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A Guide To
Diagnostic
Insulation Testing
Above 1 kV
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
What is Insulation? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Electrical Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Mechanical Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Chemical Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Thermal Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Environmental Contamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
. . . . . . . . .16
Conduction Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Circuit Breaker/Bushings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Power Transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
AC Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Insulation Resistance Tester Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Voltage Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
INTRODUCTION
(A)
(B)
+
Conduction Current
+
-
+
+
-
+
-
+
-
+ + +
Surface
Leakage
Dipoles
Stored
Charge
Capacitive Charging
Current
100
Current Microamperes
Conduction or
Leakage Current
Total
Current
10
Absorption
Current
1
1
10
100
Seconds (x10)
Please note:
Power Transformer
100 k
1M
10 M
100 M
1G
10 G
100 G
Resistance
5000 V
5 kV
Voltage
4 kV
3 kV
2500 V
2 kV
1000 V
1 kV
100 k
1 M
10 M
1 G
100 M
10 G
100 G
Resistance
1 T
10 G
Insulation Resistance
100 G
1 G
100 M
1 kV, 2 G tester
would indicate
10 M
1 M
0
Year #1
Year #2
Year #3
Year #4
Year #5
Year #6
Year #7
Time constant
Insulation Resistance
Apparatus "A"
10 G
1 G
100 M
10 M
Apparatus "B"
1 M
0
Year #1
Year #2
Year #3
Year #4
Year #5
Year #6
Year #7
10
What To Do
Condition is probably
all right but cause of
low values should be
checked. May simply
be the type of
insulation in use.
d) So low as to be unsafe
Insulation
probably okay
Megohms
Condition
Moisture/dirt
may be present
0
0
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
10 min
Time
Figure 13: Time Resistance Test Graph
11
12
Polarization Index
Insulation Condition
<1
Poor
1-2
Questionable
2-4
Okay
>4
Good
Resistance
PI=?
50
10
Time (minutes)
1000
500
Megohms
good insulation
condition
250
100
poor insulation
condition
50
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
13
+
-
+
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
+
14
Discharge
Resistor
1000.0
100.0
Current (A)
Total
Current
Absorption
Current
10.0
1.0
Capacitive
Current
0.1
0.1
10.0
1.0
Time (sec)
100.0
Insulation Condition
>7
Bad
4-7
Poor
2-4
Questionable
<2
OK
15
APPENDICES
Accuracy Statements
16
Interference Rejection
17
18
<1000
500
1000-2500
500-1000
2501-5000
1000-2500
5001-12,000
2500-5000
>12,000
5000-10,000
Minimum PI Value
Class A
1.5
Class B
2.0
Class F
2.0
Class H
2.0
Test Specimen
kV* + 1
100
For most machines with randomwound stator coils and formwound coils rated below 1 kV.
Evaluation Criteria
19
250 k
100 M
Testers with guards generally cost a bit more than twoterminal models, but in many applications, a twoterminal model wont be imparting the full spectrum of
information that can be accrued by insulation testing.
Something that is often forgotten is the dif ference in
the capabilities of the guard circuit. The guarding
capability of the insulation tester is much more
important when measuring leaky insulation than the
usually quoted measurement accuracy figure, which may
be 5%. Consider the following example, an extreme
case where the surface leakage path is 200 times less
than the resistance of the insulation.
20
G
250 k
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
Date
Insulation
Temperature
F
Resistance (M )
Temp. Adjusted
Insulation
Resistance (M )
4,000
2,000
Jan-90
15,000
68
14,990
Jun-90
9,000
80
14,276
Jan-91
14,500
68
14,490
Jun-91
8,500
82
14,562
Jan-92
14,300
68
14,290
6,000
Jun-92
8,700
81
14,341
4,000
Jan-93
14,500
68
14,490
2,000
Jun-93
8,900
81
14,671
Jan-94
14,200
69
14,748
Jun-94
8,900
80
14,117
Jan-95
13,600
68
13,591
Jun-95
8,900
78
13,071
Jan-96
13,500
66
12,491
Jun-96
7,500
80
11,896
Jan-97
11,300
68
11,292
Jun-97
6,500
80
10,310
Jan-98
8,000
67
7,693
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
21
22
Description
Non-protected
4, 5, 6
Description
Non-protected
Dust protected
Dust tight
Description
Non-protected
23
24
25
26
Model BM11
Guard terminal
Measures to 15 T
15 T measurement range
27
Insulation resistance to 20 G
MJ15
BM15
Measures to 35 T
MIT1020
28
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F 1 214 331 7399
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