mm11 Chap12

ChaPTer 12
Combinatorics
DiGiTal DoC
doc-9813
10 Quick Questions
ChaPTer ConTenTS
12a
12b
12C
12D
12e
12F
12G
12h
The addition and multiplication principles

Permutations
Factorials
Permutations using nPr
Permutations involving restrictions
Arrangements in a circle
Combinations using nCr
Applications to probability
The addition and multiplication

principles
12a
introduction
Consider how many ways two different letters can be listed from the letters C, A and T if the order
in which the letters are to be listed is not taken into account. We would write CA, CT and AT. If
the order of listing the two letters is taken into consideration, there will be 6 different possibilities,
namely, CA, AC, CT, TC, AT and TA. In this chapter we introduce some methods that will enable
us to effectively determine the number of possible ways objects can be ordered according to given
conditions, without necessarily having to list them. Combinatorial theory is widely applied in areas
such as computer system design, genetics, statistics and probability, where arrangements are of
particular importance.
The addition principle

To reach the top of the hill, Jack and Jill can use public transport (tram or bus) or private transport (hire
car, taxi or motorbike). In how many ways can Jack and Jill go up the hill if only one form of transport is
to be used for the entire trip?
Since the modes of transport are mutually exclusive (that is, two forms of transport cannot be used at
the same time), there are 2 + 3 = 5 different ways of travel.
This straightforward method of summing is the addition principle, which can be stated as: If two
operations can be performed in A or B ways respectively, then both operations can be performed
together in A + B ways.
WorkeD examPle 1
A particular mathematics problem can be solved in 2 ways using analytical methods, in 4ways
using approximation techniques and in 3 ways by trial and error strategies. In how many ways
can the problem be solved?
ChaPTer 12 Combinatorics
529
Think
WriTe
List the given information.
Analytical
Approximation
Trial and error
2
4
3
Use the addition principle as the three methods

of solving the problem are mutually exclusive.
The total number of ways is 2 + 4 + 3 = 9.
WorkeD examPle 2
A stack of playing cards contains four jacks, four queens and four kings. Gary has two jacks, a
queen and a king in his hand. But, to complete his hand, Gary requires three jacks, two queens
or two kings. In how many ways can he complete his hand?
Think
WriTe
List the cards remaining in the stack.
Two jacks, three queens and three kings remain in

the stack.
Gary requires a jack or a queen or a king to

complete his hand. Use the addition principle
to calculate how many ways he could complete
his hand, given the cards that are remaining.
2+3+3=8
There are eight ways for Gary to complete his
hand.
The multiplication principle

Suppose 4 colours are available to spray-paint 3 different cars. Let O1 be the first operation selecting a car
and let O2 be the second operation picking a paint colour. Also let C1, C2, C3 and P1, P2, P3, P4 denote,
respectively, the cars and the available colours. The 12 different ways in which the job can be undertaken are
{C1P1, C1P2, C1P3, C1P4, C2P1, C2P2, C2P3, C2P4, C3P1, C3P2, C3P3, C3P4}. Since the choice of a particular
car is independent of the colour selected, the total number of possibilities can be obtained by multiplying
together the number of choices available from the
Operation 1
Operation 2
two operations. That is, there are 3 4 = 12 different
O1
O2
P1
ways possible. The tree diagram at right shows the
P2
P3
different outcomes.
P4
The product of the number of outcomes from
each operation provides the total number of possible
P1
C1
P2
outcomes of the operations performed sequentially.
C2
P3
This method is the basis of the multiplication
C3
P4
principle, which states: if two operations can be
P1
performed in A and B ways respectively, then
P2
both operations can be performed in succession in
P3
A B ways.
P
4
WorkeD examPle 3
Juanita has to choose an outfit to wear to a party. She has 6 skirts, 5 jumpers and 8 shirts to
choose from. If any combination of these items will be acceptable attire, in how many styles of
dress can Juanita attend the party?
Think
530
WriTe
Choose a skirt, a jumper and a shirt.
There are 6 skirts, 5 jumpers and 8 shirts.
Use the multiplication principle.
The total number of ways is 6 5 8 = 240.
Maths Quest 11 Mathematical Methods CAS
We can also represent the sequence of operations of the above example using boxed numbers as
follows.
Skirts
Jumpers
Shirts
= 240
Each box contains the number of possible outcomes associated with the particular operation.
WorkeD examPle 4
From a cafeteria 4-course lunch menu, I can choose 3 varieties of soup, 5 types
of seafood, 4 kinds of side dish and 2 types of salad.
TUTorial
eles-1454
a How many different dishes are offered?
Worked example 4
b How many different lunches can be ordered if one dish from each course is
selected?
c How many different types of dish are possible if soup and seafood must be included
with each order?
Think
WriTe
a Write the number of dishes for each course
a The 4-course menu offers
3 + 5 + 4 + 2 = 14 different dishes.
and use the addition rule.

b There are 3 soups, 5 seafoods, 4 side dishes
b Soup Seafood Side dish Salad
and 2 salads. Use the multiplication rule

(as you must sequentially order a soup,
seafood, a side dish and a salad).
c 1 Consider the possible orders containing
soup and seafood:

soup and seafood only
Soup
3
Seafood
5
3 5 = 15
Soup Seafood
3
5
soup and seafood and a salad only
Soup Seafood Salad

3
5
2
Calculate the number of dishes

possible for each order.
Use the addition rule to find the total

(as you can only order the first, second,
third or fourth combination).
exercise 12a
principles
= 120
Number of different lunches is 120
soup and seafood and a side dish only
soup and seafood and a side dish and

a salad.
Side dish
4
3 5 4 = 60
3 5 2 = 30
Soup Seafood Side dish Salad

3
5
4
2 3 5 4 2 = 120
Number of different types of dish possible

= 15 + 60 + 30 + 120
= 225
The addition and multiplication
1 We1 Juicy Chickens offers 10 varieties of roast chicken dish, 6 types of fried chicken and 5 types of
chicken pie. How many different chicken meals are sold by Juicy Chickens?
2 Freda Frog eats 2 varieties of fly on the first day, 5 varieties on the second day, 9 varieties on the third
day and 14 varieties on the fourth day. Assuming Freda will never consume 2 of the same variety of fly
and that her daily eating habits follow this definite pattern, find how many flies she will eat altogether
in a week.
531
3 A suburban mall consists of five shops: Teen Fashion, Harrys Takeaway, Video & Games Arcade, Toy
Palace and Byte Computers. On a busy weekend, 11 people went into Teen Fashion, 27 bought food
from Harrys Takeaway and 59 people entered the Toy Palace. Each person visited only one store. How
many customers did Teen Fashion, Harrys Takeaway and Toy Palace have altogether?
4 mC Two pieces of timber can be held together using adhesives, fasteners or clamps. The adhesives
are PVA glue, Liquid Nails and Bondcrete. Fasteners that can be used are nails, screws, rivets and bolts.
There are two different types of clamp available: SureGrip and Hold-tite. If only one adhesive fastener
or clamp is required, the number of ways two pieces of timber can be joined is:
a 2
b 24
C 3
D 4
e 9
5 We2 From a pack of playing cards, the queen of spades, king of clubs and queen of clubs are drawn. In
how many ways can another card from the deck be drawn so that there will be three queens or two kings?
6 mC There are 4 novels, 7 comic books and 2 biographies on a bookshelf. Zoe selects and reads 2
novels, 3 comics and a biography from the shelf. However, her reading assignment requires that she
read 3 novels, 4 comics or 2 biographies. In how many ways can she select books from the shelf to
meet the minimum requirements of the assignment?
a 6
b 7
C 11
D 13
e 24
Jack and Diane are preparing for their wedding. They will decide on one of 3 churches, one
of 5 available reception centres and one of 10 holiday destinations. How many combinations of church,
reception centre and holiday are possible?
7 We3
Alana lives in Melbourne and intends to go to Sydney via Canberra. She will get to Canberra by bus,
continue on to Sydney by hire car and return home by air. If 4 bus lines are available for the outward
journey to Canberra, 6 car rental agencies can be used to get from Canberra to Sydney and 3 airlines
are available for the return trip, determine how many different ways Alana can make the trip to Sydney
and back.
9 At Burpies restaurant the special meal consists of a choice of one of 2 entres, one of 3 main meat dishes
and one of 4 kinds of dessert. For a surprise feast at Belchies restaurant you can have one of 5 different
entres, select from 4 main meals and decide which one of 3 kinds of dessert to order.
a How many different combinations of dishes are possible in a special meal consisting of an
entre, a meat dish and a dessert?
b Find how many different combinations of dishes are available to a customer who visits both
places and orders a special meal and a surprise feast. (Assume that the customer must have an
entre, main meal and dessert for the surprise feast.)
10 mC On a dentists waiting room table are 3 piles of reading matter. The first pile consists of
6 different copies of News, the second pile has 5 different issues of Geographic and the third pile
comprises 10 different Womans World magazines. A patient randomly chooses one item of reading
from each pile. The number of ways of choosing the 3items is:
a 21
b 30
C 216
D 19
e 300
11 mC A Whoppa pizza base is made using one of
2 types of cheese and one of 2 toppings. Up to 3

additional toppings are available at extra cost. The
number of different Whoppa pizzas that can be made
containing at least one additional topping is:
a 12
b 16
C 24
D 28
e 20
12 We4 A school offers English, Maths, Language and
Science as part of the curriculum. Janice must do at

least one of these subjects.
a List the different ways Janice can select at least one
subject.
b In how many ways can this be done?
13 To get to school, Erin can walk, take the train or catch the bus. After school she can either walk or catch
the bus to get back home.

