11/20/2015

BBC: CHEMISTRY PROJECTS ON TENSILE STRENGTH OF FIBRES, AND QUANTITY OF CASEIN IN DIFFERNT SAMPLES OF MILK

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Tuesday, February 4, 2014

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CHEMISTRY PROJECTS ON TENSILE STRENGTH

OF FIBRES, AND QUANTITY OF CASEIN IN
DIFFERNT SAMPLES OF MILK

Aim is To determine the quantity of Casein present in different

samples of milk. Natural milk is an opaque white fluid Secreted by
the mammary glands of Female mammal . The main constituents of
natural milk are Protein, Carbohydrate, Mineral Vitamins, Fats and
Water and is a complete balanced diet. Fresh milk is sweetish in
taste. However , when it is kept for long time at a temperature of 5
degree it become sour because of bacteria present in air. These
bacteria convert lactose of milk into lactic acid which is sour in taste.
In acidic condition casein of milk starts separating out as a
precipitate. When the acidity in milk is sufficient and temperature is
around 36 degree, it forms semi-solid mass, called curd. Casein is
present in milk as calcium caseinate in the form of micelles. These
micelles have negative charge and on adding acid to milk, the
negative charges are neutralized.
Milk is a complete diet as it contains in its proteins, carbohydrates,
fats, minerals, vitamins and water. Average composition of milk from
different sources is given below.
Casein is the major protein constituent presents in the milk and is a
mixed phosphor-protein.
Casein has isoelectric pH of about 4.7 and can be easily separated
around this pH.
It readily dissolves in dilute acids and alkalies.
Materials Required:
Beakers (250 ml), filter-paper, glass-rod, weigh-box, filtration-flask,
Buchner-funnel, water pump, test-tubes porcelain dish, burner,
different samples of Milk, 1% acetic acid solution, saturated
ammonium sulphate solution.
Procedure
Take a clean dry beaker, put into it 20cc of goats milk and add 20
ml of saturated ammonium sulphate solution slowly and with stirring.
Fat along with casein will precipitate out.
Filter the solution and transfer the precipitates in another beaker.
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Blog Archive
2014 (7)
February (3)
2yr.chem,1yr.chem projects
CHEMISTRY PROJECTS ON TENSILE
STRENGTH OF FIBRES,...
chemistry index-2
January (4)

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11/20/2015

BBC: CHEMISTRY PROJECTS ON TENSILE STRENGTH OF FIBRES, AND QUANTITY OF CASEIN IN DIFFERNT SAMPLES OF MILK

Add about 30 ml of water to the precipitate.

Only casein dissolves in water forming milky solution leaving fat
undissolved.
Heat the milky solution to about 40C and add 1% acetic acid
solution drop wise, when casein gets precipitated.
Filter the ppt., wash with water, and let the ppt. dry.
Weigh the dry solid mass in a previously weighed watch glass.
Repeat the experiment with other samples of milk.
Observation Table
If an acid is added to milk, the negative charge are neutralized and the
neutral protein precipitated out.
Ca+2 (Casemated) + 2CH3 COOH(aq) Casein(s)+(CH3COO)2 Ca
(aq)
Volume of milk taken in each case = 20 ml.
Conclusion
Different samples of milk contain different percentage of Casein..

Chemistry Project Report on

Acid & Bases on Tensile Strength of Strength of Fibres
Declaration
I, ____________ student of ___________________ is doing
project report entitled Acid & Bases on Tensile Strength of
Strength of Fibres being submitted to
___________________is an original piece of work done by me
and has not been published or submitted elsewhere for any other
degree in full or in part.
(Signature)
Study of Effects of Acids & Bases on the Tensile Strength of
Fibres
Objective
"Study of Effects of Acids & Bases on the Tensile Strength
of Fibres"
The aim and objective of this project is to
(i) Compare the tensile strength of given samples of nylon
and cotton fibres.
(ii) To investigate the Effect of Acids and Alkalies on the
tensile strength of these fibres.
introduction
depending upon the sources, the various types of
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BBC: CHEMISTRY PROJECTS ON TENSILE STRENGTH OF FIBRES, AND QUANTITY OF CASEIN IN DIFFERNT SAMPLES OF MILK

