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IS 8830 (2007): Calculation of Load capacity of spur and

helical gear - Application to marine gears [PGD 31: Bolts,
Nuts and Fasteners Accessories]

! $ ' +-
Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda

Invent a New India Using Knowledge

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Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001

Indian Standard
CALCULATION OF LOAD CAPACITY
HELlCAL GEARS APPLICATION
GEARS

OF SPUR AND
TO MARINE

( First Revision)

ICS 21 .200; 47.020.05

@ BIS 2007

BUREAU
MANAK

OF

BHAVAN,

INDIAN
9 BAHADUR

NEW
October 2007

DELHI

STANDARDS
SHAH

ZAFAR

MARG

110002

Price Group 14

Transmission

NATIONAL

Devices Sectional Committee,

PGD 30

FOREWORD

This Indian Standard (First Revision) which is identical with ISO 9083 : 2001 Calculation of load
capacity of spur and helical gears Application to marine gears issued by the International
Organization
for Standardization
(ISO) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards on the
recommendation
of the Transmission
Devices Sectional Committee and approval of the Production
and General Engineering Division Council.
This standard was first published in 1978 covering the basic requirements of marine gears. In order to
harmonize this standard with International Standard, the committee decided to revise this standard to
align it with ISO 9083:2001
by adoption under dual number.
The text of ISO Standard has been approved as suitable for publication as an Indian Standard without
deviations.
Certain conventions
are, however, not identical to those used in Indian Standards.
Attention is particularly drawn to the following:
a)

Wherever the words International

be read as Indian Standard.

Standard appear referring to this standard, they should

b)

Comma (,) has been used as a decimal marker, while in Indian Standards
practice is to use a point (.) as the decimal marker.

the current

in this adopted standard, reference appears to certain International

Standards for which Indian
Standards also exist.
The corresponding
Indian Standards, which are to be substituted in their
places, are listed below along with their degree of equivalence for the editions indicated:
international

Standard

Corresponding

Degree of
Equivalence

Indian Standard

ISO 53 : 1998 Cylindrical

gears
general
and heavy engineering
Standard basic rack tooth profile

for

IS 2535 (Part 1) : 2004 Cylindrical

for general and heavy engineering:
Standard basic rack tooth profile

gears
Part 1

Identical

ISO 54 : 1996 Cylindrical

gears
general
and heavy engineering
Modules

for

IS 2535 (Part 2) : 2004 Cylindrical

for general and heavy engineering:
Modules

gears
Part 2

do

Iso 701 : 1998 International

gear
notations Symbols for geometrical
data

IS 2467:2002
Symbols
revision)

International gear notations

for geometrical
data (first

do

ISO 1122-1 : 1998 Vocabulary of gear

terms Part 1: Definitions related to
geometry

IS 2458 : 2001 Vocabulary of gear terms

Definitions related to geometry
(first
revision)

do

ISO 6336-1 : 1996 Calculation of load

capacity of spur and helical gears
Part 1: Basic principles,
introduction
and general influence factors

IS 4460 (Part 1) :1995 Gears Spurand

helical
gears
Calculation
of load
capacity: Part 1 Introduction and general
influence factors (first revision)

Not
Equivalent

ISO 6336-2 : 1996 Calculation of load

capacity of spur and helical gears
Part 2: Calculation of surface durability
(pitting)

IS 4460 (Part 2) :1995 Gears Spur and

helical
gears
Calculation
of load
capacity: Part 2 Method of calculation of
load
factors
for
surface
durability
(pitting) (first revision)

do

ISO 6336-3:
1996 Calculation of load
capacity of spur and helical gears
Part 3: Calculation
of tooth bending
strength

IS 4460 (Part 3) :1995 Gears Spur and

helical
gears
Calculation
of load
capacity: Part 3 Calculation of load factors
for bending strength (first revision)

do

(Continued

on third cover)

1S8830 :2007
ISO 9083:2001

Indian Standard
CALCULAT ON OF LOAD CAPACITY OF SPUR AND
HELlCAL GEARS APPLICATION TO MARINE
GEARS
( First Revision)
1

Scope

The formulae specified in this International Standard are intended for the establishment of a uniformly acceptable
method for calculating the pitting resistance and bending strength capacity for the endurance of the mainpropulsion and auxiliary gears of ships, offshore vessels and drilling rigs, having straight or helical teeth and subject
to the rules of classification societies.