a List the different combinations of travel for Erin to get to school and to return to her home.
b Show the different travel methods as a tree diagram.
532
A hot dog consists of a sausage in a bun with sauce. Onion, tomato, pineapple and cheese are
available as extras. How many different types of hot dog can be made?
15
During a special morning recess, teachers had a choice of tea, orange juice, coffee, pies, cheese,
salami, biscuits and cake. However, a teacher could sample only two kinds of food and one drink.
How many different combinations of two kinds of food and drink were possible?
14
12b
Permutations
A permutation is the arrangement of objects in a specific order. Awarding a first and second prize to
two people randomly selected from a studio game-show audience or determining the number of ways
a group of people can queue for tickets are examples where the order of objects needs to be taken into
account.
Consider now how many ways two letters can be taken from the letters B, L, U and E and then
arranged.
If the order of the letters is taken into account and repetition of letters (that is, BB, LL etc.) is not
allowed, we have the 12 possible arrangements shown below:
BL, LB, BU, UB, BE, EB, LU, UL, LE, EL, UE, EU
We can obtain the same result using the multiplication principle. There are 4 choices for the first letter
because there are 4 letters available. Once the first letter has been chosen there are 3 letters to choose
from for the second letter.
First letter
Second letter
4
3
= 12
Notice that the multiplication principle takes into account the order of the outcomes. That is, BL is not
considered to be the same as LB, BU is not the same as UB and so on.
WorkeD examPle 5
Josie picks up a Mathematics textbook, an English novel and a Biology notebook and places
them on a shelf. Determine the number of ways the books can be arranged. List the ways they
can be arranged.
Think
WriTe
There are three positions to be filled on the shelf.
There are three choices of book for the first position

on the shelf. This leaves two choices for the second
position and one choice for the third position.
3 2 1 = 6 arrangements
Let M be the Mathematics textbook, E the English

novel and B the Biology notebook.
The arrangements are MEB, MBE, BME,

BEM, EMB, EBM.
WorkeD examPle 6
In how many ways can at least two letters be chosen from the word STAR if the order of the
letters is taken into account and repetition of letters is not allowed?
Think
1
There are 3 mutually exclusive events: choose

2 letters from 4 letters, 3 letters from 4 letters, or
4 letters from 4 letters.
For the first event there are 4 choices for the first
letter and 3 choices for the second letter, because
repetitions are not allowed.
WriTe
2 letters
= 12 ways
533
= 24 ways
For the second event there are 4 choices for the

first letter, 3 choices for the second letter and
2 choices for the third letter.
3 letters
For the third event there are 4 choices for the first
letter, 3 choices for the second letter, 2 choices for
the third letter and 1 choice for the fourth letter.
4 letters
Use the addition rule to find the total number

of possibilities.
Number of ways = 12 + 24 + 24
= 60
= 24 ways
WorkeD examPle 7
How many ways are there for 2 different prizes or 3 different prizes to be
awarded to a group of 5 people if:
a a person may receive more than one award?
b a person may not receive more than one award?
Think
TUTorial
eles-1455
Worked example 7
WriTe
a 1 Use the multiplication principle to find the
a 2 prizes
number of ways for 2 prizes to be awarded.

Any one of the 5 people can receive the first
prize and any one of the 5 people can receive
the second prize because the same person
may receive more than one prize.
1st
2nd
1st
2nd
3rd
= 25
= 125
Use the multiplication principle to find the

number of ways for 3 prizes to be awarded
and remember that the same person may
receive more than one prize.
3 prizes
Use the addition rule to obtain the total

number of ways to distribute 2 or 3 prizes.
Number of ways to distribute 2 or 3 prizes

= 25 + 125
= 150
b Use the same method as above, but repetition is
b 2 prizes
not allowed, so the number of people to choose

from is reduced each time.
3 prizes
= 20
3
= 60
Number of ways to distribute 2 or 3 prizes

= 20 + 60
= 80
exercise 12b
Permutations
1 We5 A chef restocks her collection of spices by placing jars of pepper, nutmeg, ginger and mint on
the shelf. In how many different ways can the 4 jars be placed in a straight line?
2 In how many ways can 6 students line up at the school canteen?
3 If there are 8 competitors in a race, in how many ways can the first three places be awarded?
4 To cancel an electronic alarm, a 5-digit code number must be entered into the code box. Assuming that
digits may be repeated, how many codes are possible?

5
534
Five items of mail are to be placed in 5 letterboxes. In how many ways can this be done if no
letterbox is to contain more than one item?
6 A history quiz consists of matching 8 countries with their capital cities. In how many ways can a
contestant answer the quiz by randomly matching each country with a capital city?
7 How many ordered subsets consisting of two letters can be chosen from the word SUPERBLY if:
a a letter may be used more than once in each subset?
b choosing the same letter more than once is not permitted?
8 We6 In how many ways can at least two letters be chosen from the word MATHS if the order of the
letters is taken into account and repetition of letters is not allowed?

9 We7 Calculate the number of ways that 3 or 4 prizes can be awarded to a group of 5 people if:
a a member of the group is allowed to receive more than one prize
b a member of the group cannot receive more than one prize.
10
Decide in how many ways 2 or 3 letters can be selected from the vowels of the alphabet if a vowel
can appear only once in each selection.
11 Determine how many numbers greater than 10 can be made using all of the digits 4, 7, 2, 6 and 5 if
each digit cannot be used more than once.

12 How many numbers greater than 100 and less than 10 000 may be formed using the digits 2, 3, 4 and 5
if each digit may be used more than once?

13 mC The number of 3-digit and 4-digit numbers greater than 500 that can be formed using the digits 2,
6, 1, 5 and 3, if each digit can be used more than once in each selection, is:
a 600
b 500
C 675
D 575
e 450
14 mC Juliana has saved her pocket money to buy
up to 3 fashion magazines. If there are 5 different

magazines to choose from, the number of ways she
can buy 1, 2 or 3 magazines is:
a 90
b 80
C 25
D 70
e 85
15 mC The total number of 2-digit, 3-digit and 4-digit
odd numbers that can be formed using the digits, 5, 3,

4 and 9, when a digit may be used more than once in a
group, is:
a 78
b 85
C 252
D 68
e 75
16 How many 7-letter arrangements are possible using the letters of the word DECAGON if the letters A,
E and O must occupy the third, fifth and sixth positions respectively and the letters remaining may be
used more than once?
17 A school fundraising competition that costs 5 cents per entry involves trying to correctly match
9 teachers with their baby photographs. Wasim wants to be certain to win the $1000 first prize by trying
all possible combinations. Decide how much money Wasim will win or lose if he is to be the prize
winner.
18 A version of the party game musical chairs has the players march around a line of chairs and scramble
to sit on them when the music unexpectedly stops. At each stage the number of players is one more
than the number of chairs. The player who remains standing when the music stops is out of the game
and one chair is then removed. The player remaining sitting after all the other players have been
eliminated is the winner.
a If 12 players are taking part, how many different arrangements of seating are possible during the:
i first round?
ii fourth round?
b The rules are changed so that 2 chairs are removed each time. If there are 9 players and 7 chairs at
the start of the game, how many seating arrangements are possible for all the rounds?
19 A school is using identification cards (ID cards) that consist of 3 letters selected from A to E inclusive
followed by 3 digits chosen from 0 to 9 inclusive.

a How many different ID cards can be issued to students if a digit may be used more than once but
all 3 letters of each ID are different?
b New ID cards are issued to all students each year and the old cards discarded. However, the old
ID numbers are not used again. If, on average, the schools population increases by 10% each
year and was 2000 during the year when the ID cards were first used, how many years will elapse
before cards with numbers already used will have to be issued?
535
Factorials
12C
Expressions obtained by using the multiplication principle frequently contain the product of consecutive
whole numbers. It is convenient to adopt a shorthand way of representing such expressions to assist with
calculations and to effectively display the properties associated with permutations and other types of
order of objects. Particularly useful is to define n! to mean the product of n consecutive positive integers
starting from n down to 1. That is:
n! = n (n 1) (n 2) (n 3) . . . 3 2 1
The symbol n! is read as n factorial.
For example, 4! = 4 3 2 1 = 24, 3! = 3 2 1 = 6, 2! = 2 1 = 2.
Alternatively, 4! = 4 3! = 24, 3! = 3 2! = 6, 2! = 2 1! = 2.
n!
Thus from the definition we have n! = n(n 1)! or
=n
(n 1)!
If we substitute n = 1 we have:
1
1!
= 1 (since 1! = 1)
=1
or
(0)!
(1 1)!
This expression is true if 0! is taken to be equivalent to 1. So we define 0! = 1.
WorkeD examPle 8
b Simplify 2 5! + (3 2)!
a Express 7! as a numeral.
Think
WriTe
a 1 Use the definition of n! with n = 7.

2
a 7! = 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
= 5040
Multiply the numbers in the expression obtained.
b 1 Write the expression and simplify (3 2)!
b 2 5! + (3 2)!
= 2 5! + 6!
Calculate 5! and 6!
= 2 120 + 720
Evaluate.
= 960
WorkeD examPle 9
Simplify
8!
3!
Think
WriTe
Divide the answer for 8! by the answer for 3!

using a calculator.
8! 8 7 6 5 4 3!
=
3!
3!
=87654
= 6720
WorkeD examPle 10
a Evaluate 8!
b Simplify
100!
98!
Think
a 1 Use the factorial (!) feature of a CAS calculator
WriTe
a 8!
to evaluate the expression.
536
Record the result.
40 320
State the answer.
8! = 40 320
b 1 100! and 98! are too large to write in fully
expanded form.
2
Express 100! with 98! as a factor.

100! = 100 99 (98 . . . 3 2 1)
= 100 99 98!
Cancel 98! in the expression.
100! 100 99 98!

