Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Masters Theses
1966
This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Research & Creative Works at Scholars' Mine. It has been accepted
for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of Scholars' Mine. For more information, please contact weaverjr@mst.edu.
A STUDY OF MODIFIED
PLUG DESIGNS
FOR
A GLOBE VALVE
BY
ROBERT W. WAGNER
THESIS
submitted to the faculty of the
1966
Approved by
ii
ABSTRACT
This thesis presents an empirical study of the characteristics of a cylindrical skirted disk valve used as a
flow regulating device.
In other words,
holes were drilled until the desired flow rate was achieved.
The flow rate through each cylinder was established
at several cylinder positions by means of the weir trough
measuring device.
iii
The results of
this study indicate that the experimental procedure pursued can be used to obtain desired valve characteristics.
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author wishes to express his appreciation to Professor Archie Culp, Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering, University of Missouri at Rolla, whose suggestions
and guidance made this thesis possible.
Thanks are also extended to the engineering staff of
the Crane Company of Chicago, Illinois, especially Mr. T.
A. Rodda, Engineering Project Supervisor, for sup,gestions
and correspondence throughout this investigation.
Finally, appreciation is due my fellow graduate assistants, Mr. Donald Land 1 Mr. Michael Reyburn, Mr. Stephen
Thompson, and Mr. Gary Hinz for their assistance and encouragement during the course of this investigation.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
I.
II.
III.
INTRODUCTION.
6
11
11
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE.
v.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
RECOMMENDATIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
VITA.
APPENDIX.
16
19
16
14
CONCLUSIONS
vi
IV.
vii
Equipment De sign.
iv
DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS.
RESULTS
ii
REVIEW OF LITERATURE.
DISCUSSION.
17
17
23
28
29
31
32
33
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Table
(Note:
Page
these tables are in Appendix)
WEIR CALIBRATION
34
34
35
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Page
.... ......
ASSEMBLED VALVE
..
12
V-NOTCH WEIR
19
ORIFICE
22
(Note:
..
10
36
37
38
39
40
13
41
14
42
42
43
9
10
11
12
15
16
I.
INTRODUCTION
of pressure.
A basic
A secondary objective
of this investigation was to try to establish a more deliberate design procedure for programming the valve characteristic.
II.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The study of control valves dates back over one hundred years.
Seely
The prin-
19~1,
Rhodes (4),
lift.
"Where greater
III.
DISCUSSION
PLUG ATTACHMENT
DETACHABLE
MECHANISM
FIGURE l
ASSEMBLED VALVE
CYLINDER
c~ntrolling
procedueea~ .
DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS
EQuipment Design - A-major portion of this research was concerned with the diign of a valve with a cylindrical skirt
plug.
J'IGU~l;
~~VE ~E~T
2
~ECTiON
were removed from the body and the plug was modified.
The
The
In or-
the cranking mechanism, the stem, and the actual flow controlling device- the cylindrical skirt plug.
The purpose
Close atten-
tion was given to the means of sealing the gap between the
outside diameter of the cylindrical skirt plug and the
inside diameter of the seat.
relati~e
mo~ion
,.
,,
set
at 3.000 +
.....
... .005 inches
. . and a suitable 0-Ring was chosen
..
to dynamically seal the cylinder. A # 337 Precision 0-Ring
(
.'
was used.
FlGURE 3
AND STUD MOUNTEb ON
THE VALVE CRANK MECHANISM
LillD1!~
of the 0-Rinr,, a .025 inch diametral squeeze was recommended by the manufacturer.
accordin~
to the
manufacturer's specifications.
After the outside diameter of the cylinder was determined, the inside diameter of the seat was bored to allow
the cylinder to pass through with no interference or scarring.
O-Rin~
was
~5
bevel
This
10
duri~g st,~ -
of
th~
The con-
FIGURE
11
o~
The
openin~s
~al
Upon
leaving the tank, the water flows back into the sump to
complete the circulation process.
gau~es
were used in
u.s.
13
weir was actually calibrated for several flow rates by collecting the water for a period of one to two minutes, depending upon the
ma~nitude
amount collected.
weighin~
the
r~te
obtained from the weir equation and the actual weighed flow
per second is illustrated in Figure 16.
that the weir equation flow rate was nearly equal to the
actual flow rate- the maxirr.um error being about
5%.
