Yuri Dunaev

Kyiv, Ukraine
(dunaev.levit ski@gmail.com )

HEAT, TEM PERATURE, AND M ECHANISM OF HEAT CONDUCTION

Yuri Dunaev, 2015
The Summary
Thermal energy is t hat of rot at ion of at oms and m olecules around t heir proper rot at ion axes. The
t emperat ure of a subst ance is t he mean energy of it s molecules rot at ion, w hile it s indicat or is t heir
rot at ion frequencies around t heir ow n axes. At oms and molecules of a subst anse dist ance t hemselves
due t o et hereal or elonic w hirls (elect romagnet ic fields) creat ed by means of t heir rot at ion around t heir
proper axes. The said elonic whirls cont re-balance t he forces of Fat io t hat try t o at t ract molecules
t oget her. Besides, t hese elonic whirls funct ion as t ransferers of rot at ion from a molecule t o it s
neighboring molecule, and such t ransfer of rot at ion represent s t he process of t hermoconduct ion. In
cryst allic solids, e.g. met als, t hermoconduct ion priorit y direct ions lie along sides of cryst als lat t ices.
Solids wit h molecules non-organized in cryst als lat t ices such as t hermoinsulat ors, liquids and especially
gases, are much less t hermoconduct ive t han met als, w hich can be explained by great er int ermolecular
dist ances t hat diminishe t he et hereal t ranfer effect ivness.
Key words
Heat , t emperat ure, heat conduct ion, t hermo-conduct ion, t hermoconduct ivit y, t hermal expansion,
Balmer-Rydberg formula.
***
If t o conceive a t ransmission composed wit h ident ical progressively linked gears 1-10 (see fig.1), which
rot at ion can be operat ed wit hout frict ion or any ot her ext ernal resist ance, and if t he first of t hem (gear
1) t o put in rot at ion, t hen if only t he inert ia of t he t ransmission allows, t he rot at ion of t he gear 1 almost
immediat ely will be passed ont o all ot her gears 2-10. One might add t o t he described chain of gears 1-10
some lat eral branches and obt ain a syst em represent ed for inst ance at fig.2.

The inert ia of t he last syst em will be much great er, but if t he moment applied to t he gear 1 suffices, all
of t hem would st art t o rot at e pract ically synchronously. The syst em might be complet ed even furt her,
but as it seems - not endlessly, so t hat at a cert ain maximun number of gears t o move t hem off would
t urn out t o be impossible.
To go out of such difficult y one might apply anot her t echnical solut ion, which underst anding may be
helped wit h fig.3 represent ing a chain of same gears as on fig.1 and 2 but immerged in a reservoir 13
filled wit h a non-viscouse liquid, e.g. w at er and put off at lit t le dist ances t hat nevert heless rule out t heir
direct mechanical linkage.

Remaining wit hout any direct mechanical cont act , t he gears nevert heless are linked wit h each ot her by
means of t he liquid t hat fills t he int erspaces bet ween t hem. Therefore if one put in rot at ion t he gear 1,
it would t ransmit a moment ont o t he gear 2 by means of t he liquid filling t he gap bet ween t hem, and
t he gear 2 will st art t o rot at e init ially very slowly but furt her on quicker and quicker. In it s t urn t he gear
2 t hrough t he liquid remaining bet ween it and t he gear 3 would pass rot at ion t o t he last , t he last t o
t he gear 4 and so on, unt il all t he chain w ill be put int o act ion. It is clear t hat t he init iat ion of furt her
gears t o rot ate goes on progressively, and t hat it s complet ion needs much of t ime and energy applied t o
t he gear 1, but in t he end aft er such complet ion all gears of t he t ransmission including t he last of t hem
w ill rot at e wit h pract ically t he same speed as t he gear 1. Right t hrough t he rot at ion of t he gears, in t he
reservoir 13 t here will be inst alling t raffic of t he w orking liquid, which direct ions are designat ed by
arrows 13. If t o assume t hat t he reservoir 12 is filled not wit h wat er but wit h an ideal non-viscous liquid
or gas, t hen one might as w ell t o imagine t hat in t he same way t here could be init iat ed t o rot at ion a