The rating formulae in this International Standard are not applicable to other types of gear tooth deterioration, such
as plastic yielding, micropitting, scuffing, case crushing, welding and wear, and are not applicable under vibratory
conditions where there may be an unpredictable profile breakdown. The bending strength formulae are applicable
to fractures at the tooth fillet, but are not applicable to fractures on the tooth working profile surfaces, failure of the
gear rim, or failures of the gear blank through web and hub. This International Standard does not apply to teeth
finished by forging or sintering. This standard is not applicable to gears having a poor contact pattern.
This International Standard provides a method by which different gear designs
to assure the performance of assembled drive gear systems. It is not intended
public. Instead, it is intended for use by the experienced gear designer who
values for the factors in these formulae based on knowledge of similar designs
items discussed.
WARNING
confirmed

The user is cautioned

by experience.

Normative

that the calculated

results

can be compared. It is not intended

for use by the general engineering
is capable of selecting reasonable
and awareness of the effects of the

of this International

Standard

should

be

references

The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of
this international
Standard. For dated references, subsequent
amendments
to, or revisions of, any of these
publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to
investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For
undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC
maintain registers of currently valid International Standards.
LSO 53:1998,

Cylindrical gears for general and heavy engineering Standard basic rack tooth profile.

ISO 54:1996,

Cylindrical gears for general engineering and for heavy engineering Modules.

ISO 701:1998,

/nternationa/ gear notation Symbols for geometrical data.

ISO 1122-1:1998,

Vocabulary of gear terms Part 1: Definitions re/ated to geometry.

Cylindrical gears ISO system of accuracy Part 1: Definitions and allowable values of
deviations relevant to corresponding flanks of gear teeth.

ISO 1328-1:1995,

ISO 6336-1:1996, Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears Part 1: Basic principles, introduction and
general influence factors.

IS 8830:2007
1S0 9083:2001

ISO 6336-2:1996,

Calculation of load capacity cf spur and helical gears Pad 2: Calculation of sutiace durability

(pitting).
ISO 6336-3:1996,

Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears Part 3: Calculation of tooth bending

strength.
ISO 6336-5:1996,

Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears Part 5: Strength and quality of material.

lSOI~R 10495:1997,
Cylindrical gears Calculation of service life under variable loads Conditions
cylindrical gears according to ISO 6336.

Terms, definitions

For the purposes

see Table 1.

for

and symbols

of this International

Standard,

the terms and definitions

given in ISO 1122-1 apply. For symbols,

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001

Table 1 Symbols and abbreviations

Symbol

Description

used in this International

Standard

or term

Unit

centre distance a

mm

facewidth

mm

b~

facewidth of an individual helix of a double helical gear

mm

CT

mean value of mesh stiffness per unit facewidth

N/(mm.pm)

maximum tooth stiffness of one pair of teeth per unit facewidth

stiffness)

(single

N/(mm+m)

d, ,2

reference diameter of pinion, wheel

mm

dal ,2

tip diameter of pinion, wheel

mm

dbl,z

base diameter of pinion, wheel

mm

dfl ,2

root diameter of pinion, wheel

mm

d~h

shaft nominal diameter for bending

mm

d~w

internal diameter of hollow shaft

mm

dW1,2

working pitch diameter of pinion, wheel

mm

%al,2

diameter of a circle defining the outer extremities

chamfered/rounded
gear teeth

fH~

tooth alignment

fma

mesh misalignment

.fpb

transverse

deviation

(not including helix form deviation)

due to manufacturing

base pitch deviation

in accordance

of the usable flanks of tip

pm

deviations

pm

may be used for calculation

(the values of fpt

with ISO 6336-1, using tolerances

mm

complying

pm

with ISO 1328-1)

fsh

helix deviation due to elastic deflections

~m

,s,.

