.

.v.

a5S 2r: c&otfrfo&).

2]

ll

She

book (55: ^^^^r?6 ^

c&
contirmous tense
(iv) Future perfect
:

;?t7rr

;v,vJ a-

w
w

,s/--,7.

i^-r.

?r^, :

terse"

i="

e^c^ric^:

=.-:-

:,-;&- ^Future

^'.:-

iic:"Si.

l"^

(*'

Zt;-L-.?!

.:-i

:^:-.v'?:^

book

sSs
(

A^i

I shall ktivc

c&otftfo&).

perfect cantinuoiis

school

been going to
S]

She

$S^s^

Participle
-

^.-, .^

-;:..*;.

-f_^

.g

^X;. ^^ "pnrticiple" -1^

"

Grammar

Kinds

& r,^2fca

Si^firS

(Tense)

i] present participle,

ixr-& ^3

2~!

L,T

adjectise

'r-ini-

past

's

participle"

S5?b

verb form-

participle.

g^^e?: S^&

soiri.

:^r^:^

Scir

gO-ing=

v.;-

.M

Past participle(^^j;^

w
w
j

^ar^ivi-

Simple present rer.ie:

going;

seeing; look + ing=looking; aing-f ing= singing

^v;-^

?/ perfect

r.^o^cii?rcr-

oh

verb Si- 'ing'&

r>^r-,

'participles'-

I] Present participle(^^^:^):^?6^

t-^^L.

s.i^

&

"weeping"

.:;.

verb

an
Pu

&

^ixs

?;&SoC....

"

ple"

"ChiiJ"

co

verb-

of participles

^:!
+

ti"
uS
^

L^.-....

w.^

55^ verb- 'abjective sSoS qualify

3'Od;4DG

^6dSpsosSa

"weeping'

a&

"weeping"

'ing*

sSrv.... "i&^l^f5^
- cL

noun &- "weeping"

....

*-:-

ns
.

child"

"weeping

She kissed the

..

io

English

at

bl
ic

J.P

see

5r?=

etc.

^c^^ ^Ua^^-SIrrie

rjs':-

"en, n. c r eJ. :"

.::

.;:^-

present tense ^oib &?:^ verb

"pre5c::t

"past participle"

Ex.

eat -i-en= eaten;

tfoi^Sb.

show +n

ed=talked; learn -ft= learnt

shown;

Icve-;-^:--::'.^.::

:/k

etc.

3] Perfect participle (fio^w'

'J^sS? L^^;:^:

past participle i^Srsa^^ fcoA^'having"

^^

-\f

v
;,

}:r

--

JP. English Grammar

90

goS

ea^csfi

*:- having eaten, having shown, having loved, having talked,

having learnt

etc.

Uses of Participles'(^s&-^^i^cSb^ as-cs^'ao):fi

oob-

'present participle* rS&

sSefj....

She

"a)

reading (Present continuous tense),

(> ';s? continuous

reading

M-flj

is

oofi.

b) She has written

Ss3?j ...

"a)

by

/s

rf&

Ravana was
written by

killed

.M

w
w

4] 'participles

Having

-:-

&

co

c]

'passive

lost all her

GERUND

B&

hopes she-

'be'

form

&

&o>do

b)
loved
were
pupils

(passive voice],

The

&^&t&Sj,.

killed

herself

tfo^r?:^fi).
to

&

",';

qc?,....

"She

"Scrfo

participle phrase ^,

(cj^S^w^'^)

|S^b ^sSsit-o-

itf^dbco^S-

voice' e

lost all her hopes", "she killed her self"

lost"

book

read the

fc^.6 a^.... ''participle phrase" w^u-iV

-^coS. S^r?.... s?^ ^^?<: *r^

"having

ns^,/had'&

by ,Rama

me (p.y ).

their teachers fP.F.j"

-^r^

king had gone

I shall 'A^iv

fesoci- "fSccoSrf

oh

This book

The

^x 'perfect tense o>

an
Pu

8] 'past participle

'has',^

rrS),

bl
ic

into forest
(past perfect tense)* d)

&

letter {P.p.T.}. c]

(Future perfect tens ?)"

co

seen a lion(j,vWe//r perfect- tens?\

"a") I //^vt?

....

'have'

She

b)

ns
.

fee.

io

Aocji:s5s?S

fi

at

2] 'past participle'

'continuous tense

?>&

aotixb

She j/w// /^ reading

tense)* c)

(Future continuous renscY

?Vr:

&

form

'be'

rcociofitf

l"i

S*"-tEfe:rp

:.

'verb'

'present participle* n

sS3^

^ocfo

"-^J^.

A?^

'iidjective*

'verb

r.,r,-

Grammar

J.P. JtJnghsh

"noun

^.cSi

sSo^r-

v-'i

-sc^r-Or^x/verb
sS^ScSb^ot,
w oCZ
J W
L\

<-,

"Gerund" Scy "verbal noun (i^:>^&^

a good habit
^wlb^io

is

Reading

^^...."is" ei&

''reading'

'subject

.-?

&.-^

"lite'

..

...,

t3?&Sa 'object' rp

"reading"

w& Swae& 'object

at

co&':r-' 'verb's,

s*-^

'ing'^o

irsS
o'e

bl
ic

"60^

^erund'sx.

$i5c&

ScSrT*,,..

'object'rp

r^ ^-Ac^co^a.

'present participle

e&

6'w&

reading"

"novels"

?Jo

^So

^?6 igc&&-

'noun'

"
....

reading novels

io

I like

2]

"o/c:-

a&Sa-

es^sy^*;!

*noun* ^Er

.-...

:-

^SdSaio-

&o

a*s'

co

ns
.

E^<:-

Running

an exercise (sS&R&di

along the road.'

.M

w
w
w

sS:oC

o5

o55J*^sio'}!

(VfcSofc

p3'?^ec" ?6:
^running"

'subject* rr i.-SQ.- S&tf....

nle

**

saw a horse

oh

Running

is

an
Pu

1606 B'

11

"running

e&Sa-

'verbal noun'

"running" ^ic53-

tf^^.... 'T' tf&^'pronoun'fc*>>. '&

au- verbal adjective* Be-

'adjective'

2]

sScr

4i

is"

^^^

*^&^:&^
S3

Qualify

'present partici-

e***o^bS\S.

'

fX.

*Usage

of the simple present Tense

V,, 'Present indefinite

tense"

J5^

so^ssb.

^0

(&*$>*

tenseM- ^'simple present

^:^s-e

gr35ssacir? ar^.-^.... Dimple present

^^stj-S;

tense'sb

XV. tngiish

urarrin?.ar

::c^X';-;:c;:r-:.:?.uc-

^.

a)

The

b"

tense'cfc

simple present

The sun rws

in the cast

Earth

round the SunfiSpSo &'&:

\

ro-itr^s

^cg& &*&$
EJ

*Z&Zz &l

't&

...

f.v.:-

&&r

gyirinasium in the early hours every

-

x.?;;r!X

day (<^o

).

horse /;- a long

%
-

at

(^

5-i^). b) The

tail

(/t^

a)

The cow

(ho&Za

....