syst em analogue t o t he described on fig.2. Widening t he example even more one might conceive
syst ems operat ing analogously not only in a plane but in a 3-D space.
Those 3-D syst ems would be formed analogously t o cryst al lat t ices; and if t o cont inue t he proposed
analogy furt her on, admit t ing t hat at oms of met als are planet ary syst ems t hat similarly t o t he solar
syst em are formed like disks, and t hat heat is not hing else as t he rot at ion energy of t hese disks while t he
angular velocit y of t his rot at ion is indicat or of t heir temperat ure, and if furt her on t o conceive t hat t he
w orking medium t ransmit t ing t he rot at ion energy is absolut ely non-viscous et her, t hen in t he present ed
example one might see t he mechanism of t hermo-conduct ion from molecule t o molecule in solids,
part icularly met als.
It would be suit ably t o assert t hat due t o t heir rot at ion, at oms and molecules generat e et hereal whirls
(elect romagnet ic fields) t hat opposit ely t o t he forces of Fat io push off t he neighboring at oms and
molecules and represent fact ors t ransmit t ing t hem their rot at ion. It has t o be clear t hat faster be t he
molecules speed of rot at ion, more int ensive will be t hese et hereal w hirls, st ronger will be t he mut ual
repulsion of at oms and molecules, and great er will be t he t hermal expansion of respect ive bodies.
Imaginary example of one of such cryst al lat t ices is represented on fig.4a (plan view), 4b (view along
arrow A of fig.4a) and 4 (view along arrow B of fig.4a). On t he figures t he at oms rot at ing in one
direct ion are colored darker while t hose rot at ing in t he opposit e direct ion light er.

As it is represent ed on t he above figures, one might underst and t hat t hermo-conduct ion is essent ially
t aking place along t he faces of cryst al lat t ices, and t hat it s speed in a proper cryst al will depend on t he
chosen direct ion. Consequent ly t here where t he direct ion of t he t hermo-conduct ion lies in t he plane of
a lat t ice face, it has t o be higher, as for exam ple in t he most t hermo conduct ive diamond and graphen.
Solid bodies wit h molecules non-organized in cryst al lat t ices, primarily all t he t hermo insulat ors, as well
as liquids and especially gases are much less t hermo conduct ive; and t his is easy t o explain by great er
dist ances bet ween t heir molecules t hat diminish t he t hermo conduct ion effect iveness by means of
et hereal t ransport ers.
As it was described in my art icle PHOTONS, THEIR NATURE, AND M ECHANISM OF THEIR FORM ATION
[1], at oms and molecules rot at ing around t heir own axes radiate elect romagnet ic energy, and in case
relat ed t o t he radiat ion of elect romagnet ic, especially light waves of cert ain frequency by hydrogen
molecule t hese frequencies are det ermined by t he w ell know n Balmer-Rydberg formula

) . Here t he product of t he speed of light

and t he Rydberg const ant

makes up t he elect ron

rot at ion frequency in hydrogen molecule, and

and

are int egers of which

>

. In t he art icle

t here was proved t hat t he frequencies described by t he Balmer-Rydberg formula could be regist ered in
t he case when t he rot at ion frequency of t he molecule it self makes
The numbers

and

in conformit y wit h t he Balmer-Rydberg formula definit ely det ermining

elect romagnet ic radiat ion frequencies, t he last in t heir t urn being indicat ors of molecules t emperat ure,
t he consequence may be that t he t emperat ure, and not only of hydrogen but of all ot her subst ances is
det ermined by t he angular velocit y of t heir molecules rot at ion.
In my earlier art icle ETHER FRIENDLY PHYSICS AND GAS LAWS [2] t here was st at ed t hat t he gas
t emperat ure is it s energy dist ribut ed over it s mass (quant it y of mat t er, or sum of screening areas), t hat
finally had t o mean t hat t emperat ure is t he quant ity of energy held in a molecule. The t emperat ure
being charact erist ic of mat t er inherent t o it s all aggregat e st at es, it is easy t o come t o t he consequence
t hat it s physical nat ure is t he molecules rot at ion energy, and t hat t he sum of m olecules rot at ion
energies of a cert ain body makes up t he quant it y of heat cont ained t herein.
CONCLUSIONS:
1) Thermal energy is t hat of rot at ion of at oms and molecules around t heir proper rot at ion axes;
2) The t emperat ure of a substance is t he mean energy of it s molecules rot at ion, w hile it s indicat or
is t heir frequencies of rot at ion around t heir own axes;
3) At oms and molecules of a subst anse dist ance t hemselves due t o et hereal or elonic whirls
(elect romagnet ic fields) creat ed by means of t heir rot at ion around t heir proper axes;
4) The elonic w hirls of p.3 cont re-balance t he forces of Fat io t hat t ry t o at t ract molecules t oget her;
5) The elonic whirls of p.3 funct ion as t ransferers of rot at ion from a molecule t o it s neighboring
molecule, and such t ransfer of rot at ion represent s t he process of t hermoconduct ion;
6) In cryst allic solids, e.g. met als, t hermoconduct ion priorit y direct ions lie along sides of cryst als
lat t ices;
7) Solids w it h molecules non-organized in cryst als lat t ices such as t hermoinsulat ors, liquids and
especially gases, are much less t hermoconduct ive t han met als, which can be explained by
great er int ermolecular dist ances t hat diminishe t he et hereal t ranfer effect ivness.
BYBLIOGRAPHY:
1) Yuri Dunaev, Phot ons, t heir nat ure, and mechanism of t heir format ion / Research PapersM echanics / Elect rodynamics/ Download/ 1703;
2) Yuri Dunaev, Et her friendly physics and gas laws / Research Papers-Chemist ry/ Download/ 5757