length of path of contact

mm

[i

tooth depth

mm

hap

addendum

of basic rack of cylindrical gears

mm

}lfp

dedendum

of basic rack of cylindrical

mm

hFe

bending moment arm for load application

tooth contact

bearing span

m*

relative individual

normal module

red

reduced gear pair mass per unit facewidth

mt

transverse

nl,z

rotation speed of pinion, of wheel

rein-l

nE

resonance speed

mifl-1

Pbn

normal base pitch

mm

gears
at the outer point of single pair

mm

mm
gear mass per unit facewidth

module

referenced

to line of action

kg/mm
mm

referenced

to the line of action

kglmm
mm

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001

Table 1 (Continueu)
Symbol
bt

Description

unit

or term

I transverse base pitch

Ii-

protuberance of the tool

finishing

stock allowance

mm
mm

of tooth flank

mm

~notch parameters~n/2p~

1-

1tooth thickness

mm

Fn

tooth-root chord at the critical section

mm

rim thickness

mm

gear ratioa

Iul

lz~zll

>1

mls

tangential speed (without subscript: at reference circle= tangential speed at

pitch circle)

velocity parameter

il ,2

profile shift coefficient

;(X

running-in

allowance

for a gear pair

pm

running-in

allowance

(equivalent

pm

virtual number of teeth of a helical gear

:1,2

number of teeth of pinion, of wheel a

of pinion, wheel

misalignment)

I auxiliary value for the determination

of &

mm.pdht

total facewidth of a double helical gear including the gap

mm

c-a

tip relief

pm

CB

I basic rack factor (same rack for pinion and wheel)

CR

gear blank factor

modulus of elasticity, Youngs modulus

F-m

cylinder ( = Ft &~v)
the mean transverse load at the N3fWI?IIC@

F~

(nominal) transverse tangential load at reference cylinder

tH

the determinant transverse load at the reference cylinder ( = Ft KA Kv Kl+p)

FB

total helix deviation

pm

Fpx

initial equivalent misalignment (before running-in)

pm

FOY

initial equivalent

pm

Kv

dynamic factor

KA

application

factor

KFa

transverse

load factor (root stress)

misalignment

N/mmz

(after running-in)

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001

Table 1 (Contirrue@
Symbol

Description

or term

Unit

KFp

face load factor (root stress)

Ha

transverse

H13

face load factor (contact stress)

Ky

mesh load factor (takes into account the uneven distribution

between meshes for multiple transmission paths)

M,,*

auxiliary values for the determination

NL

number of cycles

N~

resonance

transmitted

Ra

arithmetic

k!z

mean peak-to-valley

SF

factor of safety from tooth breakage

SF ~in

minimum

$+

factor of safety from pitting

.$H~in

minimum

T, ,2

pinion torque, wheel torque; (nominal)

Nm

Y~

tooth form factor

R rel T

relative surface factor

Ys

stress correction

Yx

size factor (tooth-root)

YD

helix angle factor (tooth-root)

h rel T

relative notch sensitivity factor

speed factor

ZB,D

single pair tooth contact factors for the pinion, for the wheel

ZE

elasticity factor

ZH

zone factor

z~

lubricant factor

ZR

roughness

z~

work-hardening

z~

size factor (pitting)

Zp

helix angle factor (pitting)