'^.

a')Thc

55.^5.5

oh

DC^oe*....
TeJuga (3=:^ asS a^o

.M

c, ^-el! a<

w
w

The -u.L^s ,,,- Allah

*=

:-

a)

She speaks

rf^^ &.-&&).

^--,t--r^.^
V
-

'

"

&

Tamil
b)

He

&

the dead

_^
-.:..

Sr...

western music besides classical

music

,.-,-.,

The clepbant has a

-r. s^

lion roars

bl
ic

'

L--CX.

an
Pu

"

i'A:.

....

i'-v.v n:iik

iSj

io

take coffee in

tu
b) She ^^^.v

do'&).

"

SP I^P-xlT"- ^cC

%.

a)

co

the nornir.g

.--ow^^oo

ns
.

--^i^ G:^^^;:

i_

H::^^".

36r &
.

TI:c Christians

m/. Church every

Sunday (sS

A *
'

"c
.

x?

?.

.g

w g 5

I' -5

S
***
8

p.

fl
1>

If

X!

S
.0

-d
-,

S
J?

00

o
rf

=*

.0

-^
..

o'

io

^
<
*^
^

wj -,

2
jr

TJ

bl
ic

flC

fj

at

r&rs

2
~

**:['&&
a *S _

ns
.

co

**=

>

i4

05

a.

IU

H
H
2
LU

oh

w
w

?.

^
-

S
t

I I
*
*

-5

o
w

3
t

LL!

s I

<

o-

i
1

Cft

c
ffi

.M

V5
LU

si^l
=

an
Pu

UJ

53

W
CL
rr.

(Li

^C

Eo

r/
**
,-;

T**

-S
*

?r
"J

c
S
,jQ

**

c
S. H
"***.**'

.5

.5
S.
%

c
S

o
a

'?

vl

X;

G
v

^
S
o

p>

jc;

-=:
'<:

w
w

.M

oh

an
Pu

bl
ic

at

io

ns
.

co

J,'^.

Grammar

'ng!ish

96
(present

-.-

'

-,--

j.

-r

;:-'

!ici (verbose
L.

6;:-

i: -ir-e^i.

'._

-j

So-

't'

r^S

rb? ^-^: ;^c^^- "Weak

f^~^?3 f^^oV && woJ^Cfc. ^^

(past tense';

IV- "Regular Verbs

<

"':-.-/"

n-R. 'ed'

'd'

-lifSSl-

'

N.

::-::/'

*_

-ic

.....

talked

(&^7,Ko)

dealt

"

=?>.

i'vcrb^

'""

"'irregular

:r

."

tense)

(past

x
'

c"r-e

.M

"''v::V

r-j-ice

vV

':.''

V-i

1:

si

T^

.^M:

*;Sa3:?3,...

;'-

:.:

r:'

Vi:i\.:

7
:

'

tsofcpcS.

Ac^

^T^r^}

-Icieri

':'^:"

-.^

Verbs';-

'present tense' Saoflf5o

'pant tense-'

sSfiS'e^

Tf j?.^

Asked
.el'.^-ft

^^

"Strong

(ttfSrnSfcaoISpi

some Weak

/*i/. c /

^^i1

(present
r>^vfo

bore

'ed

:^'

(vowel)

^:-

(nS^

abode

us'c.ticn of
1

cc

came (2S^r&)

w
w
:

Cc".:.

sang

--;r."?r-S:;^o^

s^s?^

Past Tense

oh

'r-^:::"r^

^,

Verbs i^i: 5 ^^ fiz^^.

s!r.?

an
Pu

s'w...

K;

SoCi'C
'

V- :-""-^i.:

(+0

sStfsSr-S

bl
ic

t.vo'

c!

(-fed)

(JOtf^Sr-oQ^)

Verbs (^s^o ^Sd^sw):.

"g

,.",

Qjt&os&'i

ns
.

:--.:

loved

io

'-"L::.:-i-''

at

I.v.?

co

(Suffix)

ps--5R&l

ft w/ Participle

Asked

Believed

Believed

Chased

Chased

Climbed

Climbed

'
fc

f:

co

ns
.

io

at

bl
ic

an
Pu

oh

.M

w
w

w
JP. English Grammar

t<oAi

riglV-; C-.-:-:-iar

('-.? 3

Cn.vg'-.i.

r'rcarnl:

Dreairjt

T"

Dwelt

*~[t

Felt

'2"

":

Hid

i'.

,*.

Kept

X.;

w
w

C.=

Sv-c-ir

Ti!

VV-

.M

oh

an
Pu

bl
ic

at

Kc

..''-'I:"

ns
.

Hide

Had

io

Havo

co

Fled
-=-

Crept

Knelt

Learnt

Lent
Loyt

Ma<

Met

co

ns
.

io

at

bl
ic

an
Pu

oh

.M

w
w

co

ns
.

io

at

bl
ic

an
Pu

oh

.M

w
w

J.P, English,

Grammar

Uji

w
w

.M

oh

an
Pu

bl
ic

at

io

ns
.

co

14

Grammar

English

tallest of

11

(Adjectives)-

s"5tfs5o-g

tf^g--

xxruo

i-]

^A^n-

rss*S

co

<s;&>

-S,

Cora-

Positive Degree,

"1]

ns
.

Calcutta

My

&osa).

S]

is a. great

city

house

an
Pu

Conspara-:ive Degree

esoirxft. ^-v -:-

than

Padmini

(rfofi^-

i^rj^c^

.M

greener

w
w

is

(rs*

(ss-

cutta is the

is

ligfi)-

Adjectives' S>-

Nandini

is

My house,

:-

&S)

u^ ^o^&.

Ex.

i]

girls in the class (tftfrfa^a s3->^

&ooa). 2]
street

[& <z^

a-s'

is

fi^/^r

i?v^/'

My

house

ea

^^^S)

is

grgarwr of

all

the

is.

ooiS^S*

StoSj-S

cities in

Sj^-

Kamini

^ga).

India

the fr^r

5-So

houses

the biggest of all the

aitf^oafl*^

8]

Adjectives <5-

scSb

the

Nandini

ssx- SP

Degree (&QT*

"Superlative Degree"
of all

i]

sSjoCS;. 2]

3] .Superlative

'Adjec-

^'eba ^$? oot; ~s:^;.

than Chennai ^OIB^ ^^i =^- ^Q*r

than ray brother's house

Cecutta

bfg

SOdfi^cSfei
-v.

Degree*' e>5 esoipcc.

oh

"Comparative

-is

l]

c5ooStf rf>ra2k& SSTO\

W

(;

io

e^S)

at

(o!0

good

2]

"adS, SBC&,

sStfs&eo.

^^; 3
Positive Degree (spsptftf
8 js
|s) :BSdSb'Sdb
3c^
Ko
^ss&2&
&sSr*SgSSrp
g^sS!6&

tives'&- "positive degree"

3]

ir

bl
ic

iS&

e& &T-&

Degree, 3] Superlative Degree"

paritive

1]

53^06 so AS.

