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Chapter Outline
What is Alloy?
Composed of 2 or more chemical elements, at least
Intermetallic Compound
one of it is metal.
intermetallic compounds
Solute and solvent
solvent atom
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Two-Phase System
Alloy consist of two or more solid phase
Two solid phase called two phase system
Homogenous portion which each has it own characteristics.
e.g: sand and water, or ice in water
Such as small amount of lead in solid solution copper, lead
dispersed through out of structure.
Phase Diagram
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Lever rule
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Eutectic reaction:
L (61.9%Sn) --> (19.2%Sn) + (97.5%Sn)
(oC)
oC
o
183 C
232oC
Try this:
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Iron-Carbon System
Thank You
Phase Diagram
Compositions of Phases
Microstructure in Steels
Iron-Carbon System
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-Ferrite
ferrite or ferrite, maximum solid solubility of 0.025%C
at 723oC.
Relatively soft and ductile; magnetic at room
temperature to 768oC.
Amount of Carbon can affect the mechanical properties
of ferrite.
Austenite ()
Between 1394 to 912oC iron undergoes change from
Cementite (Fe3C)
Intermetallic compound (between Fe and C)
Content of 100% of iron carbide (Fe3C), which is carbon
-ferrite
Solid solution of Carbon in -iron
Maximum solubility ~0.09% at 1465oC
BCC structure
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Eutectoid Reaction:
This reaction occurs at 723C and can be written as
Peritectic Reaction:
This reaction occurs at 1495C and it can be written as
Liquid (0.53 % C) + (0.09 % C) (0.17 % C)
Schematic illustration
of the microstructures
for an iron-carbon alloy
of eutectoid
composition (0.77%
carbon), above and
below the eutectoid
temperature of 727 C
(1341 F).
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Microstructure of a 0.35% C
hypoeutectoid plain-carbon
steel slowly cooled from
austenite region. The white
is proeutectoid ferrite; the
dark constituent is pearlite
Question
A 0.80 % C eutectoid carbon-steel is slowly cooled from 750 Celcius
to a temperature just slightly below 723 Celsius. Assuming that the
austenite is completely tranformed to alpha ferrite and cementite;
Calculate the weight percent eutectoid ferrite formed
Calculate the weight percent eutectoid cementite formed
Microstructure of a 1.25% C
hypereutectoid plain-carbon
steel slowly cooled from
austenite region. In this
structure proectectoid
cementite appears in white
thas has formed at the
former austenite grain
boundaries. The remaining
structure consist of coarse
lamellar pearlite.
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2.
The unit cells for (a) austenite, (b) ferrite, and (c) martensite.
(d) The effect of percentage of carbon (by weight) on the lattice
dimensions for martensite.
Note the interstitial position of the carbon atoms. Note, also, the
increase in dimension c with increasing carbon content; this effect
causes the unit cell of martensite to be in the shape of a
rectangular prism.
Cast Iron
Refers to a ferrous alloy composed of iron, carbon
Thank You
Phase diagram for the iron-carbon system with graphite (instead of
cementite) as the stable phase.
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Heat treatment
Hardenability
Annealing
Metal Alloys:
The unit cells for (a) austenite, (b) ferrite, and (c) martensite.
(d) The effect of percentage of carbon (by weight) on the lattice
dimensions for martensite.
Note the interstitial position of the carbon atoms. Note, also, the
increase in dimension c with increasing carbon content; this effect
causes the unit cell of martensite to be in the shape of a
rectangular prism.
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Schematic illustration
of the microstructures
for an iron-carbon alloy
of eutectoid
composition (0.77%
carbon), above and
below the eutectoid
temperature of 727 C
(1341 F).
Austenite
To
Pearlite
Transformation
(a)Austenite-to-pearlite transformation of iron-
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Martensite
Strength of Eutectic Alloys
Interlamellar Spacing
Eutectic Grain Size
Shape of the Eutectic
Amount of Eutectic
Ms.
The temperature at which transformation finishes is called the
Quench
cooled in air.
If Austenite quenched rapidly enough and to a low
Temperature (oF)
Temperature (oC)
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Martensite
(b)
Tempered Martensite
Martensite is tempered to improve mechanical properties.