~auge
was nlaced
ual test of the valves, the hook gauge was found to produce inconsistent results because of a vacuum above the
water level in the hook gauge.
locatin~
This characteristic
They were:
A linear relationship
between the flow through the valve and the valve opening,
and a linear relationship between head on the weir (flow
measuring means) and the valve opening.
Before the first configuration was machined, the desired graph of flow versus percent valve opening was made
and a straight line relationship was chosen.
The chosen
~lobe
15
valve.
achievin~
a desired flow
The
actual
one-half revolution would add a new band of holes- no single hole of which would be divided by the sealing mechanism
(the 0-Ring).
ri~id
16
linder from the full-closed position to the full-open position a corresponding flow rate existed on the respective
control graph.
cedure.
The
17
ment period.
Ring in triangular non-seal areas of the cylinder, resulting in a pinching action on the 0-Ring by the
ed~es
sur-
would be compatible with the sealing device or a new sealing device would be required.
Second Test Set-up - With the small 3/32 inch diameter holes
as the new configuration, a new cylinder was tested and
found to perform very smoothly with only a slight vibration
at the initial position of the valve after it was unseated.
A preliminary test indicated that the head level in
the hook gauge was too oscillatory to be measured accurately, so a short flexible hose was connected to the hook gauge
inlet and extended to the center of the tank- keeping the
opening perpendicular to the flow so as not to add the velocity head of the flowing water.
tion problem in the hook gauge, thus permitting experimental evaluation of the valve characteristic.
Test Procedure - The actual test procedure was simple and
could be performed by one man.
18
first l/8 inch band to appear between the high and low pressure zone of the valve.
holes were placed to allow just enough flow rate for the
initial valve position to correspond to the desired flow
rate from the control curves.
The d-e motor driving the pump was started and the
water in the weir trough was allowed to come to steadystate for the specific valve position.
At
this time the overall test of the newly designed cylindrical skirt plug was completed.
cylinder and the same readings were recorded for the valve
positions studied.
19
ex~ertmental
Figure 6 ap-
3 /sec.
e =
cd
= coefficient
vm
ft./sec.
dh = differential element of head.
FIGURE 6
V-NOTCH WEIR
20
Assumptions:
(1)
(2)
avg
c (2gh)l.l2.
Therefore,
and,
= Cd VdA
dQ
= Cd[2(H-
where,
dA
V
equation)
Hence,
Q
II
which reduces to
Cd8/15(2g) 1 / 2 tan ~ 5 1 2
2
(1)
21
In the following section. the discussion of experimental results. an analogy using orifice theory will be used
in an attempt to correlate the test results.
A brief deri-
Figure
v1
v2
= upstream
= velocity
velocity in ft./sec.
at the vena-contract a in ft./sec.
=
=
z1
= elevation
P2
= volume
Cv
22
a z
.... r
.... !.
pl
vl
-----.--
CD Al
_A_~ 0
P2
v2
FIGURE 7
ORIFICE
but because the elevation change for a very small orifice
even for vertical flow is negligible,
hence,
23
and Equation 3,
C
= CvCc//1-
C~(A/A 1 )2
( 3)
RESULTS
The resulting curves for the two cylinders tested
proves rather conclusively that nearly any desired valve
characteristic may be produced with the experimental procedure used in this investigation.
a linear relationship
vealed that the error in assuming the straight line relationship between tabulated positions was negligible.
Another important aspect of this investigation was
the relationship between area change and cylinder advance,
depicted by Figures 10 and 11.
24
ficant analysis produced from these curves is shown, however, in the flow rate versus percent available area curves,
Figures 12 and 13.
In
orifice theory the flow rate was also found to vary directly with the area permitting flow, namely,
CA{2g6p/y;
2.
3.
The high pressure side of the valve will be considered to be an infinite reservoir with a
stant pressure of 20 psig.
con~
25
charge pressure, recorded for each test position, indicated a variable pressure, first increasing, then decreasing
with increasing flow rates for both cylinders.
Since the
It must be kept
assumpti~,
Since by the
26
determined.
tion 4,
Q
( 4)
o.8oA/2g6p/y.
