Lecture 4 - Current Density, Conductors and Capacitance

Engineering Electromagnetics
LECTURE 4: Current Density, Conductors

and Capacitance
Instructor: Sir Tim

Summer Term
ECE Department, TUP Manila
Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer
Current Density, Conductors and Capacitance
CURRENT AND CURRENT DENSITY
Current
The term current refers to the rate at which
positive charges flow.
Current Density
However for field theory, the amount of
current per unit area, referred to as the
current density is much more useful.
Drift Velocity
Refers to the flow velocity the charge
experience due to applied electric field.
J and E Relationship
Drift velocity is a quantity influenced by the
strength of the electric field intensity, i.e.
Hence, the current density can be obtained

by:
=
Resistance
Consider a conductor with uniform surface,
the current is
=
And electric potential
Resistance
Getting the ratio of these two quantities, we
have:
=
=
Problem 1
Given the vector current density
J = 102za - 4cos2a mA/m2
a) Find the current density at P(3, 30o, 2)
b) Determine the current flowing outward
through a circular band = 3, 0< < 2,
2< z < 2.8.
Problem 2
A wire of diameter 1 mm and conductivity 5
x 107 S/m has 1029 free electrons/m3 when
an electric field 10 mV/m is applied.
Determine:
a) The charge density of free electrons
b) The current density
c) The current in the wire
d) The drift velocity
Problem 3
An AWG #12 copper conductor has an 80.8
mil diameter. A 50-foot length carries a
current of 20 A. Find the electric field
intensity E, drift velocity U, the voltage
drop, and the resistance for the 50 foot
length. (Cu = 5.8 x 107 S/m, Cu = 0.0032
m2/V-s)
CURRENT CONTINUITY EQUATION
Current Continuity Equation

The time rate of decrease of charge within a
given volume must be equal to the net
outward current flow through a closed
surface of the volume
= =
Problem 1
Current density is given in cylindrical
coordinates as J = 106z1.5az A/m2 in the
region 0 20 m; for 20m, J = 0.
a) Find the total current crossing the
surface z = 0.1 m in the az direction.
b) If the charge velocity is 2 106 m/s at z
= 0.1 m, find v there.
c) If the volume charge density at z = 0.15
m is 2000 C/m3, find the charge
velocity there.
CONDUCTORS
Conductors
A conductor is a material that has an
abundance of charge carriers (free electrons)
Conductor Boundary Conditions
Problem 1
Given the potential,
= 100(2 2)
and a point P(2,1, 3) that is stipulated to
lie on a conductor-to-free-space boundary,
find V, E, D, and S at P.
Method of Images
Problem 2
Find the surface charge density at P(2, 5, 0)
on the conducting plane z = 0 if there is a
line charge of 30 nC/m located at x = 0, z =
3
CAPACITANCE
Capacitance
Capacitance measures
the capability of energy
storage in electrical
devices
Parallel Plate Capacitor
Problem 1
Calculate the capacitance of a parallel-plate
capacitor having a mica dielectric, r = 6, a
plate area of 10 in.2, and a separation of 0.01
in.
Problem 2
Find the relative permittivity of the
dielectric material present in a parallel-plate
capacitor if:
a) S = 0.12 m2, d = 80 m, V0 = 12 V, and
the capacitor contains 1 J of energy
b) the stored energy density is 100 J/m3,
V0 = 200 V, and d = 45 m
c) E = 200 kV/m and S = 20 C/m2
Problem 3
Two concentric spherical conducting shells are
separated by vacuum. The inner shell has total
charge +Q and outer radius ra and the outer shell
has charge Q and inner radius rb. Find the
capacitance of this spherical capacitor.
Problem 4
Show that for a coaxial cable transmission line
with length L, the distributed capacitance
(capacitance per unit length) is given by:
2
/ =
ln
where : rb and ra are the outer and inner radius

of the coaxial cable respectively
CAPACITORS IN SERIES AND PARALLEL
Capacitors in Series
QT Q1 Q2 Q3 ...
VT V1 V2 V3 ...
CT C C C ...
1
1
1
2
1
3
Capacitors in Parallel
VT V1 V2 V3 ...
QT Q1 Q2 Q3 ...
CT C1 C2 C3 ...
Problem 1
For the combination of capacitances shown,
assume C1 = 12.0 F, C2 = 5.30 F, and C3
= 4.50 F. If V = 12.5 V, What is the
charge on C1?
Problem 2
Derive an expression for the capacitance of a
parallel plate capacitor containing two
dielectrics.
SEATWORK
Thank you.
Lecture 4: Current Density, Conductors and Capacitance
Timothy M. Amado
Faculty, Electronics Engineering Department
Technological University of the Philippines Manila
tim.amado08@gmail.com

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Engineering Electromagnetics

LECTURE 4: Current Density, Conductors

Instructor: Sir Tim

Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer

Current Density, Conductors and Capacitance

CURRENT AND CURRENT DENSITY

ECE Department, TUP Manila

Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer

ECE Department, TUP Manila

Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer

ECE Department, TUP Manila

Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer

ECE Department, TUP Manila

Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer

Hence, the current density can be obtained

Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer

And electric potential

ECE Department, TUP Manila

Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer

ECE Department, TUP Manila

Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer

ECE Department, TUP Manila

Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer

ECE Department, TUP Manila

Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer

ECE Department, TUP Manila

Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer

Current Density, Conductors and Capacitance

CURRENT CONTINUITY EQUATION

ECE Department, TUP Manila

Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer

Current Continuity Equation

ECE Department, TUP Manila

Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer

Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer

Current Density, Conductors and Capacitance

ECE Department, TUP Manila

Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer

ECE Department, TUP Manila

Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer

Conductor Boundary Conditions

ECE Department, TUP Manila

Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer

ECE Department, TUP Manila

Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer

ECE Department, TUP Manila

Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer

ECE Department, TUP Manila

Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer

Current Density, Conductors and Capacitance

ECE Department, TUP Manila

Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer

ECE Department, TUP Manila

Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer

Parallel Plate Capacitor

ECE Department, TUP Manila

Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer

ECE Department, TUP Manila

Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer

ECE Department, TUP Manila

Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer

ECE Department, TUP Manila

Timothy M. Amado, ECE Summer