Z6

contact ratio factor (pitting)

load factor (contact stress)

of the load

of ZB,D

ratio in the main resonance

range

kW

power
mean roughness

value (as specified

roughness

(as specified

pm

in ISO 4287)

pm

in ISO 4287)

safety factor (tooth breakage)

safety factor (pitting)

factor

Jz

factor affecting surface durability

factor

Table 1 (Continueo)

. ,
..
! [1,,

Symbol

Description

or term

Unit

normal pressure angle

i 11,

transverse

pressure angle

1\ 1X*$

transverse

pressure angle at the working pitch cylinder

.. _

~- .. .._

normal pressure angle of the basic rack for cylindrical

gears

i: d

base helix angle

i
1j

helix angle (without subscript at the reference cylinder)

1?
I

transverse

E,x

contact ratio

LLO
.$
p
] G(,
...

virtual contact ratio, transverse

axial overlap ratio

] <-,{
~-
{&$
....-.
V4350
~...

total contact ratio ( EY= ~a + CB)

kinematic viscosity at 40 C, 50 C

j ~t
>.

viscosity parameter

~:P

root fillet radius of the basic rack for cylindrical

~Lrd
~..

radius of relative curvature

mm

~PC
.
\;%
~-

radius of relative curvature at the pitch surface

mm

tooth-root fillet radius at the critical section

mm

factor characterizing

contact ratio of a virtual gear

the equivalent

misalignment

after running-in

gears

mm

I%
; -
[+
L..-..
i~(JF~,n,
. -.
$
~FE
,.
$
hm~~
f---

tensile strength

N/mm2

tooth-root

N/mm2

! ~fP
&-

permissible

stress

nominal stress number (bending)

N/mm2

allowable stress number (bending) = OFIim YsT

N/mm2

tooth-root stress limit

N/mm2

tooth-root

nominal tooth-root

stress

N/mm2

stress

N/mm2

contact stress

N/mm2

!._K
! q-l
&-_
k
; % hm
,
f
! %G
i--.-
1 w,p
t~fltio
1~,
a

calculated

allowable stress number (contact)

N/mm2

modified allowable

N/mm2

permissible

stress number = cq+pSHmin

contac~ stress

N/mm2

nominal contact stress

N/mm2

angular velocity of pinion, or wheel

For external gear pairs

a,

U,

Z1

and Z2are positivq for internal gear pairs a, u and

racffs
Z2

are negative with

Z1

positive.
I

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001

Application

4.1

specific applications

Design,

4.1.1

Generai

Gear designers shall recognize that requirements

procedures of this International Standard for specific
considerations, in particular

the allowable

the consequences

the appropriate

Use of the
for different applications
vary considerably.
applications demands a careful appraisal of all applicable

stress of the material and the number of load repetitions;

of any percentage

of failure (failure rate);

factor of safety.

Design considerations to prevent fractures emanating from stress raisers in the tooth flank, tip chipping and failures
of the gear blank through the web or hub should be analysed by general machine design methods.
Any variances according to the following

shall be reported in the calculation

statement.

a)

If a more refined method of calculation is desired or if compliance with the restrictions h clause 4.1 is for any
reason impractical, relevant factors may be evaluated according to the basic standard or another application
standard.

b)

Factors derived from reliable experience or test data maybe used instead of individual factors according to this
International Standard. Concerning this, the criteria for Method A in ISO 6336-1:1996, 4.1.8, are applicable.

In other respects, rating calculations shall be strictly in accordance with this International Standard
safety factors, etc. are to be classified as being in accordance with this International Standard.

if stresses,

This International Standard is applicable when the wheel blank, shaft/hub connections, shafts, bearings, housings,
threaded connections, foundations and couplings conform to the requirements regarding accuracy, load capacity
and stiffness forming the basis for the calculation of the load capacity of gears.
Although the method described in this International
Standard is mainly intended for recalculation purposes, by
means of iteration it can also be used to determine the load capacities of gears. The iteration is accomplished by
selecting a load and calculating the corresponding
safety factor against pitting, .$+1, for the pinion. If SHI is greater
than SH ~in the load is increased,
corresponds

against tooth breakage,

4.1.2

SF1 = SFP= SFmin.