103

all(

taller,, tallest

"tall,

J,P,

sr

in the

8]

Cal-

Grammar

English

Jf.P,

104

go AS

B3S[fcd&

FORMATION OF DEGREES (v*S5&e)

positive degree & <&S^ 'Adjectives'^- 'Comparative

fc'QAdS&S^ Adjectives

(a) 'positive degree's* ASj

u

er"

cs

#;:&

&
:

'Comparative Degree'

ecSyjtiSe.\o....

^-Long- Longer- Longest,

DegrecM

^sStftf-

6?S^^.. .^gt

"r"

bl
ic

es<K

^-:- Wise.

'Superlative Degree* Jj'tf^efc&oa.

....

ef>&' 'e<S

Degree* &dd&> "st"

'Comparative

..'..

io

Positive

Harder.

llard

(ii)

at

'

Degree'

'Superlative

Hardest.
(b)

adjective' S.

ns
.

Ev.

[808

^dE$xar*...;

'single syllable

"est" ^r:o wsitfwt\v.

3cS^djSc?S^^
tibofi.

^e

&

s*t Syllable

1]

3^3 S^^fc^w^....

'Superlative Degree'

co

&

Degree

an
Pu

Wiser- Wisest, Late- Later- Latest

'Positive Degree'

fi

asWS-

oh

(c)

'y*

&od,

Degrees

Drier- Driest; Easy- Easier-

Easiest

(d) 'positive degree's asStf-Y

do^

w
w

.M

parative* sSaOdxo 'Superlative*

sS^&pe^iT^'er

^3d&:

'est

o&

'3&^

Afy

sJg>e

cxD..

3$*saeo

Sv
3

Dry.

^tfe,..,

say^tT
A...

'superlative' degress Jltf^tfrfesS;.

Stfyo

?j

3^^

<S^

/comparative*

...

Gay- Gayer-

&OdtSii

Gayest.

tOStf.

positive degree'
(c)
\ I

er

sS)5d&) *est*

a,*t>

yy

o&

3a>eS5*.. t

tive

degrees
Stfytocw.
Red- Redder- Reddest

asStf-

'comparative

^.

(f)
V ' '.positive degree

'sSax>*

Thin-

^o&

Thinker.

sS*ex>oo
CO

&8d&)

&}&*
*

'Superla-

Thinnest;

Grammar

Bc5/o>c& sjo

Sooner

Soonest

Earlier

Worse

Worst

Better
(

Farther

Farthest

More

Most swiftly

More

ns
.

Most

skilfully

Marks

oh

-Punctaation

"punctuation

w
w

.M

marks"

io
skilfully

an
Pu

Skilfully

Best

ii,o;jrp

bl
ic

(cfr>cJs5n)

oe?

at

Badly (3
Well

Far

Earliest

Soon

106

co

J.P. English

BP^S"
1]
:-:]

t]
-I]

^e 'punctuation marks'

sSxg&r^n*

^Ts

^ciS 'punctuation marks''

The Full Stop mark- $

The Question imrk^

^^& O^sS^

LsS^tf v
;

C^^o

(.)

(?)

The Exclamation
mark^^cpotfs' OsSjS.
The Comma
=esj^ aosSsQ^x)

The Colons
6]
b The

(,)

'

(!)

J..

English.

'Grammar

108

Exclamation mark

3]

;.

efycr-g&f

spjsSe&

Interjection*

How

jut! or Sit

down! (o?S^

Comma

Comma

*a).

Hurrah!

,V

io
3

tf&sFtf

aidJsSa

a.P^.tfj.

llDharmaraja, Bhima,
as

Pandavas

*& saaocb %^
woman is poor,

('s or-^gSix)^

*nouns'

Sahadeva are
^s5o^^:-

tfeaSeoflSo).

2] The

6bptf 'Comma' ^ro^cr^.

sS^Sa

ugly, miserable

tfeo^asasio).

(,)'

Nakula and

8]

N.T.R.

and weak

[&

sy^gSioa"

Telugu

spoke

clearly,

8
fluently and vehemently {& op^biST 'Adverbs'

w
w

.M

nicely,

Arjuna,

oh

'Adjectives'

'Comma

an
Pu

known
'and

Get

(Interjection).

:-

*a,

fe&-

Old

8j

2]

spg'g^).

(esfycpgjte

at

(a)

is!

bl
ic

4]

beautiful she

co

l]

fcsStf,

ns
.

Ex"-:,

'Full

ssStftf-

&6c&>&

'Exclamation mark (!)'& &|tf3) |3pc&pC>

s$e&

S3&[jbc&

sSiJsioo tf&srtf

'Comma'

AotfSocficD?Sa.

poor, high and low, wise and foolish must

or abroad, by night or

by day,

asleep or

-f.

all

lj

Rich and

die^2]

At home

awake he

always

thinks motherland,

'

e^:are

my

comma'

favourite star.

Friends,

6a

A5>c^AowoS3s3o.

2] Boys, please

*.:-

1]

Taboo, you

go to play ground." 8]

Romans, Countrymen, lend me your

ears.

Orainmui

iinglish

ilU
ccSjBSrd 'clause' u?6i
'

'clause cSa wfe'cdEafc*;: ^?

it

gives us

it

oil;

supplies us, indeed, with

'& LSFC&*&. L".v. .iJ She

The coconut trees feivcs us
;

Semicolon^;)

came; she saw; she conquered. 2

iood;

a, "3

SfcdcitSca

gives us

the

all

gives us rope;

it

milk;

of

necessaries

life,

"x.

night

from

co

w^'Gcy

'Brackets

^Parenthetical)^-

tribe

imay his
deep dream of peace.

;oc&

increase]

at

Awoke one

clause

'clause' o<ir

oAE>3

sps'jsiao*

Abou Ben AdSiem

*,$

io

ft7c^G,

Brackets

;'c^ js^du^C.

sj

bl
ic

ciowCfsJxd* Abbreviations Sc

^.r

"&....

an
Pu

'

iV)

rgo^o^^:; Z

Cssr-^

to*}

ns
.

7j Brackets

His

heart was pure; his life was peaceful and happy.

5]

it

^^

s^fe'gSaoo

0556" S

r-^^ sXraf "Brackets

Rajakumari studied

i";

a B.Sc.

f'

B.Sc.

Agriculture) graduate,

oh

JLA.J.

^Home

-j

digits). 4]

.M

calculator;' 15

My

Science).

Ranjitha

;jj

w
w

essay about

^:> ^i'

sr:-

a latest

bought

father got an award f rona Rastra-

touched

Si Dash;,

79.)

Q_

..,.

"Dash

Sj IiujCD\Yari

cfi-J&acXasda ^vssfeo 'Brackets

srfsua. iC'3^

i-

_1

jy-^SiOw;

I*,-

\^rr-

:r-6

(Blank)

ail

^gf^
Cu

lT

Write

iij

The Simla Agreement?

(U P.S.C,, Mar;
:^^
iw^;- *5ir-c^ -7i ^ 'U.P.S.C.* s^Co
v_
'U

g"iV.^C'~

(10 millions=l crore),

CX-

Crf

c&

mark

million

iy

pathi (The president of India), 5] Indian population

the -jOO

He

33.,.
IT

S5C5i

-E.v.^' i
j'?i jsr-cupO.

