13-Jan-11

Magnetism

Magnets and Magnetic Fields

Permanent magnet (compass

needle) have been long used in
navigational compasses.
When the compass is placed on
the horizontal surface, the
needle rotates until one end
points to north.
The end of the needle that point
north is label the north
magnetic pole the opposite
end is the south magnetic
pole.

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Magnets and Magnetic Fields

Like poles repel; unlike
poles attract.
The different between
electric charge and
magnetic poles is
1) We can separated
+ve and ve charge and
produce isolated charge
2) We cannot separated
magnetic poles.

Magnets and Magnetic Fields

However, if you cut a magnet in half, you dont
get a north pole and a south pole you get two
smaller magnets.

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Magnets and Magnetic Fields

Magnetic field exist

surround a magnet.
Magnetic field have
magnitude and
direction
The direction of
magnetic field is the
direction that a
compass needle
points

Magnets and Magnetic Fields

The Earths magnetic field is similar to that of a
bar magnet.
Note that the Earths
North Pole is really
a south magnetic
pole, as the north
ends of magnets are
attracted to it.

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Magnets and Magnetic Fields

A uniform magnetic field is constant in
magnitude and direction.
The field between
these two wide poles
is nearly uniform.

Electric Currents Produce Magnetic Fields

In 1820,
1820, Hans Christian Oersted (17771777-1851)
1851)
found that when a compass needle placed
near an electric wire, the needle deflects as
soon as the wire is connected to a battery
and the wire carries electric current
This experiment shows that an electric
current produces a magnetic field.
field.
The direction of the field is given by a right
right-hand rule.
rule.

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Electric Currents Produce Magnetic Fields

Force on an Electric Current in a Magnetic

Field; Definition of B
A magnet exerts a force on a current-carrying
wire. The direction of the force is given by a
right-hand rule.

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Force on an Electric Current in a Magnetic

Field; Definition of B
The force on the wire depends on the
current, the length of the wire, the magnetic
field, and its orientation.
(20-1)

This equation defines the magnetic field B.

Force on an Electric Current in a Magnetic

Field; Definition of B

Unit of B: the tesla, T.

1 T = 1 N/Am.
Another unit sometimes used: the gauss (G).
1 G = 10-4 T.

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Force on Electric Charge Moving in a

Magnetic Field
The force on a moving charge is related to
the force on a current:

(20-3)

Once again, the

direction is given by
a right-hand rule.

Force on Electric Charge Moving in a

Magnetic Field

If a charged particle is
moving perpendicular
to a uniform magnetic
field, its path will be a
circle.

13-Jan-11

Force on Electric Charge Moving in a

Magnetic Field
Problem solving: Magnetic fields things to
remember
1. The magnetic force is perpendicular to the
magnetic field direction.
2. The right-hand rule is useful for determining
directions.
3. Equations in this chapter give magnitudes
only. The right-hand rule gives the direction.

Force on Electric Charge Moving in a

Magnetic Field

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Magnetic Field Due to a Long Straight

Wire
The field is inversely proportional to the
distance from the wire:
(20-6)

The constant 0 is called the permeability of

free space, and has the value:

Force between Two Parallel Wires

The magnetic field produced
at the position of wire 2 due to
the current in wire 1 is:

The force this field exerts on a

length l2 of wire 2 is:
(20-7)

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Force between Two Parallel Wires

Parallel currents attract; antiparallel currents
repel.

Solenoids and Electromagnets

A solenoid is a long coil of wire. If it is tightly
wrapped, the magnetic field in its interior is almost
uniform:
(20-8)

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Solenoids and Electromagnets

If a piece of iron is inserted in the solenoid, the magnetic
field greatly increases. Such electromagnets have many
practical applications.

