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Introduction
An aircraft is basically an assembly of stiffened shell
structures ranging from single cell closed section
fuselage to multi-cellular wings and tail surfaces, each
subjected to bending, torsional, shear and axial loads.
Other , smaller portions of the structure consist of thin
walled channel, T-, Z-, top hat or I-sections, which are
used to stiffen the thin skins of the cellular components
and provide supports for internal loads from floors, engine
mountings, etc. structural members such as known as
open section beams.
Cellular components are termed as closed section
beams.
MONOCOQUE
9/12/2015
9/12/2015
BENDING
Symmetrical bending
Symmetrical bending arises in beams which have either
singly or doubly symmetrical cross sections.
Un-symmetrical bending
Situations where couples do not act in a plane of symmetry of the
member or the member does not possess any plane of symmetry.
Neutral axis of cross section does not usually coincide with the axis
of couple.
Anticlastic bending
Then,
i.e.,
So that
From hookes law
(1)
(2)
Or
In which both E and R are constants for a beam of a given material
subjected to given bending moment. Therefore,
Which states that the first moment of area of the c/s of the beam with
respect to N.A. is zero. Thus we see that the N.A. passes through the
centroid of area of the c/s.
Or
The term
So
(3)
is known as second moment of area of c/s about N.A.
(4)
Example Problem
Q.1. the c/s of a beam has the dimensions as shown in Fig., If the
beam is subjected to a negative bending moment of 100 kNm
applied in vertical plane, determine the distribution of the direct
stress through the depth of the section.
Solution
As beam is doubly symmetric.
Example problem
Q.2. The beam of Q.1, is subjected to a bending moment of 100 kNm
applied in a plane parallel to the longitudinal axis of the beam but
inclined at 30 to the left of vertical . The sense of bending moment is
clockwise when viewed from the left hand edge of the beam section.
Determine the distribution of direct stresses.
Solution
Bending moment can be resolved in two planes as :
,
So,
is the positive B.M. producing tension in the upper half of the beam
where y is positive. Also
produces tension in the left hand half of
the beam where x is negative; we shall therefore call
as negative.
Solution( Contd)
So,
Or,
Thus on upper edge of
So that direct stress varies linearly with x. At the top left-hand corner of the
top flange ,
Solution( Contd)
So,
Which gives,
Sign Conventions!
M bending moment
S shear force
P axial load
T torque
W distributed load
l l 0
z
l0
z E z z
Direct Stress:
Given an area of any shape, and division of that area into very small,
equal-sized, elemental areas (dA)
and given an Cx-Cy axis, from where each elemental area is located (yi
and xi)
The first moment of area in the "X" and "Y" directions are respectively:
I x Ay ydA
I y Ax xdA
IF the beam is in pure bending, axial load resultant on the c/s is zero:
dA 0 dA 0
A
1st moment of inertia of the c/s about the N.A. is zero N.A.
Then
x sin y cos
E
E
z x sin y cos
Moment Resultants:
M x z ydA
M y z xdA
I xx y 2 dA
I yy x 2 dA
I xy xydA
E
E
M x I xy sin I xx cos
E
E
M y I yy sin I xy cos
M x E I xy
M y I yy
I xx sin
I xy cos
E sin I xy
cos I yy
I xx M x
I xy M y
I xy
E sin
1
2
cos I xx I yy I xy I yy
Gives:
I xx M x
I xy M y
E
z x sin y cos
M y I xx M x I xy
z
I I I2
xx yy
xy
M x I yy M y I xy
x
I I I2
xx yy
xy
M x I yy y I xy x M y I xx x I xy y
z
2
I xx I yy I xy
I xx I yy I xy2
Then:
Mx y M yx
z
I xx
I yy
Mxy
z
I xx
or
M yx
I yy
We saw that the N.A. passes through the centroid of the c/s. But
what about its orientation ?
At any point on the N.A. z = 0
M y I xx M x I xy
z
I I I2
xx yy
xy
M y I xx M x I xy
y
x
M x I yy M y I xy
M x I yy M y I xy
x
I I I2
xx yy
xy
tan
y 0
Example Problem
40 mm
80 mm
8 mm
80 mm
y
x
0
8 mm
1st: Calculate location of Centroid
xc
yc
52 mm
120 x8 80 x8
A
y A 84 x(120 x8) 40 x(80 x8)
66.4 mm
120 x8 80 x8
A
bt 3
120 83
2
I xx
A dc
120 8 (84 66.4) 2
12
12
8 80 3
8 80 (66.4 40) 2 1.09 10 6 mm 4
12
3
b 3t
120
8
2
I yy
A dc
120 8 ( 60 52 ) 2
12
12
8 3 80
8 80 (52 40 ) 2 1 .31 10 6 mm 4
12
Mx = 1500 Nm, My = 0
M x I yy y I xy x M y I xx x I xy y
z
2
I xx I yy I xy
I xx I yy I xy2
z 1.5 y 0.39 x
[ z in N/mm 2 x, y in mm]
y
0
By inspection, MAX at
y = -66.4 mm and x = -8 mm
(Max stress always further away
From centroid)
vertical members
From which
similarly
Product second moment of area,
Example Problem
Que: Determine the direct stress distribution in the thin-walled Zsection as shown in figure, produced by a positive B.M.
Solution
The section is anti-symmetrical with its centroid at the mid-point of the
vertical web. ( My = 0)
Therefore,
Section properties are calculated as,
(1)
Solution ( contd)
.
Solution ( contd)
And
Additional Problems :
Q.1. Figure below shows the section of an angle purlin. A bending moment
of 3000Nm is applied to the purlin in a plane at an angle of 30 to the
vertical y axis. If the sense of the bending moment is such that its
components Mx and My both produce tension in the positive xy
quadrant, calculate the maximum direct stress in the purlin stating
clearly the point at which it acts.
Solution
Sol:
Solution (Contd)
Second Moment of Inertias can be found as,
Since the coefficients x and y have the same sign, the maximum value of the
direct stress will occur in either first and 3rd quadrants.
Solution (Contd)
Then,
Ans.
Solution
Bending moments half-way along the beam are ;
Solution (Contd)
Substituting values of moments and Second Moment pf inertias in stress
eqn. we have;
So,
At point A ( x= 66.67 mm, y= -50 mm )
Ans.
Solution
By inspection centroid of the section will be at the mid point of the web.
Or,
Solution (Contd)
Between 1 and 2 , y = -h and stress is linear,
Ans.
Solution
The centroid of the section is at the centre of the inclined web. Then,
Since My is zero, so
Solution (Contd)
Substituting the values of Moments and Is in the stress eqn., we have
The greatest direct stress will occur at the points furthest from the
neutral axis, i.e., at points 1 and 2. then at the point 1.,
Solution
Section properties are :
Solution (Contd)
The maximum direct stress will occur at a point a perpendicular distance
from the N.A., i.e. by inspection at Point B or D. Thus
At B ( x =0, y = 2r )
Or,
Or
Solution (Contd)
Position of the neutral axis :At N.A. direct stress will be zero, i.e.,
Which gives,
..
ANY QUERY ??