fibres can be classified into the following three main

categories :
(i) animal fibres e.g. wool & silk.
(ii) vegetable fibres e.g. cotton & linen.
(iii) synthetic fibres e.g. nylon & polyester.
besides their chemical composition and properties,
most important property of these fibres is their
tensile strength. tensile strength mean the extent to
which a fibre can be stretched without breaking and it
is measured in terms of minimum weight required to
break the fibre. to determine the tensile strength of
any fibre, it is tied to a hook at one end and weighted
are slowly added to the other end until the fibre
break.
since peptide bonds are more easily hydrolyzed by
bases than acids therefore wool and silk are affected
by basis not by acids. it is because of this reason
that wool and silk threads breakup into fragments
and ultimately dissolve in alkalines.
in other words alkalines decreases the tensile
strength of animal fibres (wool & silk). vegetable
fibres (cotton & linen), on the other hand, consist of
long polysaccharide chains in which the various
glucose units are joined by ethers linkage. since
ethers are hydrolised by acids and not by bases
therefore, vegetable fibres are affected by acids but
not by bases. in other words acids decreases the
tensile strength of vegetable fibres. in contrast,
synthetics fibres such as nylon & polyester practically
remains unaffected by both acids and bases.
experiment-1 [acid and bases]
requirements :
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BBC: CHEMISTRY PROJECTS ON TENSILE STRENGTH OF FIBRES, AND QUANTITY OF CASEIN IN DIFFERNT SAMPLES OF MILK

(a) apparatus : hook, weight hanger and weights.

(b) materials : cotton, silk and nylon fibres.
chemistry experiment acid and bases procedure
(i) cut out equal lengths of a cotton fibre, nylon fibre and silk
fibre from the given sample of nearly same dia.
(ii) tie one end of cotton fibre to a hook which has been fixed
in a vertical plane. tie a weight hanger to the other end. the
thread get straight.
(iii) put a weight to the hanger and observe the thread
stretch. then, increase the weights gradually on the hanger
until the breaking point reaches and note the minimum
weight needed for breaking the cotton fibre.
(iv) repeat the above experiment by tying nylon and silk
fibres to the hook separately.
sr.no.

type of fibre

1.

cotton

2.

nylon

3.

silk

minimum weight
75 g.
375 g.
150 g.

precautions
(i) thread must be of identical diameters.
(ii) always take the same length of the threads.
(iii) add the weights in small amounts very slowly.
experiment - 2
requirements :
(a) apparatus : hook, weight hanger and weights.
(b) materials and chemicals : wool, cotton and nylon fibres,
dilute solution of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide.
procedure
(i) cut out equal lengths of wool, cotton and nylon
threads from given sample of nearly same diameter.
(ii) determine the tensile strength of each fibre as
explained in experiment-1.
(iii) soak the woolen thread in a dilute solution of
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BBC: CHEMISTRY PROJECTS ON TENSILE STRENGTH OF FIBRES, AND QUANTITY OF CASEIN IN DIFFERNT SAMPLES OF MILK

sodium hydroxide for five minutes. take it out from

hydroxide solution and wash it thoroughly with water
and then dry either by keeping it in the sun or in an
over maintained at a temperature of about 400c.
determine its tensile strength again as explained in
experiment-1.
(iv) now take another piece of woolen thread of the
same size and diameter and soak it in a dilute
solution of hydrochloric acid for five minutes. take it
out, wash thoroughly with water, dry and determine
the tensile strength again.
(v) repeat the above procedure for the samples of
cotton and nylon fibre.
s.no.
required

type of

wt. required

wt.required
fibre

the
after

wt.

to break the

to break

untreated fibre

fibre

to break the
fibre after
soaking

in

soaking in
dilute

alkali
1.
g.
2.
g.
3.
g.

dilute acid
wool

750 g.

700

75 g.

75

375 g.

375

750 g.
cotton
50 g.
nylon
375 g.

result
(i) the tensile strength of woolen fibre decreases on
soaking in alkalies but practically remains unaffected
on soaking in acids.
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BBC: CHEMISTRY PROJECTS ON TENSILE STRENGTH OF FIBRES, AND QUANTITY OF CASEIN IN DIFFERNT SAMPLES OF MILK

(ii) the tensile strength of cotton fibre decreases on

soaking in acids but remains practically unaffected on
soaking in alkalies.
(iii) the tensile strength of nylon fibres remain
practically unaffected on soaking either in acids or in
alkalies.
precautions
(i) thread must be of identical diameters.
(ii) always take the same length of the threads.
(iii) add the weights in small amounts very slowly.
Posted by brahmambbc.blogspot.com at 10:08 PM

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