Ampres
Amp
res Law

Andre--Marie Ampre French Physicist

Andre
(1775
17751836)
1836)
Ampre is credited with the discovery of
electromagnetism the relationship
between electric currents and magnetic
fields..
fields
Ampres
genius,
particularly
in
mathematics, became evident by the time
he was 12 years old;
old; his personal life,
however, was filled with tragedy.
tragedy.
His father, a wealthy city official, was
guillotined during the French Revolution,
and his wife died young, in 1803.
1803. Ampre
died at the age of 61 of pneumonia.
pneumonia.
His judgment of his life is clear from the
epitaph he chose for his gravestone
gravestone::
Tandem Felix (Happy at Last).
Last).

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Ampres Law
Ampres law relates the
magnetic field around a
closed loop to the total
current flowing through the
loop.
(20-9)

Ampres Law
Ampres law can be used to calculate the
magnetic field in situations with a high degree
of symmetry.

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Torque on a current loop in a

uniform magnetic field
Torque produced on a current loop in
magnetic field because magnetic force
produced

Consider a rectangular loop carrying a
current I in the presence of a uniform
magnetic field directed parallel to the
plane of the loop.

(a) Overhead view of a rectangular current

loop in a uniform magnetic field.
field. No
forces are acting on sides (1) and (3)
because these sides are parallel to B.
Forces are acting on sides (2) and (4).
(a) Edge view of the loop sighting down
sides and shows that the forces F2 and
F4 exerted on these sides create a torque
that tends to twist the loop clockwise
clockwise..
The purple dot in the left circle
represents current in wire coming
toward you
you;; the purple cross in the right
circle represents current in wire moving
away from you
you..

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13-Jan-11

The magnitude of force acting on sides (2)

and (4):
F2 = F4 = IaB
if loop is pivoted so that can rotate about
point O, these two forces will produce a
torque about point O that will cause the
loop to rotate clockwise.
max = F2

b
b
b
b
+ F4 = (IaB) + (IaB) = IabB
2
2
2
2

Since area of loop A =ab,

=ab,
then max

= IAB

Maximum torque, when magnetic field

parallel to plane of loop.
If current reversed, rotation counter
clockwise.

If uniform magnetic field makes an angle

< 90o with a line perpendicular to the
plane of the loop
The magnitude of the net torque about O:

b
b
sin + F4 sin
2
2
b

= IaB sin + IaB sin

2

= IabBsin
= IABsin
= F2

Max torque value when field is perpendicular to normal of loops plane,

that is = 90o , and torque is zero when field is parallel to normal of
loops plane, that is = 0o.

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Torque on a Current Loop; Magnetic

Moment
The forces on opposite sides of a current loop will
be equal and opposite (if the field is uniform and
the loop is symmetric), but there may be a torque.
The magnitude of the torque is given by:
(20-10)

The quantity NIA is called the magnetic dipole

moment, M:
(20-11)

Example Torque on a coil

A circular coil of wire has a diameter of 20 cm and contains 10 loops.
The current in each loops is 3.0 A and the coil is placed in a 2.0 T
external magnetic field. Determine the maximum and minimum torque
exerted on the coil by the field.
Solution:
The area of 1 loop of the coil is:
A=
A=r2= (0.100m)2 = 3.14 x 10-2 m2
The maximum torque occurs when the coils face is parallel
to the magnetic field, =900. sin 900=1
= (10)(3A)(3.14x10-2)(2 T)(1)=1.88N.m
The minimum torque occurs if sin
sin=0 for which =00 and the torque = 0

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Applications: Motors
An electric motor also takes advantage of the
torque on a current loop, to change electrical
energy to mechanical energy.

Summary
Magnets have north and south poles
Like poles repel, unlike attract
Unit of magnetic field: tesla
Electric currents produce magnetic fields
A magnetic field exerts a force on an electric
current:

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Summary
A magnetic field exerts a force on a moving
charge:

Magnitude of the field of a long, straight

current-carrying wire:

Parallel currents attract; antiparallel

currents repel

Summary
Magnetic field inside a solenoid:

Ampres law:

Torque on a current loop:

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