Ramcswari are

Gayathri

friends.

is

NOTE

;- Ss^-'tfu*

J.P. English
n-

Grammar

Sir-fiB

ill

B-Sf&ao&.

"Fill

e c3o& a plefe "$

Sj!>dBB

^
$*.

up the blanks:-"

3c&&"3

iSS^.ecrr

0(.

i^'%

Single Quotation marks:- fa) =*?:*- .il.^^

^-& i&*~fr& fed&SSofc 0-3S&-&. 5 fi ^^::^<:^ Sin)

cc? Inverted

Mahatma Gandhi was

seetharamaiah

commas &;?:

also called as 'Bapuji*.

4

the founder of

is

-s^r>e-.

('

Andhra

")Kon-

co

gle Quotation marks

Naxalite

movement*

"Krishnc. Devaraya.

Gandhi

was popular

'Bank

Tvlth

{b N

Qiio:at:or.s ^1'

":-

^.\

an
Pu

bl
ic

at

c~ Indira

io

ns
.

pradesh. 8] M.G.R. was awarded 'Bharatha Ratna*

T^ostliumously, i"; 'Aamuktha Maalyada' was written by Sri

Single Quotation Marks'-

14

Was

it

not Shakespeare

"-*:.

Mr,

".-.;

wh: oh>er*ec

*G'.';*

R v vr

replied,

^"fr.

e^r

*;:-;

oh

t>nt few thy voice'?"

".v. :

.M

FT-aaefr:- ?:~l:?;>x- 'Single

(c^

tat

^ixV:

^V^

-^: "-:;"'".

:,

"'!*

-r.

SSS^V.
-:?5tf?i
a2j

w
w

God

for
1] 'Tit

"

Quotation nvxrk^:"

V.

10] Double Quotation mark?:s^&'jsSae^

commas
going

Double

ik
;

"]

Quotation

&$

to market.

ipc^C.

"

2-"
,

Si "Never mind", she

were

i
f**i

wellwishers

'.

Aruna

Direct Speech

mark?
v.>

~:rr-

^s 5is^S

Quotation marks <r?r:ofe&

-

"it

Double

rcade

V.P

kno\\T.

sr-i^^^i-

sSS-.^S.

S.C,

-v

Ir-er.e:!

;" jLdiir'.s S::-i

said. "I got

replied,

\r

~\

:r:.

>r-!e;::?r."
f

:c*

rr^e

v io

Reporting Verb

XP. English Grammar

11]

Hyphen

sp&tffi^

'compound words*

Ac5j

gesdo&

Sotf> 3tfs$x>o&>

<2>

Dash(
Hyphcn(-)c&i5PcsSpO.
Short- sight,
arod^oS. Er.:To-morrow,
3]
l]
3]

OSjrv
stand

wo^^sirSo^

:-

s3^io6 sjoA&

112

4] Father-in-law, 5] Daughter- uulaw,

)^o"&

Lamp.

Sister-in-law,

fi]

:-

s&acsfc

'Possessive case'&

(a)
o

Apostrophe

sSb^jS

*:-!] Rekha's bag, 2] Deepika's purse,

"

Apostrophes
etc.

Y
-:-l]

If so....

2]

you have

.M

14] Capital letters

'proper

w
w

esXtf^sSp,

It's

l]

Direct Speech Sotf,

(It is),

'<aprf&:&

to face

some

serious

of|5$xs*a 3xtf

:-

nouns'

sStf&

3ofi?I- aStfsSxo

^0 rS^^dS^^ ^6

n ^dtfc0. &-:- 1] She is going

seen Sujatha at Lalbaug in Bangalore.

tetter

(3

t<ti'aifiSr-

to school.

'capital
I

have

said,

"We

articles

found

Hindu

3.]

2]

'Capital letters' [oSc&*tf^:?$> rtr-oS

15] Colon and

rf&

are

consequences,

are rich."

etc.,

have been to Singapore,

3] Recently....

Leela's ring

clever and

boys.,. .some are

thirty

oh

useless.

Out of

Apostrophe

an
Pu

13] Three dots

-E"-

ip'o^.

(')

bl
ic

s's

F.v.;.

io

2] Don't (Do not)

S"|

at

-co

&*0oi

co

'noun

ns
.

12] Apostrophe

7] Commander-in-chief, etc,,

Dash

SoBoaoOS Sj3tf&ao&

*colon and dash

(:.)'

in the thief's suitcase

&

*$

T=!j^

jS

(list)

rr-

i^c^S. &":-

are as follows

:-

rf.^

ij

a)

The

two wrist- watches,

Grammar

J.P. English

transistor,

c)

one

gold ring,

The

pairs of clothes etc. 2^

in cash,

S^chakir

of

assets

:-

one tea

a)

Speech

estate,

b^ three big hoi!???.

N

two petrol bunks,

car, d>

Sams Words

one csMiev.-^v?

ns
.
io
at
^Article
v

s3*sS*c6s&

day

^-rs

2] About

bci:^:

:vr-v /.e^r

twenty years old

w
w

'

:-

:'':
--

^^-s

-;..".

Adjective* n?.... Explain the

The

;:

;---v

.;;

in

is

'A-~
s. r

\v.

preposition Vr.,..

4] After:-

'

are

placed

Adverb' r?.... She can:e

tiusband soon after

peaceful

They

\7

S--^D^'^

in after life (eaa SJ^fe*

:-

..

vt

:::

here
r.'

:::-

*LS:-:

^:- -

er

!-r.^-

.;:.

'Noun^r?....

c:>;--L-*lr.

i:\

..-V--i

,^1.:

.M

is ^o!,-r

a^^ce.^^
:-:::
=^.

oh
s3=is

-re

They

r?....

'preposition

^.

..

*-^z

S*:e

:-

3] above

r,

tlie elections

She

He

^^:\ "Prepositicr/ --....

^? co>T:bi: ;; -\X.: "ri:-i\

s"

0:1 e

e-.o..

co

'*~& sr^?371ui;

bl
ic

:-

are

Parts of

in Different

an
Pu

1] A

given below

imported

1200 rupees

d)

b) one
e ) two

TP&?

es&ic*;
33 AS
"~
C3

113

----

r,.:t

J.P. English

Grammar

114

visited

me

T?:^ ioCf wocju&S

'conjunction':?....

ZC;,;:).

....

.M

Adjective

w
w
Each

io

($&

is /><)///

?)

Uo^j*

an

His

life

contains

Adverb *n....

He

....

She

Ar^jao),

many ups

sat ^<nr/?

sailed rfmrw the

Adjective

**:Z&3&&

rf....

Each

girl

has a

mango (^Q

c-^coiii'^a). 'preposition' rv....

9] Enough :- 'NounW.... Enough

work :^> rS^3 3r5e:fcScs

has

been

&&

efluca-

them are married ^vr-,^^?^^

^preposition'rj

:-

u'ubCjy siw.ctoo

woS

tir-ci

She has taken the Joim portion

rx....

oS 5XjSr.& Sar^a).
&*5*^S&).