=
98!
98!
= 100 99
= 9900
n! = n (n 1)!
= n (n 1) (n 2)!
= n (n 1) (n 2) (n 3)! etc.
Notice that:
Factorials
exercise 12C
1 We8a Evaluate:
a 4!
e 5! 4!
2 We8b Evaluate:
a 4 3! 4!
d 7 7! (8! 7!)
g (5! 4!) + (8! 7!)
3 mC The value of
a 5
c 12!
d 3! + 2!
g 6! (1! + 2! + 3! + 4! + 5!)
b 9!
f 7! 6! 2!
b (4 + 2!) 3! + 5!
e 8! + 3 2! 5!
h 12! + 6! 11! 3 4!
2! + 3! + 4!
is:
2! + 3!
b 4
C 7
c 5 6! 6 5!
f 7 9! + 3 3! 9 8!
D 24
e 8
D 276
e 290
4 mC The value of 4(4! 3) + 2!(5! 4!) is:

a 250
5 We9
a
b 235
C 284
Simplify:
4!
2!
5!
4!
7!
3!
6!
3!
3! 1!
+
2! 0!
6 We10 Simplify:
102!
100!
250!
d
247!
1000!
998!
396!
e
393!
c
f
4500!
4499!
25000!
24999!
7 Simplify:
15!
14!
1000!
d
998!
(12 + 37)!
8 mC
is equal to:
(100 53)!
a 3250
b 1875
a
28!
26!
63!
(936 875)!
C 2840
55!
53!
D 1030
e 2352
9 Evaluate each expression.
7! 4!
+
4! 3!
80! 10! 64!
d
+
77! 6! 62!
9! 32!
+
7! 31!
8! 12! 78!
e
+
6! 11! 77!
10 Simplify each expression.

a
2!5!
3!
6!
2! + 3!
7! 5!
5!
8! + 4! 2!
2! + 3! 3!
13! 6!
10! 3!
18!4! 8!10!
17!5! 9!9!
DiGiTal DoC
doc-9814
WorkSHEET 12.1
537
12D
A permutation is an arrangement of objects in which order is important. Consider the letters A, B and C.
There are 6 possible arrangements or permutations of these three letters:
ABC
ACB
BAC
BCA
CAB
CBA
We could have determined that there are 6 possible arrangements without listing all of them using
the multiplication principle, where each box below represents a position (first letter, second letter, third
letter):
1st
letter
2nd
letter
3rd
letter
= 6 ways
Note that we had 3 possibilities for the first letter but, having placed it, we were left with
2 possibilities for the second letter and, in turn, just 1 possibility for the third.
But what if we had 10 different letters and wished to select an arrangement of 3letters? Again, we
could count the number of arrangements as follows:
1st
letter
2nd
letter
3rd
letter
10
= 720 ways
We can express the above calculation using factorials as follows:

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
765 4 3 21
10!
=
7!
10!
=
(10 3)!
10 9 8 =
Following on from this, we can generalise a formula for the number of arrangements (permutations)
of n objects, taking r at a time, which we denote by n Pr:
n!
nP =
, where n and r are natural (counting) numbers, and r n.
r
(n r )!
Another way of thinking of n Pr is as n! expanded to r places.
nP
r
= n(n 1)(n 2). . .(n r + 1)

r values multiplied together
In the preceding example, which involved arranging 10 (n = 10) objects (letters) taking 3 (r = 3) at a
time, we can verify that (n r + 1) = (10 3 + 1) = 8, which was the last value in the chain of multiplied
numbers.
Special cases
= n P0
n!
=
n!
=1
This implies that there is one way of selecting zero objects from n objects.
nP = nP
2. If r = n, then
r
n
n!
=
0!
= n!
There are n! ways of arranging n objects taken from n objects.
1. If r = 0, then
538
nP
r
WorkeD examPle 11
Calculate 7P3.
Think
Evaluate using the definition n Pr.
WriTe
7P
3
7!
(7 3)!
7!
7 6 5 4!
= or =
4!
4!
5040
=
= 7 6 5
24
= 210
= 210
=
WorkeD examPle 12
Only the 3 fastest cars in a car rally of 10 competitors will compete in the world championships.
How many different arrangements of the 3 fastest rally cars are possible?
Think
WriTe
We want the number of permutations when

3 objects are selected from 10 objects.
Use n Pr with n = 10 and r = 3.
Number of arrangements
= 10 P3 = 10 9 8 = 720
Alternatively, use the permutations feature of

the CAS calculator with n = 10 and r = 3.
n P (10,
r
Record the result.
720
3)
WorkeD examPle 13
How many numbers greater than 1000 can be formed using the digits 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 if a digit
cannot be used more than once?
Think
WriTe
Each 4-digit, 5-digit or 6-digit number formed

will be greater than 1000.
Find the number of ways the required number

of digits can be chosen from the 6 digits given.
6P
Add the 3 answers. (or situation).
= 360 + 720 + 720 = 1800

There are 1800 numbers greater than 1000 that
can be formed.
+ 6P5 + 6P6
WorkeD examPle 14
A captain and vice-captain are to be chosen from a group consisting of 10 cricket

players. From the remaining 8 players, 3 will be selected to be the wicket keeper,
spin bowler and fast bowler. Calculate how many different ways the
5 positions can be allocated.
Think
1
Find the number of ways in which 2 objects

(captain/vice-captain) can be chosen from
10 objects (10 cricket players).
TUTorial
eles-1456
Worked example 14
WriTe
10P
539
Find the number of ways in which 3 objects

(wicket keeper/spin bowler/fast bowler) can
be chosen from 8 objects (8 remaining cricket
players).
Number of different ways

= 10P2 8P3
= 90 336
Multiply the two results (and situation as we

wish to have a captain and vice captain and a
wicket keeper, spin bowler and fast bowler).
= 30 240
exercise 12D
DiGiTal DoCS
doc-9815
SkillSHEET 12.1
Calculating nPr
doc-9816
Combinatorics
Permutations using n Pr
1 We11 Evaluate:
a
c
e
g
i
k
6P
9P
25P
+ 5P1
6P 5P
3
4
100 P
4
4P
b
d
f
h
j
l
8P
4P
3P
7P3
4
1 P2
200 P
3
8P
3P
2 We12 A committee comprising a president, vice-president, secretary and treasurer is to be selected

3
4
5
10
540
from a group of 25 people. How many different committees are possible?

In how many ways can a first and second prize be given to 5 lottery winners?
We13 How many numbers greater than 100 can be formed from the digits 2, 3, 5, 7 and 9 if a digit
cannot be used more than once?
John has a 5-cent coin, a 20-cent coin, a 50-cent coin and a $2 coin.
a In how many ways can the coins be placed in a row?
b In how many ways can 2 coins or 3 coins be chosen if the order is taken into account?
mC A magic paint set contains seven magic colours that when applied to paper produce other
colours. The colour obtained depends on the order in which the colours are applied, and at least
two colours must be used. The number of different colours that can be produced is:
a 11 605
b 10 254
C 14 250
D 12 540
e 13 692
We14 A captain and vice-captain are to be selected from a team of 18 footballers. From the remaining
16, four players will be selected to be the full-back, full-forward, centre-half back and centre-half
forward. Calculate the number of ways the 6 positions can be allocated.
The Southern Belles train crew consists of 2 drivers and 4 engineers. Each person performs different
tasks. The 2 drivers are chosen from 6 available drivers and the 4 engineers from 10 engineers. How
many permutations of the trains crew are possible?
Three students are to be chosen from a group of 8 students to fill the positions of school president,
vice-president and treasurer. After these appointments are made, 2 more students will be selected from
the group to serve as secretary and assistant secretary. Determine how many different committees are
possible.
A novelty sports day carnival involves
10 competitors. A prize is given to the winner
of the first race, who then cannot take part in
the remainder of the races. The winner and
runner-up of the second race are awarded
prizes and are then eliminated from the
remainder of the events.
Similarly, the first three place-getters of the
third race are given prizes and must drop out
of the competition. This is continued until the
number of competitors remaining is the same
as the number of prizes to be awarded. How
many different ways can prizes be awarded?
11 There are three separate bundles of reading material comprising 4 comics, 2 novels and 3 magazines.
They are placed together to form one pile.

a In how many ways can this be done if there are no restrictions on where individual items are to be
placed?
b Determine the number of permutations if
the order of the comic books in each bundle

does not change.
12e Permutations
identical objects
involving restrictions
So far our study of permutations has been based on the assumption that the objects arranged were all
different (distinguishable). We will now examine the situation when some of the objects are identical
(indistinguishable).
A scrabble player has the following letter tiles: A, A, A, B, C, D, E. If the As were distinguishable, we
might consider them to be A1, A2, A3 and could begin to list the possible arrangements of the 7 letters as
follows:
A1A2A3BCDE
A1A3A2BCDE
A2A1A3BCDE
A2A3A1BCDE
A3A1A2BCDE
A3A2A1BCDE
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
and
and
and
and
and
and
os
os
os
os
os
os
inTeraCTiViTY
int-0271
Permutations involving
restrictions
on
on
on
on
on
on
Without listing them all, we can calculate there are 7P7 = 7! = 5040 possible arrangements. But the As
are not distinguishable. So, really, the arrangements listed above are all the same as AAABCDE, which
counts as one arrangement.
Because there are 3 As we have 3! = 6 times too many arrangements, hence we need to divide
5040 by 6.
541
7P
7
7! 5040
=
= 840 different arrangements or permutations of
3! 3!
6
7 objects where 3 of them are identical.
This means there are only
In general, the number of arrangements of n objects, p of which are identical, is given by
n!
p!
Extending this formula we have:

The number of ways of arranging n objects that include p identical objects of one type,
q identical objects of another type, r identical objects of yet another type and so on is:
n!
p! q ! r ! . . .
WorkeD examPle 15
In how many ways can 4 identical red marbles and 3 identical blue marbles be placed in a row?
Think
WriTe
There are 4 + 3 = 7 objects altogether.
The number of ways the blue marbles can be

arranged is 3!, and the number of ways the red
marbles can be arranged is 4!.
Substitute the values into the formula.
Number of ways
7!
=
4! 3!
= 35
Grouped objects
In how many ways can the letters A, B, C, D be positioned in a row? We know that this can be done in
4! ways, but what would be the answer if the question had been: In how many ways can the letters A,
B, C, D be positioned in a row if A and B must be next to each other? The number of arrangements will
clearly be less than 4! because of the restriction imposed on A and B. The figure below shows the 4!
possible arrangements of A, B, C, D that include the 12 ways A and B are together.
A
A
A
A
A
A
B
B
C
C
D
D
C
D
B
D
B
C
D
C
D
B
C
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
A
A
C
C
D
D
C
D
A
D
A
C
D
C
D
A
C
A
C
C
C
C
C
C
B
B
A
A
D
D
A
D
B
D
B
A
D
A
D
B
A
B
D
D
D
D
D
D
B
B
C
C
A
A
C
A
B
A
B
C
A
C
A
B
C
B
If A and B are to be together, we consider the problem to be one of arranging 3 objects, say X, C
and D, where one of the objects, X, is the group containing A and B.
The figure below shows that there are 6 arrangements with A and B together.
A B C D
A B D C
C A B D
D A B C
C D A
D C A
B
B
The 3 objects can be arranged in 3! ways, and within the group A and B can themselves be arranged
in 2! ways (namely AB and BA). The multiplication principle is now used so that the number of
arrangements when A and B are together is 3! 2! = 12.
Now consider the permutations if A, B, C must be together. Again, we view the letters as consisting of
two objects, X and D, where X is the group of letters A, B and C. Thus we have two objects to arrange in
2! ways as shown below.
X
542
Among themselves the letters A, B, C contained in X have 3! different arrangements as shown below.
A
A
B
B
C
C
B
C
A
C
A
B
C
B
C
A
B
A
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
A B
A C
B A
B C
C A
C B
C
B
C
A
B
A
Therefore the total number of arrangements when A, B and C are together is 2! 3! = 12.
We can generalise this approach to include any number of groups of objects that are required to be
together.
If n objects are to be divided into m groups with each group having G1, G2, G3, . . . G m
objects respectively, the number of arrangements is given by m! G1! G2! G3! . . . Gm!
WorkeD examPle 16
The letters of the word TABLES are placed in a row. How many arrangements are possible if the
letters T, A and B must be together?
Think
1
Consider the letters T, A and B as one object