The theoreti-
actual weir flow rate and orifice flow rate for the low
flow rate positions of the valve.
reduces the flow capability of each orifice should not contribute a significant error since only the inlet flow stream
is affected by the close spacing of holes.
This type of
error would combine directly with the coefficient of discharge, a term that was already approximated.
As stated
27
28
IV.
CONCLUSIONS
l.
2.
There exists a linear relationship between configuration area change and percent opening for the
valve plug with a linear characteristic.
3.
"
en flow rate.
4.
5.
6.
29
V.
RECOMMENDATIONS
This would
dia~eter
30
Thus, the cylinder length could be increased to the constrained distance from the 0-Ring to the rear body of the
valve.
trol stroke of the valve, the axial distance of the cylinder within which all the holes must be located.
Aside from the design changes, there are several areas
within the scope of this thesis that merit further investigation.
A similar
An area
A second
disadvantage of the modified plug is concerned with contamination due to solid matter existing in the flow medium.
Because of the size of the holes clogging could become an
acute problem.
31
VI.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
l.
Seely, F.B. and Talbot, A.N. (1918), University of Illinois Experimental Station, Bulletin Number 105.
2.
Lansford, W.M. , (1943), University of Illinois Experimental Station, Bulletin Number 340.
3.
4.
Rhodes, T.J. (1941), Industrial Instruments for Measurement and Control, McGraw-Hill Book Company,
Inc., New York and London.
5.
Beard, c.s . (1960) 1 Control Valves, Instruments Publishing Company, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
6.
1.
8.
9.
Prandtl, L., and T~etjens, O.G. (1934), Applied Hydroand Aeromechanics, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.,
New York and London.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Rouse, H. (1938), Fluid Mechanics for Hydraulic Engineers, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York
and London.
32
VII.
VITA
In
33
VIII.
APPENDIX
The following appendix contains Tables 1 to 3, tabulated data taken during the test period.
Table 1 is the
weir calibration curve, while Tables 2 and 3 represent recorded and calculated data pertinent to the test of each
cylinder.
3.
34
TABLE 1
WEIR CALIBRATION
RUN NUMBER
HEAD (in.)
.1.360
2. 360
3.080
3. 910
TIME (sec.)
60
120
60
60
WEIGHT ( 1bs. )
45
330
285
604
62.4
62.4
62.4
62.4
Qa(ft./sec.)
0.012
o.o44
0.076
0.161
Qth(rt./sec.)
0.011
0.045
0.077
0.151
TABLE 2
DATA COLLECTED ON THE LINEAR FLOW PLUG TEST
% VALVE OPENING
0
FLOW RATE
(cfs)
0
14.3
27
0.035
28.6
30
0.104
42.9
30
0.156
57.2
28
0.196
71.5
27
0.241
85.8
24
0.298
100.0
23
0.348
35
TABLE 3
DATA COLLECTED ON THE LINEAR HEAD PLUG TEST
% VALVE OPENING
0
FLOW RATE
(cfs)
16.6
27
0.055
33.2
29
0.027
49.8
30
0.083
66.4
28
0.163
83.3
24
0.280
100.0
23
0.375
:2
'
l[)
I
rO
s::
l[)
()
Q)
til
.
I
~
Q)
'
+=>
Q)
Q)
t())
t()
;.o
;;;;
()
-rl
.,..
.,.. .
[{)
:;>
fz.t
.
.
N} .
Nl
..1~
rl
1-
..
'
rl~
-L
0 '
;.....
'
,.
..r-i-r
l()J
h~-7(
l 'I
l:-1"
.,..,.,
'-
[{)
""'
r'
-ll
--
'
...
!-'
()
P1
;ii'
,.(.,.;;;;
;:j
""'
....
)
l[)
.A-
!.,..-
-'fl-
,~ H
t-
,. ~L
---
-h! - '---'- -
,'1l
--1--
12.5
. f-
f- -,L.
lJ
25
io""
....
~~
-+
-'. I
--
'
t--
"' i
~.
,...