Tempering by heating: hardness is reduced and toughness is
improved.
o
o
Heating at 150 C -650 C where it decompose to 2 phase consist of
BCC ferrite and small particles of cementite
Increasing tempering time and temperature, hardness decrease due
to particles cementite grow bigger
Plate type
oC
oC
oC
oC
oC
oF)
oF)
oF)
oF)
oF)
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Spheroidite
and the held for a period of time (anneling) such for a day
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Bainite
Fine microstructure of ferrite and cementite
Exist when cooling rates are higher
Stronger and more ductile than pearlite steel at the
same hardness level
Isothermal transformation of
Upper bainite
Lower bainite
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Mechanical Properties of
Annealed Steels
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Jominy test
HARDENABILITY
Jominy Test
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Annealing
Annealing
Normalizing
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Normalizing
Austempering
Tempering
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Martempering
The martempering or marquenching process for a plain-carbon
steel produces a martensitic microstructure and consists of:
1. austenitizing the steel;
2. quenching the steel in oil or molten salt at a temperature just
slightly above the Ms temperature;
3. holding the steel in the quenching medium temperature for a
time period sufficient to provide thermal equilibrium of the
steel with the medium, without causing the initiation of the
austenite-to-bainite transformation;
4. cooling the steel at a moderate rate to room temperature.
Martempering
The advantages of martempering are
i.
The minimization of distortion and
cracking of the workpiece.
ii.
By subsequent tempering, the
martempered steel develops a tempered
martensite microstructure which provides for
higher impact energy.
Ausforming
In the austempering process, the steel is austenitized, then quenched in a
molten salt bath at a temperature just above the steel Ms temperature, held
isothermally until the austenite-to- bainite transformation is complete, then
cooled to room temperature in air.
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Tutorial
Thank You
Explain about normalizing heat treatment for steel and what are some
of it purposes?
Case Hardening
Alteration only the surface properties (surface indention,
fatigue, and wear)
Application and parts such as gear teeth, cams, shafts,
bearing, fasteners, pins and etc.
Hardening is not desirable due to hard part lacks of
necessary toughness
Small surface crack could propagate rapidly through
cause total failure
Various surface-hardening process available;
carburizing, carbonitriding, cyaniding, boronizing, flame
hardening, induction hardening and laser hardening.
TABLE 4.1
Process
Carburizing
Carbonitriding
Metals
Element
hardened added to
surface
LowC
carbon
steel
(0.2% C),
alloy
steels
(0.08
0.2% C)
Lowcarbon
steel
C and N
Procedure
General
Characteristics
Typical
applications
A hard, high-carbon
surface is produced.
Hardness 55 to 65
HRC. Case depth <
0.51.5 mm ( < 0.020
to 0.060 in.). Some
distortion of part
during heat
treatment.
Gears, cams,
shafts,
bearings,
piston pins,
sprockets,
clutch plates
Surface hardness 55
to 62 HRC. Case
depth 0.07 to 0.5 mm
(0.003 to 0.020 in.).
Less distortion than
in
carburizing.
Bolts, nuts,
gears
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Process
Metals
hardened
Cyaniding
Lowcarbon
steel
(0.2% C),
alloy
steels
(0.08
0.2% C)
Steels (1% N
Al, 1.5%
Cr, 0.3%
Mo), alloy
steels (Cr,
Mo),
stainless
steels,
high-speed
tool steels
Nitriding
Element
added to
surface
C and N
Procedure
General
Characteristics
Typical
applications
Bolts, nuts,
Surface hardness
screws, small
up to 65 HRC.
Case depth 0.025 gears
to 0.25 mm (0.001
to 0.010 in.).
Some distortion.
Surface hardness
up to 1100 HV.
Case depth 0.1 to
0.6 mm (0.005 to
0.030 in.) and
0.02 to 0.07 mm
(0.001
to 0.003 in.) for
high speed steel.
Gears, shafts,
sprockets,
valves,
cutters, boring
bars, fuelinjection
pump parts
Process
Metals
hardened
Element
added to
surface
B
Procedure
General
Characteristics
Boronizing
Steels
Extremely hard
and wear resistant
surface. Case
depth 0.025
0.075 mm (0.001
0.003 in.).
Surface hardness
50 to 60 HRC.
Case depth 0.7 to
6 mm (0.030 to
0.25 in.). Little
distortion.
Flame
hardening
Mediumcarbon
steels,
cast irons
None
Induction
hardening
Same as
above
None
Same as above
Typical
applications
Tool and die
steels
Gear and
sprocket teeth,
axles,
crankshafts,
piston rods,
lathe beds and
centers
Same as above
Thank You
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