Background

A temperature is an objective comparative measure of hot or cold. It also can

be defined as the degree of intensity of hotness and coldness. All matter is
made of particles atoms or molecules that are in constant motion. Because
the particles are in motion, they have kinetic energy. The faster the particles
are moving, the more kinetic energy they have. So, the more kinetic energy
the particles of an object have, the higher is the temperature of the object.
As the need of measuring the temperature get higher, technology nowadays
has created a device to measure the temperature. The example of
application that related to measuring temperature is in medical field,
industrial for metal processing and manufacturing process.
Scale is important for measuring device because it shows the unit of
the variables. For temperature, the common unit used is Celsius scale. But
many scientific measurements use the kelvin temperature scale (unit symbol
K), named in honor of the Scottish physicist who first defined it. There are
many types of measuring device to measure temperature such as the
thermometer, thermocouple, thermistors, pyrometer and other.
Steel manufacturing is important because of it needs nowadays. There
many application of steel such as for the construction sector, transportation
sector, energy sector and appliances and industry sector. So, it is important
to produce a good quality of steel and its specification of the products. There
are many ways to produce metal such as sand casting, pressure die casting,
centrifugal casting and many more. Generally, all of them use a hot
temperature of liquefied metal to produce a metal product. So, temperature
of liquefied metal is one of the important aspects in order to produce a good
quality from metal molding process.
Defect for a product means its imperfection or failing because of the
error while the process making. In metal process, there are many possible
defect could be happen such as unfilled section, porosity, hot tearing and

surface projections. Most of the defect is caused by the uninform

temperature of the liquefied metal. So, a monitoring system is needed in
order to make sure the temperature variation is in uniform temperature. By
designing or identifying a reliable inspection system, structural failure can be
avoided.
Literature review
This section will do a quick review on monitoring temperature system and
also previous study on molten metal defect due to non-uniform temperature.
Monitoring temperature system
The problem for developing the monitoring temperature is to measure
molten metal temperatures at the furnace, or pour without disrupting the
process. Two wavelength pyrometer sensors have been extensively
investigated and appear to be a good choice for detecting material phase
transformation (Musale J M). The system captures the molten pour stream
just as the mold is being filled. The system records a temperature for each
pour and thus for each cast object.

Figure 1: measuring tool for molten metal

Molten metal defect due to non-uniform temperature

The uniform temperature profile along the crucible is very importance,
especially at high temperature to avoid convection flow and inhomogeneity
in the melt (Y. Sato). When the molten metal comes in contact with the dies
which is at lower temperatures (around 250c) it will tries to cool down due
to temperature difference. If the molten metal decreases below liquidious
temperature (590c) the component will not be filled properly and chances of
producing a defected component is high. Cracks can appear in die castings
from a number of causes. Some cracks are very obvious and can easily be
seen with the naked eye. Other cracks are very difficult to see without
magnification.

Figure 2: example of crack defect