(group). There are 4 objects to be arranged,
namely the TAB group and the letters L, E
and S.
Identify m and G1, G2, G3, G4.
Apply the formula:

m! G1! G2! G3! G4!
WriTe
G1 = {T, A, B}
G2 = {L}
G3 = {E}
G4 = {S}
m=4
Number of arrangements
= m! 3! 1! 1! 1!
= 4! 3!
= 144
WorkeD examPle 17
Five cars a Toyota, a Ford, a Holden, a Mazda and a BMW are to be parked side by side. In
how many ways can this be done if the Toyota and BMW are not to be parked next to each other?
Think
WriTe
The five cars can be arranged in 5! ways

without restriction.
Number of ways of arranging 5 cars

= 5!
Calculate the number of arrangements where

the Toyota and BMW are together (4! 2!).
(m = 4, G1 = 2, G2 = 1, G3 = 1, G4 = 1)
Number of ways where the Toyota and BMW are

not together
= 5! 4! 2!
Subtract from the unrestricted number of

arrangements the number of ways the two cars
are together.
= 120 48
= 72
WorkeD examPle 18
The letters of the word REPLETE are arranged in a row. In how many
ways can this be done if the letters R and P must not be together?
Think
1
Find the number of unrestricted arrangements

of the 7 letters and consider that there are
3 identical Es.
WriTe
TUTorial
eles-1457
Worked example 18
Number of ways of arranging 7 letters with 3 Es

7!
=
3!
543
Calculate the (restricted) number of ways R

and P are together. Consider R and P as one
object so there are 6 objects to arrange. There
are three Es to consider (3! ways). R and P can
be arranged in 2! ways within their group.
(m = 6, G1 = 2, G2 = G3 = G4 = G5 = G6 = 1)
Subtract the number of ways with R

and P together from the total number of
arrangements.
exercise 12e
Number of ways where R and P are not together

7! 6! 2!
=
3!
3!
= 840 240
= 600
1 We15 In how many ways can 5 identical white beads and 4 identical yellow beads be arranged in a
straight line?
2 Three 5-cent coins, two 10-cent coins and six 20-cent coins are to be placed side by side. Determine
how many ways this can be done.

3 mC The number of permutations using the letters of the word LOOPHOLE is:
a 3520
D 4150
b 3360
e 3840
C 4000
4 The toy set shown in the photo consists of a number of
indistinguishable brown horses, 1 white horse, a cowboy

and 3 indistinguishable black horses. In how many
ways can they be placed end to end?
5
How many different 6-digit numbers can be obtained

using the digits 4, 6, 7, 6, 6 and 4?
6 A party-light kit consists of 20 coloured globes connected to
each other in a straight line.

a If there are 5 red globes, 6 blue globes, 7 yellow globes
and a number of green globes as shown at right, find
how many different arrangements of coloured globes
are possible.
b How many different permutations of coloured globes
are there if the first and last globes must both be red?
7 We16 Find how many arrangements are possible altogether when
the letters of the word CHAIR are placed in a row and C and H are to
be next to each other.
8
The digits 5, 3, 6, 2 and 7 are used to make a 5-digit number. How many different numbers are
possible if the digits 3, 2 and 7 must be together?
9 Maria, Steven, James, Sofia, Nin and Alfredo are standing next to each other. Calculate how many ways
this can be done if Maria and James are not to stand next to each other.
10 We17 Establish the number of ways in which 7 different books can be placed on a bookshelf if 2
particular books must occupy the end positions and 3 of the remaining books are not to be placed together.
11 mC Ten athletes line up for a race. The number of
permutations when three of the athletes Sam,

Troy and Pablo would be next to each other is:
a 3 628 800
b 1 209 600
C 241 920
D 5 443 200
e 4 838 400
12 A carpenter has 3 identical hammers, 5 different
screwdrivers, 2 identical mallets, 2 different saws and

a tape-measure. She wishes to hang the tools in a row
on a tool rack on the wall. In how many ways can this
be done if the first and last positions on the rack are to
be mallets and the hammers are not to be all together?
544
13 We18 Decide in how many ways the letters of the word ABRACADABRA can be arranged in a row
if C, R and D are not to be together.

14 mC The number of ways the letters of the alphabet can be placed in a straight line with the restriction
that the letters of the sentence UP THE BIG SKY WORLD must not be together is:
a 26! 11!16!
12F
b 26! + 16!
C 16! 8!
D 6!16!
e 6!16!26!
arrangements in a circle
Anna, Betty and Lin stand on the circumference of a circle painted on the schools playground. In how
many different arrangements can the three girls stand?
The figure below shows the two arrangements for the girls positions on the circle.
Anna
Anna
Betty
Lin
Lin
Betty
Notice that Anna is locked in position to provide a reference point, and Betty and Lin are arranged
around Anna in 2! (= 2) ways.
Compare this with the 3! (= 6) arrangements in a line.
ABL BAL BLA LBA ALB LAB
(A is Anna, B is Betty, L is Lin)
Susie now joins the group to make 4 people in a circle.
We can designate any of the 4 girls in the circle as our start by fixing one person (in this case,
Anna) in one position and arranging the remaining girls around her. This reduces, by one person, the
number of girls to arrange.
A
B
A
L
A
S
A
B
A
S
A
L
B
L
(A is Anna, B is Betty, L is Lin, S is Susie)
There are 3! (= 6) ways of arranging 4 people in a circle. Compare this with 4! (= 24) arrangements in
a line.
In general:
n distinguishable objects can be arranged in a circle in (n 1)! ways.
In how
many ways
can these
five children
be arranged
in a circle?
545
WorkeD examPle 19
In how many ways can the vowels of the alphabet be arranged in a circle?
Think
WriTe
The vowels are a, e, i, o, u. Therefore, there are

5 objects to arrange.
n=5
Use (n 1)! with n = 5.
Number of ways = (n 1)!

= (5 1)!
= 4!
= 24
WorkeD examPle 20
Calculate the number of arrangements in a circle that are possible using the letters of the word
UNUSUALLY.
Think
WriTe
There are 9 letters, so use n = 9 with (n 1)!
n=9
We need to consider repetition of letters.

There are three Us and two Ls.
Number of arrangements =
(9 1)!
3!2!
8!
=
3! 2!
= 3360
WorkeD examPle 21
In how many ways can 6 people sit around a table if two particular people must
be seated next to each other?
Think
WriTe
Consider the two people required to sit

together as being one object. So there are
5 objects to arrange in a circle.
The two people can be arranged in 2! ways.
exercise 12F
TUTorial
eles-1458
Worked example 21
n=5
Number of ways = (5 1)!2!

= 4! 2!
= 48
1 We19 Calculate the number of ways in which the letters of the word PENCIL can be arranged in a
circle.
2 mC Eight children hold hands to form a circle in the playground. The number of ways this can be
done is:
a 6280
b 5400
C 3680
D 4320
e 5040
3 We20 Determine the number of arrangements in a circle that are possible when the letters of the word
EXCELLENT are used.