She

....

yeis

they were told (^,

went there

girls

an
Pu

'Noun'n

:-

oh

Down

;::.&-

fi^/A of

'preposirion'rr-....

Both

'conjunction';"?

ted and intelligent

(o

^/^

They did

at

'Adjective',-?. ...

She

^^

c^.t)^...,

6] Beth :oV.: -^ -_^&

read

'Adverh'n-....

rffi&riS ^c3 uSot'SixsV

u_

CR-

^w\

snme book as

the

3X

is

co

'Pronoun V?.,,. This

.'1x':\'

^o^.^sy

s*~

&u

ns
.

:-

beautiful as you

8]

n"ffl*o

bl
ic

sterdav
-

CsL'

left

5] As

7]

plane

She
s$3^&). 'preposition'n*....

raid-night fe;tfa|8

/?-/r^r

tw

&3Pe

(M-*&5:; 3:<;2?o2J$

the

She arrived after

<Wfr>. 'Con junction'^....

goAS

a;S|&cffi

He gave
paid for

n-^u^

ond

(u^)
(<is7o

river

^^
ihem

this

Sgotftoasa). 'Adjective ^.... There

is

am.*!! time for

She

is

you(?i& 3OSotf Ka&d&SaS^a). 'Adverb' IT,.,.

not clever enough
(<s^ iSasSaSotf Si

Grammar

English

iio

10J In ;. 'AdverbW.-.. come in

I came here to know the //tf and

Jl j .Less

You Should

Lsl^o

;-

$jr &rp

5^:o

less the

%
.

c;^-^l*.;~ 6.*.^^.

it

;v^oi*

jJ6i"oiir>
-

.M

w
w

14 j Near

cv--?

oh
:

:-

ftSfSesn
o

m
a

^".c

ball

She behuvcs //^j

3
y^-

will

tTcis3;!\
i^ >

151 Next
^>

;-

ov.\ ,-_--

.".-.:

OM

^.:\:.\-

i'-I

;:;\d

lev:--/.

*.,.

/_.

es,^

.-

i^T.

/;,\)/ t

^ cr b'

^:r^

is

(sir*

^^u).

]-

S"? t

^&)

a,S'

'Adverb'rY

*Noun'rr

,...

vr

relation

ship

is

^r-o^a:

Next month

..,,,

,;

:#

;; L \;

...

will

re

to

:;ie

;/;r.

the

co:r.c ,.--;

r.jJic^'i

^?v: y-l;
go

She speaks

she did

iv ;/'.

-,.;-;r.

*AJverb"rr
there

Cfr^o

,-;

n.... Tiic

'preposition' 7^....

&*

;:;v;

^1"^L:\ :\

_V .::.

T^-iV-

-::

:;-

'Adjcctivc'rr.... Si:c

come once

acibt')-

5SrrtfD&).

-\V:\

U<^v 3^- been

r?....

'Adjective'n

<2>fe

-..-

-..:

6u^^fec

7/e^r O ur school

.:".,

'

'Adjective' -.... She

dJrJ55

^-

N.T.R,

her

hao

5 Xo.*-:

^LiS

.:-.-:

5 :'::.*, ^ y^La\

Adverb \T-.... She

(oloo f^^o

round

ib

c,c>

Noun

friends than you

you

-'-'

N.T.R, lil^s

:^A,

("^o?j^ .Xi^oO

shore

'''

'Noun',-?.... she

13 J More

'

She

6'uo

^v&

"Adverb',-."....

an
Pu

Oo

VerbVf ....

f cj"33o

her sister

.-

>

cannot

^^j^lb^o)-

^"..

The earth

'Adjective'..'....

&'ix.*$

';.r^.

'preposirion'r?*....

e^fi^s).

expenses

if-

co

<>"c3'oa

known than

is less

io

o';U\-i

;>JQ

at

&

(^ov^e L:oic,3

fc

bride- groom

cat less rice

'Adverb^r?.... She

paid the wages

She

cue

'Noun'n*..^ I don't take less

:-

^^ibj.^i G^o).

12]

of

outs

Noun'r?>....

a*!).

"i

^o). 'Adjective'r?....

(^ooo

3c-x>

bl
ic

"I

(e

in timefe;... jo'j'cri-iS 3 SS*-.r.b\

'

She came

>). 'preposition*--..-.
I

"S

aoA&

a|S>:Sfc

ns
.

stoics
%
'.

to
;-tx;

Delhi

(*lz
not write anything

Grammar

English

J ,P.

1 1

this letter

bout her marriage in

do

to

informed

but

it

next

rp....

The

'prepostion

).

girl

me

next

very clever

is

tffiba-B

wSr^coo

(53-

s?o

3C35a).

16] None:till C A.M. (Atfd&Sa

has two

3Sb.

:.

<;" may do
This

rosbdabsiBe*

this

O/.'t

181

Only

';.

'Adverb*^.... She

w
w

sitionV^.-,.

ri'-ht

have

09

Her prime

She

:-

&;

hand (w'^
ability the

is

is

an old

dfe

ib5 &

wrong

will

nto *ke canal

Past

came

at

time

'

Pronoun

n.,..

s-tffi)!

daughter

(u2>

P///J

yesterday

<a^

M>

>).

'Pre-

[&T.t&

woman

^o).

Steb-SSr^jj-

ftSaiii^NS^;^)i

my

pant

You have no

'NouaV?....

;/;/;-

^i^gs^SSa).

'Adverb ^....

eighty

right

on

'Adjective'... .n'

be righted
1

right

is

oh

.M

*Adjective'rs....

perty (^ B

She

ff^ne the

'NounW.... Any

3d&sfc>)!

csSa ftcaS&eS'

Adjective n....

(&$&$

'Noun'n 8 .... Forget the

:-

20] Right

thing

S^a 3c&&yx>),

^cT
1

rc-!

191 past

&*&'
(Si

fctf^sSaS

of his horses ($

15

One

Adjective rr.. Always do

an
Pu

(ie^Ctf*

'Adverb',-*....

is

ns
.

One

17]

Sbe

io

it

have none

bl
ic

better for

co

He

n-....

Adjective'

wtorploj

wives but

at

the players were present

'pronouu'n*..., None of
isS6
^otoc? 5S&
o-gdi),

(&&

this

pro-

She lost

her

'Verb'rv.... If you
?osSD6'^

^jo"& tf6j&

The drunkard drove

his

car

in
Kaveri

'Noun'r?....

:-

around the temple

(js*t& ttA&dp
Cobbler rounded the leather

r*&)

'Adjective'n-....

j.

'Adverb'..-.

).

The

ball

is

Any wheel

(t

"**

^&

Wis!ier
fciSb

-^rjc-ib\

?^:5iiri;^.

you
"

23j Some

:-

"Adjective".-:....
I

oh
.M

w
w

passed in

Still

24]
men

will

;-

io

Preposition'

verb'^..,.