.~
'
-- --
1-
H-
- -
-I- -
:-,-,
-- -
l
-- T
- i- - ---'
37.5
50
62.5
'
-t
75
VALVE CHARFIGURE 8
ACTERISTIC FOR THE LINEAR
FlOW VALVE PLUG
87.5
100
w
0\
"
:vl
I GJ
I I I I I I I I I Ill II I I H+H I I I I I+H+I ,-, I I rTH=+I I I I I l=t I I I l=t-1 I llitJttttrLtJltFIII IIIII I IIII IIIII
~
I I I I 1I 1111
I I I ITI
I I I 1I 111'1
I I I I 1I
1111111111111111 1111 11111 11 1LLH+tllllll l llll l llll l llll l ll ll l llil!*1,1!1fH
1111 1 1111
1 1 111
!..
; ~.
I-1--+-1--J......l-1--J--l
I I I I ll ll- I - I I I
'(
1I ! ! ! I ! ! ! !
rJl
<I>
I I I I I '
..
~
r
z0
A
I \
Y'
-n
~
H
11
..Q
0
.....
+-++-
flln
~ :r;; ; ;;;; ; ;;;:fJJtiJIIIIlllilfff1ffi11 1111 1 1111 1 1111 1 1111 1 1111 1 1111 1 1111 1 1111 1 1111 1
V'
t-H I I I I I I I I I
....
..
++++++bJfll llll l llll llll t-HtH llll lllll lllll l l-lll l llll l llll lllii i iiii i iJII I
',1'
- J.--J-l-I.....J.-1--+-t-t-t-t
f-
-f-
~ 1--,: r
1 __
12.5
25
37.5
50
f-H - -
1--
-t- .
-T
- l-
f+-'-r-~-- - 17 -
62.5
75
100
w
~
..
,
'
1-
iod~
Ell:
1,.
--
r1-f- -
fz:t
'
I'
90I
fz:t
1./
80I
~
<(
E-t
r:r~
'
4 -0
...
- I- 1- --
30
1-1-
20
1. 1---
10
,.....
~-
' ;..p-i'
- -~-t=
t;' - ;..-
..,.
"
12.5
'
1-
~. ..~~+
kr--f
t
-I
- +- ,I
I'
1-
...
--1-
,,
25.
'-.
--
../
--
- - 1
- ;-
1-
.......
-; I : . i
37.5
+l
-t
-:- ' -
---- - , -
-.
1-
..
r- - , -
1-
,.
....
,~~2
-~-~
7.!
=1, "l
"""
'"'
I- .. ;:;;:--: .
t-1-
~-~
'
1- -
~~ ,__
,.,.,
fli .
I'
1-
E-t
-1--
50
1f.
1.)
1-1-
1-
- -
60'
- 1-- - J,-:J
. I_
..
..
1-
<
E-t
?0
- ~r,- , -~ -
50
i-
1-
1-
1-
.F .--~r'1 t-
f-
r- 1- -
!-
4.-+-~
- ir+
I I
--
. I - f- -
62.5
*1+.,
FIGURE 10 - . RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN AREA CHANGE AND
VALVE PLUG R>SITION CHANGE
FUR THE LINEAR FIDW PLUG
:
;
'
75
..
87.5
-~
100
w
())
I 11 I I. I I I I I 1-
100
T7
90
a:
0
80
J)
70
J%.1
60
!/
I I I I I I I 1--1-+-1.
<l!
<!
M.
E-1
v ~~-
l.L'l
50
~I
I I I I I I
;:3.0 .
20
p:::
I I I I I I I I I
1--1--l=l=t=-l~l=t--tt
~;;.
f-+-
l.....j__I--1--1--1--1--H+ + -H-t-1-
H++i~1=r::t:J=1
1-- ,~
, ' 1Jr. -t-+
12.5
_(:)
I_! !
j-
H
"
ffE
+
~-\)/"
25
L
--I -: -- I - ..
__ ,I
I
I
37.5
!;-
H-
-H-
j_
_- I- - -
=---1-=r=- ~- -=- = -
I,
I
.
