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Author Note
The research on tensile testing of materials was performed on the June 13 2014 by
Dukor Kenechi Franklin and other members of Group 6. The research was carried
out at the Federal Institute of Industrial Research (FIIRO), Oshodi, Lagos. Nigeria.
This research project wouldnt be a success without the help of the tensile testing
manager, Engineer Ojo.
Phone number(s): +2348031157806, +2348084717793.
E-mail: kennydukor@gmail.com, 120404036@students.unilag.edu.ng
Abstract
Nomenclature
Introduction
Literature Review
Research Design
12
18
Conclusion
23
Acknowledgment
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Reference
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Abstract
The research was performed to study the tensile strength of materials. The material used for the test was mild steel.
The material was subjected to tensile force. Due to the increasing tensile load, the specimen is continuously
stretched until rupture occurred on the material.
Graph and values were obtained from the test and compared with standard value of young modulus, Yield strength,
etc and it was discovered that the mild steel material obeys Hookes law of elasticity
Nomenclature
engineering stress
engineering strain
Introduction
Tensile testing, also known as tension testing, is a fundamental material science test in which a sample is
subjected to a controlled tension until failure.
These results from the test are commonly used to select a material for an application, for quality control, and to
predict how a material will react under other type of forces.
Properties are that are directly measured via a tensile test are ultimate tensile strength, maximum elongation and
reduction in area.
From these measurements the following properties can also be determined. Youngs modulus, Poissons ratio,
yield strength and strain hardening characteristics
Uniaxial tensile testing is the most commonly used for obtaining the mechanical characteristics of isotropic
materials. For anisotropic materials such as composite materials and textiles, biaxial tensile testing is required
Typical applications of tensile testing are highlighted in the following sections on:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
Aerospace Industry
Automotive Industry
Beverage Industry
Construction Industry
Electrical and Electronics Industry
Medical Device Industry
Packaging Industry
Paper and Board Industry
IV.
Literature Review
A. TENSILE TESTING
Type specimen
Sheet (L / A)
Rod (L / D)
Great Britain
5.65
4.0
5.0
Germany
11.3
10.0
P
(1)
A
LL L
=
(2)
L
L
Where:
Lf
The unit of the engineering stress is Pascal (Pa) or N/m2 according to the SI Metric Unit whereas the unit of psi
(pound per square inch) can also be used.
E= (3)
Young's modulus is of importance where deflection of materials is critical for the required engineering
applications. This is for examples: deflection in structural beams is considered to be crucial for the design in
engineering components or structures such as bridges, building, ships, etc.
The applications of tennis racket and golf club also require specific values of spring constants or Young's
modulus values.
ii. Yield strength, (y): This occurs when the tensile loading continues, yielding occurs at the beginning of plastic
deformation. The yield stress, y, can be obtained by dividing the load at yielding (P y) by the original crosssectional area of the specimen (Ao) as shown in equation 4.
y=
Py
( 4)
A
iii. Ultimate Tensile Strength, TS: Beyond yielding, continuous loading leads to an increase in the stress required to
permanently deform the specimen as shown in the engineering stress-strain curve. At this stage, the specimen
is strain hardened or work hardened. The degree of strain hardening depends on the nature of the deformed
materials, crystal structure and chemical composition, which affects the dislocation motion.
fracture=
Pfracture
(5)
A
v. Elongation: The strain at fracture expressed as a percentage; this is a measure of the ductility of the material.
vi. Modulus of resilience: The amount of energy (or work) stored per unit volume at the elastic limit.
vii. Modulus of toughness: The amount of energy stored per unit volume at fracture of the material; this is a measure
of the ductility of the material.
viii. Percent Area Reduction: Reduction in area at fracture in necking region with respect to original cross-section
area; this is a measure of the ductility of the material.
ix. Strain (engineering): the unit deformation of the material under load.
V.
Research Design
The Research Design is to Study the tensile strength of materials and to understand its importance
and application in industry today.
The industry where this research was carried out is Federal Institute of Industrial Research located
at, Oshodi, and Lagos, Nigeria (FIIRO). FIIRO is a well-known research institute in Nigeria which
aids to build and equip center for commercial production demonstration of developed technologies
e.g bio-technology unit, material research, technology transfer, development of Agro-based etc.
The research design was carried out on the following machines;
1.
Mild Steel
2.
VI.
Tensile testing is used to guarantee the quality of components, materials and finished products within wide range
industries. Typical applications of tensile testing are highlighted in the following sections on:
i)
j)
k)
l)
m)
n)
o)
p)
q)
r)
s)
t)
Aerospace Industry
Automotive Industry
Beverage Industry
Construction Industry
Electrical and Electronics Industry
Medical Device Industry
Packaging Industry
Paper and Board Industry
Pharmaceuticals Industry
Plastics, Rubber and Elastomers Industry
Safety, Health, Fitness and Leisure Industry
Textiles Industry
Aerospace Industry
H.
Automotive Industry
Quality assessment through tensile testing of interior fittings including: airbags, carpets, dashboards,
electrical harness (incl. crimped terminals pull-off force), handles, laminated trim, mirrors, seals and
I. Beverage Industry
Applications of tensile testing in the beverage industry include:
J.
Construction Industry
Bond strength testing of adhesives, mastics, sealants and bonds between brick and foam layers
Tensile and material strength testing of geotextiles and safety support netting
L.
M.
Packaging Industry
N.
O.
Pharmaceuticals Industry
P.
Applications of tensile testing in the plastics, rubber and elastomers industry include:
Q.
Applications of tensile testing in the safety, health, fitness and leisure industry include:
R.
Textiles Industry
'Pull-off' characteristics of buttons, stitched-on decorations, press studs, poppers, zip fasteners, hook-and-
loop fasteners
Strength testing of vulnerable seams
VII.
Conclusion
From experiment we performed, we noticed a gradually and slowly increasing tensile load applied on the mild
steel material through the tensile machine. Due to the increasing tensile load, the specimen is continuously stretched
until fracture occurred.
There was an increase in length of the mild steel material compared to it's original length. this increase in length
was used to calculate the stain in the material.
It was confirmed that the material obeys Hookes law. Slope of this line provides information on the Youngs
modulus of the material.
Also, when the values we obtained was compared with standard values similarities were noticed.
Acknowledgments
The research was carried out at the Federal Institute of Industrial Research (FIIRO), Oshodi,
Lagos. Nigeria.
This research project wouldnt be a success without the help of the tensile testing manager,
Engineer Ojo.
References
[1] Hashemi, S. Foundations of materials science and engineering, 2006, 4th edition, McGraw-Hill, ISBN 007-1256903.
[2] Norman E. Dowling, Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Prentice-Hall International, 1993.
[3] W.D. Callister, Fundamental of materials science and engineering/an interactive e. text, 2001, John Willey & Sons, Inc.,
New York, ISBN 0-471-39551-x
[4] Dieter, G.E., Mechanical metallurgy, 1988, SI metric edition, McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-100406-8.
Dukor Kenechi Franklin, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 120404036, kennydukor@gmail.com, Group 6.
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