Some

first class

'Verb'rr..,,

resume

fiu

rp....

i-j-'/ze

saw her

milk

-^i':":,;'

.T'cw^

sis

iY/;:

the icmpest siUis*

their catching

(&5?i

i,

Stf^sSji

^^

.:

w^j

r/.o::v.;

remaining in secoad class

When

sS

did not scs her

I^cS -i-,&

Bring

are aay well

Jf3r^tL ^1-;

;>.% ,^

last Friday
:^;o -r:^'c^s:

gccS

c**;-^

Conj unction* r?.... 5f/v you

1 will surely help

%SsSv3"

since

f.-ftfc'-S
-

rounJ

last nigbi anf. I I-^v*

as^.^ ^G?r-!i.

an
Pu

^s"Si?Sa

.girls sat

at

:-

met her

bl
ic

ice

The

ns
.

tiie fire fsp&^uc &oto -^dwSic* &5*%ae\

/
\
e;

seen her j/me

ffcc|&3

round* (soB
ffcsj^S^rr*
turns round
v^'Txr^

Preposition Vi*....

'Adjective' rp..,. I

3?j&). The

sSgJ ^co?<o

'

;.

three

|&3aeu

Sbls

(3S$jso

finished

21] Round

co

isj J.K English Gianimar

f:*^r-

^~T^

^--e:

s^^i (^S3co) sS^io -JptfoOofittfii). Adjective'iT.... This i a

Adverb r?.... She
s*S |i%e?"SiS r3Scja>V
lake
r^*
W c

^^

s;:\-j

ii

j;;,;

'v

writing
*^ the examination

'Conjunction'n
tion (^S^D

^.

fis^efssass

25] While
QS'.V^

:-

2oi'?ii
(55^
\

!5?diii^
i::;;-^".
i_
is/

She had fever, snlf she attended iks fu^c.

^0^5^

'Noun'n*.,..

&*5*y*z-}

sS

^^-

^&s& 6s33a).

Sit here

'VerbV.,,*

Dont

for a while
(uSc$1>3
w/;ife

sway your money

$.

ijr;.; ji*;^

r^.:.^;

fc

-".::.-^^X

;.j-C""

the Sur, sV.:r;*

ii-

Conjunction

ix^'rr'TS

r7\...

Make hay

v.a:si.'io

of

t-c-;r-

i-JtfT;

.^.

-':'

^ret ;^
.

^ ?? "

;_-

:.- :.--\,

.:,

w
w

-71-;

:-

.M

vfiTK-

Cf

oh

*',!,'

'

Nouns

.--

icfibc

Adinissionfi

Agreement

Announcement

";::_:

(^^sr^

Nouns from Verbs

an
Pu

bl
ic

at

io

ns
.

co

Formation of Words

Ij

; ^>.

w////c

.;-

Application

Approval

f
\

j'

& Z:

Arrival 'CP^
;

Assistance

',

['$*;

Attendance "^
'

5i";

Bi^s-sing

'

Decision

''

a/^

-j

crl-v

"'y

JioA L

Grammar

30 A 5

119
Delivery
Denial

t>isniiss

f'-ir

(&^

Dismissal

'sfs
'

I'S'

f Sfcoi

Excess ^ufp.

Bxpect

(sfta

Expectation fcS

co

Exceed

J.P, English

Expulsion (si^r

Growth

(ib^b.Sb

ns
.

Grow

Hatred ('^^^o:..
E/

>.

Healrh (^-^X.,^

io

Heal

3 udge i't-S

at

Judgement

bl
ic

Knowledge

Laughter

'

IVIan age

an
Pu
oh

(^ic

Object

''e;

Oppose

w
w

Perform
Protec

(":-.-

5-

Motion

I'jLf;;'
s

Obedience
Objection

.'

".*! ;'

r.

.\.-i: -:.;:':;

Onpositioii

vf.i*

Performance

^:."i
v

Pleasure ;'?r^;>-

Protection

j'l'

':

i^\

Provide (i

Prevision

Reduce

Reduction

Reveal

Management

.M

Obey

i^;
V-r.'
J
'v S

{^
C

t'c.-.-i:'
\.

Revelation

i'3

Revolve

-"icr-- .;:'

''7.^^}

Revoldiior* -i c

v^X^.

*3^

Secure (>
Serve (^L

Security

Separnte

Separation

Service

(Ibiij

'^^^

Gramma*

English

Succeed

ISO
Success

Vcrc-.'::

Trail

Urgency

!rl*-*

Viicate

V.

Vary (:"^o-sl
;

Wed

Variety

(3tfg&o
Wedding ( aspfrsS

^^&>
r:

(c%r,

Vacancy (Vi)

.'

Weigh .eb:':

Weight
Writing

ns
.

Formation of Nouns from Adjectives

at

io

(b

4-

.^s>S'
c-

Bvcad

&.-

/f

oh

Certain '^'"^Z;
t_
6-

\.

Cr-rious 'ccJc::rj

.M

Deaf

w
w

(EM

Deep

(^c

Dense

tftl

False

Gay

Ability
^

Bravery

ctfjs

Brevity (s

Breadth

Certainity (u

Curiosity

fo

Deafness

Depth
Density
Equality

^grS
V.

(erCtf

Fertile

Free

an
Pu

;$

bl
ic

Noun*
-Vole .'5r,si;.* Vi

(g-->'s

;-?:
^?
\

^V

(^b-a

Generous

''^

co

J,?

Falsehood

^fStf

Fertility '(&tf s&

Freedom

("w^

Gaiety (^^c^)
Generosity (i?^

Grand en r CS^S

S"3sS.es&:o

m
co
ns
.
io
at
bl
ic
an
Pu
oh
.M
w
w
w
(c)

Formation of Nouns from Nouns

'-T^rr-i^'rlrj

Nouns
Act

Action

.V-t';L-',

A?ency 'u^r.:
""

./

n^a

m
co
ns
.
io
at
bl
ic
an
Pu

.M

oh

Sj
2] Formation of Verbs (^Scxic;
Formation of Verbs from Nouns
fa)

w
w

Fauns (*y>&*s*gvx>}

Apology (isl-t^Es)
Authority

(^cTs^)

Verbs

(i

Apologise (i
Authorise

Beauty (ModJix'i

Beautify

Black

Blacken

(?Sex)^}

Camp
Centre

f'lo'CJsio^
l_
\

Circle

Encamp

(fida)

(sS.^&o)

Class ,'5i'/?^

(e
f

(tfs

i'i^

Concentrate

ji

Encircle

f&

Clarify

'^

English Utantmur

accompany

Company

Encourage

Criticise

Critic [ij&
\

Economise

Economy

Hlectrify (s

Electricity

Famish

ao

Enforce

Famine
Force

Defraud

Fraud

io

(-

Glorify ^J)o:iiJ
Habituate

>)

^^c-

at

Habit (a

Handle

jpC

(cS
i'

-^? '-o

justice (

.M

Knee (^:

oh

Joy

Behead

an
Pu

bl
ic

Hand (^c
Head (do

]dol

(^r-SAc

Glory

Heir

^s

Endanger

Danger

co

Courage

i*a

ns
.

J.P.