4 A child uses coloured dots on paper to represent the hour marks of a clock face. How many permutations
are possible if there are 4 orange dots, 5 white dots, 2 black dots and 1 purple dot?
546
5 We21 A family of 3 adults, 3 boys and 3 girls are sitting around a circular dinner table. Find the
number of seating positions that are possible if the 3 boys are to be together.
6 A special pizza consists of 10 slices with different toppings used. If 2 slices are Capricciosa, 5 slices are
Supreme and 3 slices are Ham and Pineapple, how many different arrangements of pizza slices are possible?
7 A manufacturer of merry-go-rounds uses 8 identical wooden horses, 4 identical plastic motorbikes and
2 different miniature cars. They are all equally connected around the rim of a circular moving base.
Establish how many different arrangements there can be if the 2 cars are not to be placed in consecutive
positions.
8 mC Ten owners of pedigree dogs will enter the arena to parade their dogs by walking around a
circular track. Unfortunately, 3 particular dogs cannot get along together and so cannot parade if all
3 are next to each other. There appears to be no problem if any two of this group of 3 dogs are together.
The number of ways of avoiding this problem is:
a 358 848
b 387 072
C 362 880
D 332 640
e 354 065
9 In how many ways can the letters of the word POTATOES be arranged in a circle?
10 mC The letters of the word FULFILLED are to be arranged in a circle. The number of arrangements
possible when U and E are together or when U, E and D are together is:
a 3140
b 1940
C 2000
D 1200
e 1850
11 To publicise a venue, a hotel manager gave a gift to each of 12 prominent businesspeople as they went
into the conference room and seated themselves at a round table to begin discussions. The gifts comprised
4 fountain pens, 5 pocket electronic organisers and 3 calculators. Calculate what fraction of the possible
unrestricted arrangements is the number of arrangements that has 4 businesspeople who have been given
a fountain pen sitting next to each other.
12G
DiGiTal DoC
doc-9817
WorkSHEET 12.2
Combinations using n C r
Taking combinations involves the selection of r objects from n objects without consideration for the
order of the elements. For example, the number of permutations of two letters selected from the letters
A, B, C, D is 4P2 = 12. The arrangements are:
AB AC AD BC BD CD
BA CA DA CB DB DC
If we are not concerned with order, there are only 6 selections:
AB AC AD
BC
BD
CD
The 2! ways of arranging the elements of the 2-element subgroup are not considered.
Now consider the selection of 3 letters from A, B, C, D. The number of ordered subsets is 4P3, and
each subset of 3 elements can be arranged in 3! ways. Therefore 4P3 is the number of unordered subsets
of 3 objects multiplied by the number of ways the 3 objects can be arranged.
In general terms it can be stated that nPr is the number (nCr) of unordered groups of r objects
multiplied by the number of arrangements (r!) of r objects.
nP
That is, nPr = nCr r! so that nCr = r .
r!
n!
n
Now by the definition of Pr =
we have:
(n r )!
n!
n!
n
r! =
Cr =
r !(n r )!
(n r )!
n
The number of combinations is usually denoted by n Cr or , so we have:
r
1. The number of combinations of r objects selected from n objects is:
n!
n n
r = C r = r !( n r )!
where n, r are natural numbers and r n.
2. n Pr = n C r r !
nP
n
or = n C r = r
r
r!
547
The function nCr is a standard mathematical function to be found on scientific, graphics and CAS
calculators.
Special cases
n!
n!
=
= 1.
0!(n 0)! 1 n!
This implies that there is one way of selecting 0 objects from n objects.
n!
n!
=
= 1.
2. If r = n, then n Cr = n Cn =
n!(n n)! n! 0!
There is one combination of n objects taken from n objects.
n (n 1)!
n!
3. If r = 1, then n Cr = n C1 =
=
= n.
1!(n 1)! 1 (n 1)!
If objects are taken one at a time from n objects, there are n combinations.
From cases 1 and 2 we conclude that nC0 = nCn.
This is an instance of the general case that:
n n
n
Cr = n Cnr or =
r n r
7 C = 7!
For example,
4
4!3!
7!
7
C3 =
and
3!4!
7C = 7C
so
4
3
1. If r = 0, then n Cr = n C0 =
WorkeD examPle 22
Evaluate 10C3.
Think
1
Use the definition n Cr =
WriTe
n!
.
n!(n r )!
10 C
10!
3!(10 3)!
10!
10 9 8 7! 10 9 8
=
=
3! 7!
3! 7!
3 2 1
= 120
=
2
3
Alternatively, use the combinations feature of

the CAS calculator with n = 10 and r = 3.
Record the result.
nC (10,
r
3)
120
WorkeD examPle 23
100
Evaluate
.
98
Think
1
2
3
100
Express
in factorial form.
98
100! = 100 99 98!

Evaluate.
WriTe
100 100!
98 = 98!2!
100 99 98!
=
98! 2 1
100 99
2 1
= 4950
548
WorkeD examPle 24
In how many ways can a committee of 2 boys and 3 girls be formed from a group consisting of
5 boys and 8 girls?
Think
WriTe
Select 2 boys from 5 boys.
Select 3 girls from 8 girls.
Use the multiplication principle (and

situation).
Number of ways = 5C2 8C3

= 10 56
= 560
WorkeD examPle 25
A committee of 6 is to be formed from a group of 5 men and 4 women.

a How many committees can be formed?
b How many committees contain 3 men and 3 women?
c How many committees contain at least 4 men?
Think
TUTorial
eles-1459
Worked example 25
WriTe
a Use n = 9 and r = 6 with nCr .
a Number of committees = 9C6
b 1 Select 3 men from 5 men and 3 women
b Number of committees
= 84
from 4 women.
= 5C3 4C3

(and situation)
= 10 4
= 40
c 1 At least 4 men means 4 men and 2 women
c Number of committees
or 5 men and 1 woman.
= 5C4 4C2 + 5C5 4C1
Select 4 men and 2 women.
=56+14
Select 5 men and 1 woman.
= 30 + 4
Sum the answers because the 2 events are

mutually exclusive (or situation).
= 34
exercise 12G
Combinations using nCr
1 We22 Calculate each of the following.

a 5C2
b 4C3
6C
1
8C
0
9C
9
10
2
9
3
12
6
38
34
29
24
2 Evaluate each of the following.

a
6
4
7
5
DiGiTal DoC
doc-9816
Combinatorics
3 We23 Determine the value of each of the following.
30
55
b
29
53
4 mC The value of 2 4C2 + 3 5C3 is:
a 42
b 90
a
C 80
Calculate each of the following.

and 3C2
b 4C1 and 4C3
3C
1
64
61
D 94
5C
2
and 5C3
e 70
9C
3
and 9C6
549
6 Copy and complete the following.

a
20C
7
= 20C__
100C
9
= 100C__
7 In how many ways can 5 objects be chosen from 12?

8 How many combinations are possible if 2 numbers are chosen from 6 in a mini-lotto game?
9 A student must choose 5 types of party food from the following list: sausage rolls, potato crisps, fairy
bread, party pies, cheezels, cocktail frankfurts and celery sticks. How many different combinations may
be chosen?
10 A committee of 6 must be chosen from a meeting of 30 people. How many different committees are
possible?
In how many ways can a group of 3 boys and 4 girls be formed from a group consisting of
4 boys and 6 girls?
11 We24
12 A magazine pile in a waiting room contains 6 glamour magazines and 7 computer magazines. In how
many ways can a patient choose 2 glamour and 3 computer magazines to flick through during a lengthy
wait?
13 A school offers 10 science subjects and 15 humanities subjects to prospective Year 12 students. In how
many ways may a student choose 4 science and 2 humanities subjects?

14 How many 10-card hands containing exactly 7 hearts and 3 spades are possible from a standard 52-card
deck?
15 We25 A committee of 5 parents is to be established from a group of 6 men and 4 women.
a Find how many different committees can be formed.
b How many different committees are possible consisting of 3 men and 2 women?
16
A school organises an adventure camp for its Year 11 students, who must choose 2 or 3 activities
from the following: paragliding, abseiling, skydiving and bungee jumping. In how many ways may a
group of activities be chosen?
17 An ice-cream vendor offers chocolate, strawberry and vanilla ice-creams with one, two or three scoops.
How many different ice-creams are possible? (Assume that you cannot choose two scoops of the same
flavour for any one one ice-cream.)
18 A basketball squad of 10 must be chosen from a group of 8 women and 6 men. How many squads are
possible:
a without restriction?
b if the squad contains 6 women and 4 men?
c if the squad must contain at least 6 women?
d if the squad contains all the men?
DiGiTal DoC
doc-9818
SkillSHEET 12.2
listing possibilities
19
A sub-committee of 3 people must be chosen from a group of 9 teachers (which includes the
principal). How many sub-committees may be chosen:
a that contain the principal?
b that do not contain the principal?
20 To win LottoMania, the 5 numbers entered on the players entry ticket must be the same as 5 numbers
that are randomly selected from the numbers 1 to 30.

a How many different entries are possible?
b What is the percentage increase in the number of possible combinations if the numbers are
randomly selected from the numbers 1 to 35?
21 mC A painter has 7 colours at her disposal. The number of additional colours that can be obtained by
mixing equal amounts of any number of the 7 colours is:

a 100
b 128
D 5120
e 120
C 5040
22 Determine the number of ways in which 8 people can be divided into
2 equal groups.
DiGiTal DoC
doc-9819
Investigation
Pascals triangle
550
23 mC The number of ways in which 10 objects can be divided into
2 unequal groups is:

a 385
D 640
b 835
e 565
C 950
12h
applications to probability
We define the probability of an event to be:

Pr(event) =
number of favourable outcomes

total number of possible outcomes
The methods we have used to calculate permutations and combinations can also be applied to
problems involving probability.
WorkeD examPle 26
Romina makes a guess as to which 2 of 10 swimmers will come first and second in a race. What is
the probability that her guess will be right?
Think
1
Calculate in how many ways 2 swimmers can

be chosen from 10 swimmers, where the order
is taken into account. Use nPr where n = 10 and
r = 2.
Use the formula for probability. The number

of favourable outcomes is 1 because Romina
makes only one guess.
WriTe
Pr (correct guess) =
=
1
10 P
2
1
90
WorkeD examPle 27
A computer randomly interchanged the letters of the word CREATIONS. Find the probability
that the letters A and T end up together.
Think
1
If A and T are together, treat them as one

object; therefore, we have 8 objects
AT can be arranged in 2! ways.
Use the formula for probability to find the

number of ways the 9 letters can be arranged
(total number of possible outcomes).
WriTe
Pr (A and T are together) =

=
8! 2!
9!
2
9
WorkeD examPle 28
A committee of 5 people is to be formed by choosing members from a group of 6 men and

4 women. What is the probability that the committee will consist of 3 men and 2 women?
Think
WriTe
Calculate the number of ways in which 3 men

can be selected from 6 men and 2 women can be
chosen from 4 women.
6C
3
and 4C2
Use the multiplication principle to establish

the number of favourable outcomes of the
committees consisting of 6 men and 4 women.
6C
3
4C2
551
Using the formula for probability, determine

the number of ways in which 5 people can be
selected from the group of 10 people (total
number of possible outcomes).
Pr (3 men and 2 women)

6 C 4 C
3
2
=
10
C5
=
20 6
252
10
21
WorkeD examPle 29
Eight people randomly seat themselves about a circular table. What is the probability that
3 particular people will be sitting next to each other?
Think
WriTe
Treat the 3 people as one object; therefore,

there are 6 objects to arrange.
3!
Use the formula (n 1)! for arrangements in a

circle for the situation where the 3 people are
together.
(6 1)! 3!
Using the formula for probability, calculate

the total number of possible outcomes
for the 8 people, using (n 1)!
Pr (3 particular people seated together)