50
'
t,_____
t-j
'
Jt-t--'
- --lT8-
t1I FF
-'-l
Il
-- 1-
--f.--
11
_J__j
-W-U-W-++-J-+-H-/-t+t-H-t~-:~'! 1 _t- _
, I I I I I
I l I I I I I j-
--1-
J--i- -l--1-...J.-I--1-+-
10
I I I I I I I I H-+71 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1--l-t-l-1 I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I-
~
0
-f-+-f-H---+-1--+-1
40
:1n
FIGURE 11-
RELATIONSHIP
62.5
75
f37.5
100
w
\0
-~-
. . ..
11 m ir.rRTFll n 1r lllllllll l lllTJ IT IIIIII I ITil iii iiTFFr ITITffH+-11 J' 111 -11! 111 Y1
I I I I I I I I I I I;
1 1 1 1 , 1 1 1 1 '1 1 1 1,
1li iiiiiiiiiii- 111111111111 1111 1 11111SitJitflN$~+lll UJ111 11Hl IrIIII IU1tii-III IIITLIII III
17
I. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I-I I I I I I ! I I I
+-+ --
t-lll llllttffFH--!!
+-+-
H - rt-~- - -:-7
.-1: I I I I I I I !
~f 1 ~7"'-1~ -I- -
1-i
J-,.l-
--=--
--,
-),--" - j-1-1-
- -- -
j- - -
r--
-r '-
t-
1--1-- -
I-
-~
1-t-L
,-
-1~ ~
--L
-t--- -
--
-- -I-
- -
,,
- - f-
- --r+ --- -
1-
- -- --
r-
1-1-
r- t-
- -
--1-
1-+ -- ,--
1---
- !~W-t--
~~;i-" -
_j.
r- r- __.. ~ j-1-
~ ~.
-rR ~ - ~~
1--!-H-+--1--t.J
111 11 1
--
- 1- -
-t---
- 1-f-
- -- 1 _l
t --
.L - -
-- -+ i
LLU_
I I L L lr::l
FIGURE 12 - RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN AREA. CHANGE AND
FIDW RATE CHANGE FOR THE
LINEAR FlOW VALVE PLUG
.. .
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
~
..
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII ITifmtattHt
-~~-<.
. : ' "! .
~--~, ~T
:--.
"..
.
~
o ;
~-
. f
,. ,. ~I I
. '
B.Q
70
,po
.
1-1-
-.Qd '
..
~
~
:.
.8
r- --
1- - - - .
1-
--H --
- --
j-
__- _- t-
- -
JJ_
~-~l .
------ 1-
-I-
- -
'I
_--r-~ - -- .. - - I -~- ~
__t t l
- -~ -~
!.-"
~
Y,
lj_j__
LLl
t- -
. .,.,. . ..
-;...~
-.
. I-
.::t
-~--
20
--
-r- -.-
1_
-+
_I_L_-'--
1 1 --
. '0 05
0 1
,-
o. 15
J.J.
.L ...1....1.
J.
!-"
T IT I
I
I II
I I I I I
_LJ J l _l
_l
_l_l
I LL
_l.i
_Ll
.J
I I
...lJ. J
__
-=-~. _
J
I
- --
:-r~-1 _ -- .c-
-r-~--
--
-.
o. 2
, , ' -
. ,_,
r:
o. 25
I ;
...
FIGURE 13 ':"
BETWEEN AREA CHANGE AND
FlOW RATE CHANGE FOR THE
LINEAR HEAD VALVE .PLUG
_- _
,----~- . --r:
'
RE~TIONSHIP
t- --
r-r- 1
_L l
'
----:::- - ,_
t-
I I I I
II 1
-- - ---
.c
1.-"1
1-p --
'-dll H .U.I.tlhi
1-
1-
<~
-:= -
1- .. -
t-
~;~ ~l _:i=-r-d~ -L:j--!--i-.:: ~~--~- -~~~ 1~= t t-t_::- H-- -rttJ ---_L LJ~
L ! !I ,1 --- 1 - ' - ~
.
..
_ ,::::
-- r--
1
-.
'
t--t-
~0
~.....
-----
-1--
f-- .. t-r-J:.:T-j.- [ .
-f-f- - - 1-
10
r- -r--:::1--t-.
f-
_l -~--: ..
-r--tH_
.