Inherit

Idolise

Enjoy

(
(c

Justify

(^d

Kneel (l

Memory

Lengthen (sr
Memorise (a'

Nation (

Nationalise (

Neuter (

Neutralise

Ponce (;

Pacify

w
w

Length

Port <o:

/)

(^

Deport
Export (

Import

(*

Transport

Imprison

IV.

lingiish

Slave

Enslave

(Epaa

Associate (

Society (

Sympathy

Sympathise

(?;*

Tabulate

Throne

Enthrone

Title

Entitle (

Utility

Utilise (

Vapour

Evaporate

io

ns
.

co

Table (

bl
ic

at

(b) Formation of Verbs from Adjectives

Adjectives

Able

an
Pu

Enable (Sp
Abbreviate

Brief (?i
V

Broad (3

oh

Certain

Clean

w
w

Clear

.M

Cheap

Broaden

Cheapen
Cleanse]
Clarify

Darken

Deep

Deepen

Dense

Condense

Equal (

liq

Faimiliar

Fumuljarisc

Flat

i'lattcn

Fertile

Fertilise

Dark

uaiise

( To

j.P.
j

i'&k)

English

Fine

Refine

Glad

Gladden

Large

Enlarge
Belittle

Little

Madden

Mad
.New

Renew

(i

Popularise

Proper

Appropriate

Purify

(
>

io

Pure

ns
.

Popular

Realise

Rich

tnrich

bl
ic

at

Real

Ratify (io^.
\

Right

an
Pu

Specialise

Special

Specify

oh

Specific

Intimidate

Whiten

Widen
__

(Boa)

w
w

V hite

Stabilise

.M

Stable
Tisnid

Consolidate

Solid

'Wide

Formation of Adjectives

w
3j

co

(a)

Formation of Adjectives from Nouns

Adjectives

Accident (

Advantage
Adventure

Accidental

Advantageous
Adventurous

,SL-oiia")
.'

-1^

i'

Affectionate (-tsSirtsO

."'
:

Kneel

;~:

6
Angelic feSi*? roosiaffoMj

Angry ^sSsSs^'o)
Beautiful

':

Biackish

j'e

f'-xk

x&

ns
.

Burdensome

;fe^>'

?;i^:.':i:y

Cent re

li

Capable (b

;''

Central

LO-^LX.)

'c-veni'viiV

.'c

o^'^?:c:

!
''

i'

Cuxie

^;
;

S--

%
,

oh
']

w
w

.M

oc/}

Eas e
a&

oci

ii^!

("1^

Comfortable

(sSS
*.

Cowardy

(i)6

Criminal f5t'

Dangerous ^WET
Earthly i'cTS^ir.xJ

-^ -cj sj

Eas v

:^-i:,

":
f"

Vl

-)

-o

S ;i

Eastern i"^0jr\?6db

('yc'-^.j
-

\
i'

^sS;,

Classical

E viLL'ire
"

Cheerful
CircuJar

J^';

C'assi*: j't^^S-'Sl:';

<;

(^so[

Cerenioniial ^u

an
Pu

Ci;ee:

io

B^shy

l.ri.

at

bl
ic

"3iri;;

co

BrccheiUF

Bridal !~^.ou

:^

^';.-^
'j

SStf&sS

I:vioeriai
ih*\^~-c:?
L
L.
\
.

tt

:,
'

English

Grammar

Four
(

Fury

Furious,

%.

Gas

Gloom
Heart

vdl $
H^Of'V
i

''-.,
-~-^

Heriditary

(s

Lawful

=^-

Limited

':-

at

Mercy

io

Meaning
t'

bl
ic

Miracle

Mystery

an
Pu

Money
Nature

(tf
(:

Origin (oa

.M

Peace (g^o

oh

Number (^

Science

Original

^-r.r-jr

Peaceful

;'

( f-SJ'S

Sense (a^sT

Svien.ni c

Sensible

T
(

tI"

^:

Silken {x^-r*

Silk

Social

Society

System

(|3
(

""t-:- b

Systamatic

Thirsty

^^

Trouble

Troublesome

Type

Typical (^

Value

(s

r= ---*.:.

(i

w
w

Question

Thirst

co

Honourable

rPtf^s
(

f?3^a

Limit

'

H onour
Law

-",y

*^

ns
.

Heir

Gloomy

:-

.r:

=P,

125

English (jtaimnar

Vigour

(rcfcg)

Youth
Zeal

Vigorous (*J&>tf ]&6)

(Vj)

Wood

&[&caa go AS

Wooden
Youthful

(dir&^)

Zealous

(6S5^S*&o)
(b) Formation

Adjectives

from Verbs

io

Envious

Hesitate

Move

(rSo52yoe.)

an
Pu

wogiSJ

Tiresome

^)

oh

Formation of Adjectives from Adjectives

.M

(c)

w
w

Adjectives [a"SieasSe)

Black

Comic

Hesitative

Talkative

(&4j&^
^
o
f

(k
Governable

Movable

i^'i'cok)
/

Tire

at

Envy ^tf^&otf)
Govern (SpDoei)}

Talk

Ceaseless

'(^ea^y^dio)

bl
ic

Cease

ns
.

Adjectives

co

of

Adjectives
Blackish

(SgStf)
(s?i6gs^ada)S)

Comical

Eight (^&jft)

Eightfold

Red.(^Rj)

Reddish

Tragic (_s&3ftfas)

Tragical

White

Whitish

(3a)

4] Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs frcm

Nouns

m
co
ns
.
io
at
bl
ic
an
Pu
oh
.M
w
w
w
Diminutives
"Diminutives"

*let\
fix) eft SA^si n-^

et

ing

(suf-

co

ns
.

io

at

bl
ic

an
Pu

oh

.M

w
w

LP. English Grammar

ISO

},. lingnsh Grarauiav

id.

Lamb

Lambkin

Lance

Lancet

Leaf (

Leaflet

Lock

Locket

Maid

Maiden

Man

Manikin

Mole

Molecule

Nose

Nosle

Nurse

Nursling

Pack

Packet

co
ns
.

io

at

Particle

Pillow

an
Pu

Pile (

Pipe
"

Puss

Ring

oh

River

Seed

.M

Root
(5jc5

w
w

Sign

Spade (

Pipkin

Fussy (
Ringlet
Rivulet

Rootlet
Seedling

;::.:-,.)

^csi

Shade

Star

(tl

bl
ic

Part

Shadow
Signet (

Paddle
Asterick

(r'

Statue

Statuette

Stream

Streamlet

Table

Thumb
Top

fl-

Yov.ng

Tablet (:

Thimble

JLK

Graniihai"

joiV

Confused Words
"

SS&&OOD

JTS^- A,

Qo&StooC&rs

co

Adopt
Effect
Alter

Ascent

Assent

Bare

Bear (?6Spowb,

io

at

Berth

Birth

(Srftf)

Brake

By

bl
ic

Break

Buy

an
Pu

Canvas

Sealing

Coir

oh

KeaSb)

.M

Cite

Site

Sight

Complimentary

w
w

Compieinentary
Confidant

Canvass

Ceiling^otf
Choir \rr<&

Corps

(sSp

ns
.