=
(6 1)! 3!
(8 1)!
5! 3!
7!
720
5040
= 0.143
=
WorkeD examPle 30
Two bags (A and A) contain blue marbles (B) and other coloured marbles (B).
A bag is randomly selected, then from that bag a marble is randomly selected.
The table below describes the distribution of marbles between the bags.
Bag A
Bag A
5 blue marbles
4 blue marbles
3 other marbles
6 other marbles
TUTorial
eles-1460
Worked example 30
a What is the probability of choosing bag A and then a blue marble?

b What is the probability of not choosing bag A and then obtaining a blue marble?
c What is the probability of choosing a blue marble?
Think
a 1 Find the probability of choosing bag A.
552
WriTe
a Pr (A) =

total possible outcomes
1C
1
2C
1
1
2
Find the probability of choosing a blue

marble from bag A.
Find the probability of choosing bag A and

then a blue marble.
b 1 Find the probability of choosing bag A.
Pr (B from A) =
5
8

b Pr (A ) =
1
2
C1
C1
1
2
Pr (B from A )=

=
=
3
Find the probability of choosing bag A and

then a blue marble.
c A blue marble can be selected from bag
A or bag A.
C1
C1
= 165
=
Find the probability of choosing a blue
marble from bag A.
Pr (A B) = 12 85

4
C1
10 C
1
2
5
Pr (A B) = 12 25
=
c Pr (B) =
5
16
41
80
1
5
+ 15
Recall from chapter 11 that, for conditional probability, Pr ( A | B) =

Rearranging this formula gives
Pr ( A B)
, Pr (B) 0.
Pr ( B)
Pr (A B) = Pr (A | B)Pr (B)
[1]
From Worked example 30 above, notice that

Pr (B) = Pr (A B) + Pr (A B) or Pr (A) = Pr (A B) + Pr (A B )
[2]
Combining the information from equations [1] and [2], we have

Pr (A) = Pr (A | B)Pr (B) + Pr (A | B) Pr (B)
This expression is known as the Law of Total Probability and was briefly discussed in chapter 11.
Another way to visualise this rule is to use a tree diagram. The tree diagram below shows the situation
described in worked example 30. Notice how the probability of selecting a blue marble from bag A is
denoted as Pr (B | A). This is because the probability of selecting a blue marble from bag A is conditional
on selecting bag A to begin with.
1
2
1
2
5
8
(B A) Pr (A B) =
1
2
58 =
3
8
(B' A) Pr (A B') =
1
2
3
8
10
(B A' ) Pr (A' B) =
1
2
4
2
10 = 10
10
(B' A' ) Pr (A' B') =
6
3
10 = 10
A'
1
2
16
3
=
16
1
5
553
So, worked example 30 could also have been solved using a tree diagram or the Law of Total
Probability.
WorkeD examPle 31
The probability that Suzanne will pass her examination given that she had help from her tutor
is 11 . The probability that Suzanne does not pass her exam given that she did not see her tutor is 2 .
15
5
If the probability of Suzanne seeing her tutor is 1 , what is the probability of her passing her exam?
2
Think
1
WriTe/DraW
Define T and E. Write down all the information

that is given in the question.
Let T = having help from the tutor.

Let E = passing the exam.
11
Pr ( E | T ) = 15
, Pr ( E | T ) = 25 , Pr (T ) =
Draw a tree diagram to represent the information.
11
15
1
2
1
2
15
3
5
2
5
1
2
ET
ET
ET
ET
Using the formula

Pr (E) = Pr (E | T ) Pr (T ) + Pr (E | T ) Pr (T ),
substitute all the known values from the tree diagram.
11 1
Pr ( E ) = 15
2 35 12
Interpret the result.
The probability that Suzanne will pass her

exam is 23 .
exercise 12h
2
3
1 We26 Jenny, Hakan and Miriam are competing in a car race against 5 other drivers. Their friend Mary
predicts that they will cross the finish line first, second and third respectively. What is the probability
that Mary is right?
The letters of the word PRODUCE are randomly reordered. Calculate the probability that
the letters P and E will be together.
2 We27
DiGiTal DoC
doc-9816
Combinatorics
3 We28 Six people selected from 5 men and 7 women are to form a committee. Work out the
probability that the committee will consist of 3 men and 3 women.

4 mC The letters A, B, C, D, E and F are randomly placed in a row. The probability that the letters A
and B will occupy the first and second positions respectively is:
a
1
15
1
3
1
30
1
6
2
3
5 Six cards are randomly distributed from a standard pack of 52 playing cards. Determine the probability
that exactly one of the 6 cards is a queen.

6 From a toy set consisting of 4 dolls and 5 clowns, 2 toys are chosen at random. Find the probability that
the 2 toys are 2 clowns or 2 dolls.

7 mC From a group of 3 children and 8 adults, 5 will be chosen to receive prizes. The probability that
2 children and 3 adults will be awarded a prize is:

a
3 8
3 5
11
5
3 8
1 1
11 11
3 8
3 8
+
2 3
11
5
3 8
2 3
11
5
3 8
2 3
11 11
3 + 8
8 We29 A group comprising 6 people is sitting around a table. Find the probability that two particular
people are sitting next to each other.

554
Ten people are seated at a circular dining table. Find the probability that two particular people will
be sitting next to each other.
10 mC Six mothers and their 6 daughters randomly arrange themselves in a circle. The probability that
Susan is next to her daughter Jeanette is:

a
1
4
5
6
2
3
1
12
2
11
11 Four letters are randomly selected from the word ENCYCLOPAEDIA. Find the probability that one
letter E will occur in the selection of 4 letters.

12 A school captain and 2 vice-captains are to be chosen from a group of 5 boys and 6 girls. What is the
probability that all 3 positions will be taken by:

a boys?
b girls?
c two boys and one girl?
d at least two girls?
13 Four colours are randomly picked from the 7 different colours of the rainbow. Calculate the probability
that yellow will not be one of the colours chosen.

14 A dealer draws three cards from a deck of 52 cards. What is the probability that she draws:
a no queens?
b at least 2 queens?
c exactly one heart?
15
Five letters are randomly selected from the letters of the word HOLIDAYS and placed in a row.
Calculate the probability that the first letter chosen is a consonant.
16 mC Inside a box are n objects of which m are white. If r objects are randomly taken out of the box
and placed in a row, the probability that the first object is white is:
n
m
m+n
nm
m
a
b
C
D
e
m
n!
n
n
n!
17 mC A 5-digit number is randomly formed using the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. If a digit cannot
be used more than once in the number:
a the probability that the number is even is:
a
9
100
20
57
57
195
19
73
4
9
2
9
35
78
14
63
35
78
14
63
b the probability that the number is between 30 000 and 50 000 is:
a
18 A debating team of 6 people is to be formed from a group consisting of 5 males and 6 females.
a What is the probability that the team will consist of at least one male?
b What is the probability that the team will have at least four females?
19 We30 Two small crates (X and Y) contain apples (A) and bananas (B).
X
Y
A crate is randomly selected, then from that crate a piece of fruit is
randomly selected. The table at right describes the distribution of fruit
6 apples
4 apples
between the crates.
a What is the probability of selecting crate X and from it, a banana?
5 bananas 7 bananas
b What is the probability of selecting crate Y and from it, a banana?
c What is the probability of selecting a banana?
d Find the probability of selecting a banana using Pr (B) = Pr (B | X)Pr (X) + Pr (B | Y)Pr (Y).
20 Given Pr (B | A) = 3, Pr (B | A ) = 1, and Pr (A) = 3 , find Pr (B) using the Law of Total Probability.
5
21 We31 The probability that Tim is late for school is 3, but he has an exam on Friday. The chance of
5
him passing his exam given that he is on time to school is 7 . If he is late, his chance of not passing the
5
exam is 11. What is the chance that Tim will pass his exam?
22
Eleni loves chocolates. She particularly loves soft-centred chocolates. She is offered a box of
12 chocolates to select from, but all the chocolates are wrapped. The probability of selecting a softcentred chocolate given that it is dark chocolate is 2 , and the probability of selecting a hard centre given
5
that it is milk chocolate is 4 . If there are 7 milk chocolates in the box, find the probability of selecting a
7
soft-centred chocolate.
555
23 Freds chance of being selected for the soccer team this season is
the school trip given that he is selected for the soccer team is
8
.
11
7
,
12
The probability of Fred going on
whereas the chance of him not
going on the school trip given that he is not selected for the soccer team is 3 . What is the probability
4
that Fred will go on the school trip?
1
3
24 The chance of a sprinter winning a race given that his archrival runs is . If his archrival does not run,
5
8
the sprinter has a chance of winning. His archrival is injured and has a 4 chance of running at all.
Use the Law of Total Probability to find the probability that the sprinter wins the race.
556
Summary
The addition and
multiplication
principles
The addition principle states that if two operations can be performed in A or B ways respectively,
then both operations can be performed together in A + B ways.
The multiplication principle states that if two operations can be performed in A and B ways, then
both operations can be performed in succession in A B ways.
Permutations
A permutation is the arrangement of objects in a definite order. The multiplication principle is

commonly used in calculating the number of possible permutations.
n!
n Pr =
(n r )!
The number of ways of arranging n objects that include p identical objects of one type, q identical
n!
objects of another type, r identical objects of yet another type and so on is:
p! q ! r !
n objects divided into m groups, with each group having G1, G2, G3, . . . G m objects respectively,
has m! G1! G2! G3! . . . Gm! arrangements.
Factorials
The factorial of a positive whole number n is defined as:

n! = n (n 1) (n 2) (n 3) . . . 3 2 1 with 0! = 1
n! = n (n 1)! = n (n 1) (n 2)! and so on.
arrangements in a
circle
n distinguishable objects can be arranged in a circle in (n 1)! ways.

