Heat Treatment Engineering Notes

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Heat Treatment Engineering Notes

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Hardening
Process

The piece is heated to a cherry red colourand then cooled rapidly in water (http://www.studynotes.ie/topics/water/) oils andbrine.
At the cherry red colour the steel will haveundergone structural changes (FCC to BCC,martensite) and the rapid cooling does notallow it
to revert to its original condition.

Result

Very hard and Brittle.

Tempering
Process

It is done by heating the article to a suitabletemperature (http://www.studynotes.ie/topics/temperature/) (500C) below the

reddeningpoint of steel and then cooling it in oil orwater.
The higher the temperature the greater thereduction in hardness and brittleness.
The temperature is gauged by the colour ofthe oxide film (http://www.studynotes.ie/topics/film/) exhibited on the surface ofthe piece.

Result

Allows the carbon (http://www.studynotes.ie/topics/carbon/) to diffuse out of BCC Structure

(http://www.studynotes.ie/topics/structure/).
Removes some of the hardness but increases toughness in martensite

Annealing
Process

Steel is annealed by heating it to a cherry red and allowed to soak to achieve uniform heating. It is then cooled very slowly. This can be carried
out in the furnace by stitching it off when the steel has reached the correct temperature.

Result
Annealing isdone to softenmetal andrelieve internalstress (http://www.studynotes.ie/topics/stress/) in workhardened pieces.
Refines grainsize.

Normalising
Process

Normalising is carried out to refine thestructure of steel and remove innerhardness caused by hammering, bendingand rolling.
The steel is heated to a cherry red colour,approximately 50C above its upper criticalpoint and allowed to cool naturally in stillair.

Result

Produces harder steel than annealing.

Improves Ductility and Toughness.
Removes internal stresses.
Refines abnormal grain structures.

Case Hardening
Process

Mild steel does not contain a sufficientamount of carbon to be hardened in thesame way as High Carbon Steel is.
It is possible to increase the carbon contentat the skin which can then be hardened.
It is a two stage process: (1) Carburising (2) Heat (http://www.studynotes.ie/topics/heat/) Treatment.

Result

Resists wear and breakage.

Pack Carburising
Process

The piece is placed in a box of powderedcarbon.

The box is placed in a furnace and heatedabove its upper critical temperature.
The longer it is left, the higher the carboncontent of the steel.
Applied to steels containing less than .2%carbon.

Result

Increases carbon content of mild steel at the surface.

Spherodising
Process

Piece is heated to 700C and soaked.

Iron Carbide forms as spheroids.

Re-crystalisation
Where new crystals begin to grow from the distorted or dislocated nucleiformed during cold working.
The component is heated and new crystals grow until they have completelyreplaced the original distorted structure.

Temperature Measurement
Optical Pyrometer

Compares the intensity of light (http://www.studynotes.ie/topics/light/) from the filament of a lamp.

The current flow is adjusted using a variable resistor to match the light of thefurnace.
When the filament disappears a temperature reading can be taken.

Thermo-electric Pyrometer

Two dissimilar metals are joined together with a galvanometer placed atthe cold junction.
A rise in temperature at the hot junction creates a current.
The temperature is then read at the galvanometer.

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- Wiki post by Laura Fitzgerald (http://www.studynotes.ie/author/laurafitzgerald/).