Altar

(S/^^

Confident

(Si^

.Corpse

(tftfsS)
"

Council

Counsel

Desk

Dusk

Dissent

Descent

iJ*4)

(?

Diverse

Divorce

Dying

Dyeing (tfsS;a

(AtfeBoCfito)

Emigrant

a.

SjgfloO

Spelling

Adapt

1'

ri

Immigrant

Imminent

(^sSetf

fc5?o

J.P. English

Grammar

iaa
Inquiry

Eye

Fair

Fire

(otf

Feat

(;3&r<

(&

Feet

(Se&^ff*

Former

Farmer

Hair

Hire

(B

its

Heel

Heal

ns
.

Here

Inn

Night

Knot

Not

bl
ic

at

Knight
(

No

Know

Lead

an
Pu

Lead

Meet

Heat

.M

Quite ($*JB

oh

Peas

Peace

(c?o5);

Quiet

Rite

Road

Rode

Role (cTO

Roll

Root

Route

(S5co)

(s*oA!)oS>)

Piece

Write

w
w

Right

(5?

Precedent

President

Steal

io

Hear

co

Heir

Steel

Sum
Sun.

Sou

Sweat

Sweet

To

Two
(

);

Too

Grammar

J e P. Hnglisli

_. iit

^^

..-

CiOiOJ

^o5

3--

Yolk

A)

bl
ic

Stress on Syllables
Stress V i=&rotf*oS:ci.
1

M
55^-

Syllable

^,^?x. a>o..

Le'&

c5

wg'fia Sfi&jj&.-

3 sStfsSs^^.

'So&'S

'ad's

Syllable

(verb;*

&x&&- &b

^-^co^...."^^^^' ^^

w
w

"&5

"Lead" &&>

<aofij-C&,

;o

'Accent* ^oOS.,..a.s'

.M

\-.5-

ted.'-

oh

'Syllable

::.^

c^7 ''Accent"

an
Pu

io

Yoke

At

^^:-

(sr.rx,

at

Yet

ns
.

co

i>30j

"^ i Syllable
^rp

oCj 's tress

ri)

^p3?oejb,-o

....

^owiX...,

c,i

iofl Si^'orJo

r
ii

L.

iu

'

O'-J^ub

I]

a^D Syllable So^ Stress

SyilabJe lie; ^Stress'

^o^S.^/Verb'

^o{,.r-5...

rr-M.

>

Noun rv^;

u^&

Ji

J.P.

English

Grammar

Verb

^,;:T)r-.,\, ::.^

Attribute

!:

(i)[i3'

^.iSfc

"ft

Cr>//cert 1^,0

('

("Vvjduct (T^Li:;

)=r]

Conrfuc/ fs'^^r
(sT 5";

B.vile

an
Pu

bl
ic

at

io

Conflict

co

^/tribute

(&"g^ = ^e,*otfr>

ns
.

/(Astract

(^

.M

,^

Import

(aj

w
w

//;/port

Extract

oh

/i.v tract

F^-mit /SffSbff

rjlcrfc

Syllable

Perm/r

'Stress^

^o^^.... 'Adjectiv
1

ub^^

'Stress

i>,-^S ../Verb

-"'

i-^:^

'

Grammar

J P, EnalisTi
-'

iSR

Ktfiirto

$oA$

AJjecttve

co

Ftequent

.r^j Syllable

Sfci1

Strcsft

^oC rri:../Noun n*&;

J

r
.

v..r;

Stress ^o-Vo,... 'Adjective

&

io

:]

6j-SJ*oeS>

at

bl
ic

Adjective

s'E'ir) = 8,^0103^

///valid

= tf&^
= aS3;SSxb

oh

(rij?3;.OcS')

SxSS"

.M

A//nute

an
Pu

to

C^/7/pact

w
w

Precedent (L&&Bofi") = ^i&

ESi^O,

ns
.

Subject

Compact-

Invfl7/rf

Minute

Precedent

^St'O^^OO

Figures of Speech-

feSi33-tf

og

Syllable

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Grammar

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197

tt fc

eoi^fib; ''Figures'

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"Figures of Speech"

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1] Simile

"Simile"

'

a,

^o^A.
2]

-l]

The water

ri--l

She run-

i;ke

in this Icke

is

h;-e

r.

a? clear

'

w
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oh

rs>-&o3cS3 6&R&&).
as crystal (A r6
2] Metaphor

^- v -:

"Metaphor"^

eio^db. ^-:-

Bai

Jhansi Lakshrai

l]

^^-

'

.-v.-ron the battle- field(:>^ei ^cxa-c^^o^'-"

""
37
was dagger to his henrt
'-"
news
The
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J
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Hjperto!e
3]
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^d&^oS&tfA&^^

tigress

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city are

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my

Hyperbole"wa

x. :-

touching the sky(^e

If the time Cooperates
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Grammar

J.P. English

4] Irony (s^gas&S)

sfr'fcefir

asSvfcsH
"Irony"
oJ

&^8oaStCO
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drinks and gambles end

338
'&&',

He

*:- l]-

esS wotr-di.

Smokes,
the virtv.es

may be

KTtfs

all

said to possess

Chandraswami

2]

3sSyrsSo;\ s'c*!)

an honourable man and' Lallu Prasad Yadav

man (tfo^S^Sb a-s*ci&&sificfc! OOP ^KT>K "/>&) 5'
5] Sarcasm (s^oss^o^) ;- otf& n), trtfu
wofcpuo.

^-:-,

no

If there are

1
j

be the greatest tree

co

"Sarcasm" ^

ns
.

3sSytoc&-

a gentle

is

is

trees,

the castor

tree

easSvj^sS"^"!)

She would be the best house&*3$^sSs> ^KoC^Vs"]

wife on this earth

^3^bo"fe.,,,

'

god had, created nonelse

bl
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at

if

(^^cr

3;&>

io

v/ill

6] Pathetic Fallacy

^tfsS- li^^sSMc^ 3^a^3 55$!j&d:

tic Fallac\'

e$S

SaSgy sSgoQ SSS^do.'fc

aod^LS. ^'^-IjWhen a poet dies, the

an
Pu

T'

mourns her worshipper and

celebrates

his

obsequies

(L

oh

&oS). 2] When, a beggar

shedstears

Ej-i^rpdfo tfsl-^

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w
w

"Oxymoron"

gent idiot (es5*s'

&

cf?)

the nature

^sSoj),:.

wSi. e^oij'd).

KY.

l]

SjSs^&V. 2] She has

SOg^

e$a wodjSr. ^-v. : -

sp^o&:&

fl

l(

e=-T;o

(LI

is

dies,

nature

He

is

an

terrific

intelli-

bejiuly

'8]

ID

xoD^.... [SS^S

Oxymoron (a5*zr'g?'&o5P

7]

"Pathe--

mayor of ro
-

"

She

is

no fool

-^o SiZc"Ca"
w
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mean

city

^es~o

3sSv^
oJ

(&&& &&^
v

^^^

A&fsfo!
l^

^KCfsJaSSb 3>dBo5"
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>J"|

He

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