/ 1 _[_~-t-k'.. - I : +
__ r-~v :._~~- ~~:::_t
1."!"~
l
_:--~::r:-rE __
,_
1-
- - t- --
- f-1- --
r r
-!-I I- k
--~'=~ - -JJ::.
I
l
I I ' );-
--- -
- 1-1-
- 1- --
f ..
R
-~'- - -
-- H--r- -
- r-
l
.l
t-
40 --.
ia
5
P::
---
r-r_
It
I
- -- -_j_: I -
- j-
- - H - - -- r---
,..,
o_
- - r-1- . - !-
1--
....
~-
---
E
-fr
I
. \,
..J
~
0
&~
- - - 1- - - - 1 -
~: ~. ~ .+-.~r~(ll
r-
r- -
-~
r-
+r-
t-+-
- r--r--
. .
~~IJ.-- ...
50
>--: . : .": .
_.
1- -- - -
!
. ~.
H-1-lj.::t_(.: tttt=tl r 1
I I I I
::mBFMIIIIIIIIIIIlllllmlllllllllllffil
_r r rH
9(
i
<ttl=t
11 111 11
o. 3
___ _
o. 35
o. 4
_J
-I:""
.....
.F--
10
rO
,.-
.-
tO
;,
'd
s:=
10
J.t
~
tt
P4
0)
lr
()
......
1/
~I
~I
.g
()
f- -
'
'
''-,.,
s::
-*
~--~
t--
t-r-
.'
N1
0
-
. rtt=
~'
;<
.'
,f++~
clr. "
f--y >=- .
II'
-t-
..-4I
t-- _(
'J.lll
.
J.
_L
:t~
--.
=t t
~~-T )~
r!~T ~ +
j-j
I 1-
1%1
P.
0 '
. . -t-
1 __ 1 J
+-
IH
C)
..0
::::1
t-
t<)
~
~
H
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
YARNALL'S EQUATION
FLOW RATE (cubic feet per second)
[)-.
/
'
1/
1/
!/
/
/
/'{
P:1
0
H
\- I.:; ~
L(
..-4
0 ' =- ,r
1/
: -T
.L - ~
LVt-1
"1. ........
~-+t --.
~I
Q)
..
-- p
>
-if
--
C)
.f.)
Q)
Q)
-f- ~
~
~
..
\-i
ff-- H
f-- . - l
..
~'I-
~
G)
G)
..
' .
G)
C)
Q)
0)
()
Q)
- -f--
ij
tEr l
0
V-- ~--
Rf+1"
- r
'-1--4
0.1
COMPARISON
FLOW EQUATION .
AND THE .ORIFICE EQUATION
,
FOR THE LINEAR HEAD PLUG
1
'
...r
..
' . -
----- ---
0.2
0.3
YARNALL'S EQUATION
FLOW RATE {cubic feet per second)
0.4
~
1\)
~
r-t I I I I I I I I I I I I
-~
v
II-I f I I 11I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 11II I I I I I I L1 1-1I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I . I I I I I I I ., I
I I I
'
i) I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I
I I I
I I I i
+ --+A-----+++-1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 11 I I I I I I I I I I I I
-z
8
~
p'd
as=
f::z:10
0
C/)Q)
~
D)
H
H~
<Ct!ID
0 1-HI
II~II--H-11++11++---IIIH--tll++ll-t+ll++IIt-HIII++II++II+---+----IIIH--tll-++11
~~
;'
i;'r
~- f--
___1--J-::_
=~ t---H------
I I I I I I I I I I
H-.
1------
,_ - f-
---
+------1---++-~ +H-H-H
~;
?-iiD
. +++-+---
1--t-
-1------1--- ---l------1
I I I I I I ! I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
1-- - - 1-++ 1 I I I I I I l l I I I l l I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
-a>
G-4
~0
~~~
~0
o-
- . .. . . . . . . . I
10
C\l 1-t---+---l0
-.. ":EE
riffll l !j~~.w:-:~~~~~LLIIIIIIII:J:l::!:t!llli::!:J.._------ ~
-i .
0
-~
0.025
..
..
0.05
0.0'75
0.1
0.125
0.15
0.1?5
0.2
._. ~--
-.
.r:-
-.
ACTUAL FLOW RATE (cubic feet per second)