The same methods are applicable to arrangements in a circle as the methods used for
indistinguishable objects when there are restrictions on the possible arrangements.
Combinations
using nCr
The number of combinations when r objects are selected from n objects is denoted
nP
n
n!
r
nC = nC
or
by nCr or nr . nCr = r =
r
nr
r!
r !(n r )!
applications to
probability

total number of possible outcomes
The Law of Total Probability states: Pr (A) = Pr (A | B)Pr (B) = Pr (A | B)Pr (B)
The probability of an event: Pr (event) =
557
Chapter review
S h orT
anS Wer
1 There are 7 airlines that have flights from Australia to Singapore, 6 airlines that offer flights from
Singapore to Europe, and 5 airlines that service the route from Europe to America. Determine the
number of different travel arrangements possible to get from Australia to America via Singapore and
Europe.
2 Seven people form a queue to board a bus. How many different queues are possible?
3 The digits 3, 5, 6 and 8 are used to form numbers greater than 100. If a digit may be used once only and
not all digits have to be used, how many different numbers can be formed?
4 Seven different books are to be placed on a shelf. If a particular book must occupy the first position,
find the number of permutations possible.

5 In how many ways can first, second and third prizes be awarded to 12 people competing in a marathon?
6 A team of at least 2 people must be chosen from a group of 5 mountaineers to mount a rescue
mission. How many different teams may be chosen?

mUlT iP l e
Ch oiCe
1 Samantha can get to work by walking, by taking her car or by using public transport (train, tram, bus or
taxi). The number of different ways she can get to her work is:
a 3
b 5
C 4
D 6
e 2
2 Malcolm is guessing someones house number. He knows that the number is an odd number and is
between 30 and 60. Assuming that the same guess is not made twice, the maximum number of guesses
he can make is:
a 15
b 20
C 30
D 45
e 25
3 The total number of 2-digit, 3-digit and 4-digit odd numbers that can be formed using the digits 6, 4, 5,
2, 1 when a digit cannot be used more than once is:

a 200
b 80
C 170
998!
4 The value of
is:
996!
a undefined
b 1000 999
D 998 997
e 998 997 996
D 120
e 128
C 996!
5 The value of 9! 7! is equivalent to:

a 71 7!
6 The value of
a 21
7P
5
b 2!
C 7! 9
D 8!
e 7 8!
b 42
C 2520
D 1008
e 5040
is:
7 The number of permutations using the letters of the word MISSISSIPPI is:
1
11!
D 1!2!4!4!
e
4!
4!4!2!
8 Five letters are chosen from the letters of the word WATERING and placed in a row. The number of
ways in which this can be done if the last letter is to be W is:
a 840
b 2520
C 210
D 40
e 625
a 4!
b 11!
9 A family consisting of a mother, father, 3 sons and 4 daughters lines up for a photograph. How many
ways can this be done if the daughters must be together?

a 9!
b 6!4!
D 2!3!4!
e 10!
C 5!4!
10 Eleven members of a cricket team are to be seated in a circle. The number of possible arrangements is:
a 5!
D
11!
10!
b 10!
e
C 11!
10!
11
11 The letters of the word MUSICAL are to be arranged in a circle. If the letters U and S must not be
together, the number of possible arrangements is:

a 480
b 718
D 3600
e 5038
558
C 1440
12 Joanna has decided to study at university. Her course requires that she undertake at least 2subjects for
the year. If 4 subjects are being offered, the number of subject combinations is:
a 36
b 24
C 15
D 11
e 20
13 Four pieces of fruit are selected from a box containing 5 oranges and 6 apples. The number of
selections that contain at least 2 oranges and 1 apple is:

a 210
b 150
C 60
D 90
e 110
14 Five letters are randomly selected from the word ENERGISE. The probability that the letter E will
appear in the group of 5 letters is:

a
5
8
15
56
3
8
1
8
55
56
1 A 3-, 4- or 5- digit number is to be formed using digits taken from 8, 4, 3, 6 and 7. If a digit may be
used more than once, how many different numbers can be made?
2 The 4 fastest runners in a race will qualify for the finals. If there are 11 competitors, determine the
number of different ways in which the race can finish.
ex Ten D eD
r eS P o n S e
3 Evaluate 9! + 8! 6! + 3 2!
4 Find the number of ways the letters of the word ARRANGEMENT can be placed in a row.
5 Anna, Belinda, Chien, Deanna and Erica are lining up for concert tickets. If Belinda and Deanna do not
want to be next to each other, what is the number of possible queues?

6 Ten children are arranging themselves in a circle. Calculate the number of ways this can be done if
three particular children are not to be next to each other.

7 Two students from a group of 8 students are to be class captain and vice-captain. From the remaining
candidates, two will become class monitors. Find the number of ways this can be done.
8 A class consists of 24 students. If an initial group of 4 must be chosen to go for a measles injection,
how many different combinations may be selected for that group?

9 A committee of 5 people is to be established using members from a group of 6 men and 7 women.
What is the probability that the committee will contain 2 men and 3 women?
10 The letters of the word FEATURING are randomly rearranged. Find the probability that the letters of
the word FEAT are together, though not necessarily in the order shown.
11 Two women and three men approach an ATM at the same time.
a How many different queues are possible if the position of each person in the queue is taken into
account?
b How many queues of at least two people are possible if the position of each person in the queue is
not taken into account?
559
12 From a group of 20 female students, 2 female staff, 18 male students and 3 male staff, a committee of
DiGiTal DoC
doc-9820
Test Yourself
Chapter 12
560
6 is to be formed.
a Find the number of different committees if:
i there are no restrictions
ii all committee members must be students
iii one female and one male staff member must be on the committee
iv there is an equal number of males and females on the committee
v one particular student must be on the committee
vi one particular student must not be on the committee
vii the committee must comprise 2 male staff members, 2 male students, 1 female staff member
and 1 female student.
b Find the probability that:
i only students are selected for the committee
ii all the staff are selected for the committee
iii exactly 2 staff and 4 students are selected.
13 In the game of Tattslotto, a barrel contains forty-five balls numbered 1 to 45, of which eight are
randomly drawn. The first six of these numbered balls are the winning numbers. The final two drawn
are called supplementary numbers. When you purchase a standard ticket, you may select six numbers
in each game. Prizes are awarded according to how many of your six numbers match those drawn from
the barrel.
To win the first prize (division one), all six of your numbers must match the six winning numbers
drawn from the barrel.
To win the second prize (division two), five of your numbers must match the winning numbers and
your remaining number must match one of the supplementary numbers.
To win the third prize (division three), five of your numbers must match the winning numbers.
(Your remaining number does not match any of the numbers drawn.)
a What is the probability of winning division one?
b What is the probability of winning division two?
c What is the probability of winning division three?
d What is the probability of winning at least a division three prize?
ICT activities
Chapter opener
DiGiTal DoC
10 Quick Questions doc-9813: Warm-up with ten quick questions on
combinatorics (page 529)
12a
The addition and multiplication principles
TUTorial
We4 eles-1454: Use the multiplication and addition rules to
calculate the number of different lunches and the number of different
dishes that can be ordered at a cafeteria (page 531)
12b
Permutations
TUTorial
We7 eles-1455: Use permutations to determine the number of
ways three awards and two prizes can be distributed to five different
people (page 534)
12C
Factorials
DiGiTal DoC
WorkSHEET 12.1 doc-9814: Determine the number of combinations
in different scenarios and calculate expressions involving factorials
(page 537)
12D
TUTorial
We14 eles-1456: Use permutations to determine the number
of different way five positions can be determined from ten
people (page 539)
DiGiTal DoCS
SkillSHEET 12.1 doc-9815: Practise calculating nPr (page 540).
doc-9816: Investigate combinatorics using a spreadsheet
(page 540)
12e
inTeraCTiViTY
Permutations involving restrictions int-0271: Consolidate
your understanding of permutations involving restrictions
(page 541)
TUTorial
We18 eles-1457: Determine the number of ways the letters in
a particular word can be arranged if two specific letters cannot be
adjacent (page 543)
12F
TUTorial
We21 eles-1458: Determine the number of ways six people can
be arranged around a table, if two specific people must be seated
next to each other (page 546)
DiGiTal DoC
WorkSHEET 12.2 doc-9817: Calculate permutations and evaluate
expressions involving nPr (page 547)
12G
Combinatorics using nCr
TUTorial
We25 eles-1459: Calculate the number of different committees
that can be formed from a group of five men and four women, given
three varying constraints (page 549)
DiGiTal DoCS
doc-9816: Investigate combinatorics using a spreadsheet (page 549)
SkillSHEET 12.2 doc-9818: Practise identifying and listing possible
outcomes (page 550)
Investigation doc-9819: Investigate Pascals triangle (page 550)
12h
TUTorial
We30 eles-1460: Apply the law of total probabilities and the
probability of an event to calculate probabilities of selecting specific
coloured marbles from two bags (page 552)
DiGiTal DoC
doc-9816: Investigate combinatorics using a spreadsheet (page 554)
Chapter review
DiGiTal DoC
Test Yourself doc-9820: Take the end-of-chapter test to test your
progress (page 560)
To access eBookPLUS activities, log on to www.jacplus.com.au
561
Answers CHAPTER 12
CombinaToriCS
exercise 12a
The addition and

multiplication principles
1 21
2 112
3 97
4 E
55
6 B
7 150
8 72
9 a 24
b 1440
10 E
11 D
12 a E is English,
M is Mathematics,
L is Language,
S is Science.
E, M, L, S, EM, EL, ES, ML, MS, LS,
EML, EMS, ELS, MLS, EMLS
b There are 15 ways in total.
13 a Walk/walk, walk/bus, train/walk, train/
bus, bus/walk, bus/bus
b
Walk
Bus
Walk
Bus
Walk
Bus
Walk
Train
Bus
14 16
15 30
exercise 12b
1 24
4 100 000
7 a 64
8 320
9 a 750
10 80
13 C
16 256
Permutations
2 720
5 120
b 56
3 336
6 40 320
b 180
11 320
14 C
12 320
15 C
Factorials
1 a 24
c 479 001 600
e 96
g 567
2 a 0
c 2880
e 40 206
g 35 376
3 B
4 D
5 a 12
c 840
e 4
6 a 10 302
c 4500
e 61 629 480
7 a 15
c 2970
e 3906
8 E
9 a 214
c 1596
e 122
562
b 90
d 1681
Permutations using nP r
a 360
b 56
c 504
d 24
e 6 375 600
f 6
g 17
h 19 950
i 0
j 36
k 94 109 400
l 7 880 400
303 600
3 20
300
a 24
b 36
E
13 366 080
151 200
6720
3 628 800
a 362 880
b 720
exercise 12D
2
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
exercise 12e Permutations involving

restrictions
1 126
2 4620
3 B
4 5040
5 60
6 a 2 793 510 720
b 147 026 880
7 48
8 36
9 480
10 168
11 C
12 6 289 920
13 78 624
14 A
exercise 12F
17 Lose $17 144.00

18 a i 479 001 600
ii 362 880
b 184 023
19 a 60 000
b In the 15th year
exercise 12C
10 a 40
c 41
e 4
1
3
5
7
9
120
3360
4320
5445
1260
2 E
4 6930
6 252
8 D
10 D
11 165
exercise 12G
b 362 880
d 8
f 4318
b
d
f
h
156
0
2 177 298
439 085 448
b 5
d 120
b
d
f
b
d
999 000
15 438 000
25 000
756
999 000
b 104
d 491 952
Combinations using nC r
b 4
d 1
1 a 10
c 6
e 1
2 a 15
c 45
e 924
3 a 30
c 41 664
e 118 755
4 A
5 a 3, 3
c 10, 10
6 a 20C7 = 20C13
7 792
9 21
11 60
13 22 050
15 a 252
16 10
18 a 1001
c 595
19 a 28
20 a 142 506
21 E
23 A
b 21
d 84
b 1485
d 73 815
b 4, 4
d 84, 84
b 100C9 = 100C91
8 15
10 593 755
12 525
14 490 776
b 120
17 7
b 420
d 70
b 56
b 128%
22 70
exercise 12h
1 336
2 7
25
3 66
4 C
5 0.336
6 9
7 D
8 5
4
2
10 E
99
11
2
33
2
12 a 33
b 33
19
c 11
d 33
13 7
14 a 0.783
b 0.013
c 0.436
5
15 8
16 C
17 a C
18 a
b C
461
462
181
b 462
7
19 a 22
b 22
c 11
d 11
152
20 15
21 231
65
22 12
23 132
53
24 96
ChaPTer reVieW
ShorT anSWer
2 7! = 5040
4 6! = 720
6 26
1 210
3 48
5 1320
mUlTiPle ChoiCe
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
D
B
A
C
B
A
A
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
A
D
C
A
B
D
E
exTenDeD reSPonSe
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
3875
7920
402 486
2 494 800
72
332 640
840
10 626
175
9 0.408 or 429
10 0.0476 or
11 a 120
1
21
b 26
12 a i
iii
v
vii
b i
iii
6 096 454
442 890
850 668
18 360
0.453
0.121
ii 2 760 681
iv 2 048 200
vi 5 245 786
13 a 1.23 10 7
c 2.73 10 5
b 1.47 10 6
d 2.89 10 5
ii 0 (negligible)
563
Exam practice 5 CHAPTERS 112

1 A and B are two events such that Pr (A) = 0.3, Pr (B) = 0.3 and Pr (A B) = 0.6. Determine the value of
Pr(A B).
2 marks
2 Fifty-five Year 11 students at Grampians Rise Secondary College attended the study camp. On the
S ho rT
a n S W er
25 minutes
camp, students were able to select up to three physical activities: bike riding, rock climbing or
hiking.
29 students selected hiking.
22 students selected rock climbing.
28 students selected bike riding.
7 students selected both bike riding and rock climbing.
8 students selected only bike riding and hiking.
5 students selected all three activities.
B
c
8
a
5
R
9
d
b
H
Some of this information is represented on the Venn diagram at right.

H represents hiking, R represents rock climbing and B represents bike riding.
a Determine the values of a, b, c and d.
3 marks
b Determine the number of students who did not select any of the activities.
1 mark
c Determine the probability that a student selected at random selected bike riding and hiking. 1 mark
3 65% of learner drivers have more than 300 hours driving practice.
40% of minor car accidents are caused by learner drivers.

50% of learner drivers with more than 300 hours driving practice have not been involved in any
minor car accidents.
Let A represent the event of a learner driving the car with more than 300 hours driving practice.
Let B represent the event of a learner driver being involved in a minor car accident.
The information is represented in the probability table below.
a Complete the probability table.
B
B
0.65
A
A
0.4
3 marks
b From part a, determine the probability that a learner driver selected at random has more than
300 hours driving practice and has been involved in a minor car accident.
1 mark
c Show that the probability that a learner driver selected at random did not have more than
300 hours driving practice given that they have not been involved in a minor car accident is 16. 2 marks
d 200 learner drivers were surveyed about their driving experiences. Determine the expected
number of learner drivers who have had less than 300 hours driving practice and have been
2 marks
involved in a minor car accident.
1 Two six-sided dice are rolled. The probability that a 4 appears on the second die given that an even
number appears on the first die is:

a
1
36
1
18
10 minutes
1
12
1
6
2
7
2 If A and B are independent events such that Pr (A) = and Pr (A B) =
which one of the following?

a
2
105
8
105
m U lTiP l e
C ho iC e
4
5
14
15
e
4
,
15
1
3
each question is worth

one mark
then Pr (B) would equal

e
103
105
3 Lillies Lucky Lotto involves a player selecting 6 numbers from numbers 1 to 40. To win the lotto, the
players 6 numbers must match those randomly selected from the numbers 1 to 40. The total possible
number of different entries would be determined by which one of the following expressions?
b 6!
C 40C6
D 40P6
e 40!
a 6 40
Exam practice 5
565
Questions 4 and 5 relate to the following information.

Savannah has organised a dinner party for 6 of her friends: Roger, Betty, Nan, Charlie, Helen and
Veronica.
4 If Roger and Betty need to sit together, then the total number of different seating arrangements around
the table would be determined by which one of the following?
a 5!
b 6!
C 7!
D 5!2!
e 6!5!
5 If Roger and Betty no longer need to sit next to each other, the probability that Charlie and Helen are
seated next to each other would be which one of the following?
a
e x T enDeD
r e S PonS e
30 minutes
2
7
1
3
1
2
2
3
5
7
1 Lakeside Rebels is an A-League soccer team. There are 11 players in the team.
a Before the start of each game, the Rebels players line up for the national anthem. Determine the
total number of different ways the players can line up if the captain and vice-captain are always in
the first and second positions in the line.
2 marks
The winning performance is constant throughout the season. When the Rebels
W
win their game, the probability of winning the next game is 85%. If the Rebels
W
lose their game, the probability of winning their next game is 60%.
W'
b Represent this information on the tree diagram at right, where W represents
a win and W represents a loss.
2 marks
W
c The Rebels are playing in a five-game tournament. Determine the
W'
probability of them winning their third game if they win their
W'
2 marks
first game.
d To win the tournament the Rebels need to win 4 games. Determine the
probability of the Rebels winning the tournament given they lose the second
game. Write your answer correct to 3 decimal places.
2 marks
e The Rebels probability of winning games can also be represented in the following transition
matrix:
a 0.6
b 0.4
Determine the values of a and b.

1 mark
There are 22 games to be played in the soccer season. Using the transition matrix, determine
the probability of the Rebels winning their last game if they lost their first.
3 marks
2 The club holds a presentation night at the end of the season. 120 guests are invited to a sit-down
three-course meal. A copy of the menu is shown at right.
a Determine the total number of different meal
choices.
1 mark
b Of the 120 guests, 3 out of 5 people select the
MENU
pumpkin soup (P), 1 out of 6 select the fish
(F), and 3 out of 4 people select the lemon
Soup
cheesecake (L). Show that the probability of
Pumpkin or Vegetable
choosing vegetable soup is 2.
1 mark
Main served with steamed vegetables
5
c Determine the probability that a person
Chicken breast, Roast Beef or Pan
chooses beef or chicken given that they
Fried fish
choose vegetable soup.
2 marks
Dessert
d Determine the expected number of fish
Lemon Cheesecake or Apple Crumble
served.
1 mark
f
DiGiTal DoC
doc-10165
Solutions
exam practice 5
566

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ChaPTer 12

The addition and multiplication principles

The addition and multiplication

The addition principle

List the given information.

Use the addition principle as the three methods

The total number of ways is 2 + 4 + 3 = 9.

List the cards remaining in the stack.

Two jacks, three queens and three kings remain in

Gary requires a jack or a queen or a king to

The multiplication principle

Choose a skirt, a jumper and a shirt.

There are 6 skirts, 5 jumpers and 8 shirts.

Use the multiplication principle.

The total number of ways is 6 5 8 = 240.

Maths Quest 11 Mathematical Methods CAS

a Write the number of dishes for each course

a The 4-course menu offers

and use the addition rule.

b Soup Seafood Side dish Salad

and 2 salads. Use the multiplication rule

soup and seafood:

soup and seafood and a salad only

Soup Seafood Salad

Calculate the number of dishes

Use the addition rule to find the total

Number of different lunches is 120

soup and seafood and a side dish only

soup and seafood and a side dish and

Soup Seafood Side dish Salad

Number of different types of dish possible

The addition and multiplication

2 types of cheese and one of 2 toppings. Up to 3

Science as part of the curriculum. Janice must do at

the bus to get back home.

Maths Quest 11 Mathematical Methods CAS

There are three positions to be filled on the shelf.

There are three choices of book for the first position

Use the multiplication principle.

Let M be the Mathematics textbook, E the English

The arrangements are MEB, MBE, BME,

There are 3 mutually exclusive events: choose

For the second event there are 4 choices for the

Use the addition rule to find the total number

a 1 Use the multiplication principle to find the

number of ways for 2 prizes to be awarded.

Use the multiplication principle to find the

Use the addition rule to obtain the total

Number of ways to distribute 2 or 3 prizes

b Use the same method as above, but repetition is

not allowed, so the number of people to choose

Number of ways to distribute 2 or 3 prizes

digits may be repeated, how many codes are possible?

Maths Quest 11 Mathematical Methods CAS

letters is taken into account and repetition of letters is not allowed?

each digit cannot be used more than once.

if each digit may be used more than once?

up to 3 fashion magazines. If there are 5 different

odd numbers that can be formed using the digits, 5, 3,

followed by 3 digits chosen from 0 to 9 inclusive.

a 1 Use the definition of n! with n = 7.

Multiply the numbers in the expression obtained.

b 1 Write the expression and simplify (3 2)!