Gear data

This International
a)

if it is smaller than .$+ ~ln the load is reduced. This is done untii the load chosen

to $+1 = ~H min. The same method is used for the wheel (SH2 = SHrein) and also for the safetY factors

Standard is applicable

within the following constraints.

Types of geac

external and internal, involute spur, helical and double helical gears:

for double helical gears, it is assumed that the total tangential load is evenly distributed between the two
helices; if this is not the case (e.g. due to externally applied axial forces), this shall be taken into account;
the two helices are treated as two single helical gears in parallel;

planetary

and other gear trains with multiple transmission

paths.

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001

Range of the transverse contact ratios of actual spur and helical gear pairs:

b)

c)

1,2<

EU <2,5 (affects c, CY,Kv, KHp, KFb, KHa and KFJ.

Range of helix angles:

d)

P less than or equal to 30 (affects c, cv K, and KHB).

Basic racks:
no restriction).

4.1.3

Wheel blank,

This International

wheel

Standard

and external gears, is >3,5

4.1.4

rim
is applicable

when

SR,

the thickness

of the wheel rim under the tooth roots of internal

mn.

Materials

These include steels (affects ZE, OH Iim, OFE, Kv, KHp and KFD). For materials and their abbreviations used in this

International Standard, see Table 2. For other materials, see ISO 6336-1, ISO 6336-2, ISO 6336-3 and ISO 6336-5
Table 2 Materials
Abbreviation

Material

Through-hardening
Case-hardened

steel, alloy or carbon, through-hardened

( mB >800

Eh

steel, case hardened

Steel, flame or induction

IF

hardened

Nitridinq steel, nitrided

Through-hardening
Through-hardening

4.1.5

N/mmz)

and case-hardening
and case-hardening

steel, nitrided
steel, nitrocarburized

NT (nitr.)
NV (nitr.)

NV (nitrocarb.)

Lubrication

The calculation procedures are valid for gears that are spray or oil-bath lubricated using a lubricant approved by the
manufacturer/designer
of the gears. This validity is further subject to the condition that, at all times of operation, an
adequate quantity of approved lubricant is available to the gear mesh. Provision for cooling shall ensure that
temperatures assumed for purposes of calculations are not exceeded (affects lubricant film formation i.e. factors Z~,
Zv and z~).
Provided that sufficient
excluded.

lubricant

is available

to the mesh, grease

lubrication

of slow speed

auxiliaries

is not

1) For all practical purposes, it may be assumed that the proportions of the basic rack of the tools are equal to those of the
basic rack of the gear.

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001

4.2

Safety

factors

Itis necessary to distinguish

between the safety factor relative to pitting, SH, and the safety factor relative to tooth

breakage, SF.
For a given application,

adequate

gear load capacity is demonstrated

by the computed

values of SH and SF being

equal to or greater than the values SH~in and SF~in, respectively.

Choice of the value of a safety factor should be based on the degree of confidence
data and the consequences of possible failures.
Important factors to be considered

in the reliability

are:

a)

the allowable stress numbers used in the calculation are valid for a given probability
values in ISO 6336-5:1996 are valid for 1 ?4. probability of damage);

b)

the specified quality and the effectiveness

c)

the accuracy of specification

d)

tooth breakage is often considered

Therefore,

of the available

of failure

(the material

of quality control at all stages of manufacture;

of the service duty and external conditions;

to be a greater hazard than pitting.

the chosen value for SF~in should to be greater than the value chosen for SHmin. For calculation

of

actual safety factor see 6.1.5 (.$+, pitting) and 7.1.4 (SF, tooth breakage).
It is recommended that the minimum values of the safety factors
the manufacturer and the classification authority.
4.3

data shall be available for the calculations:

gear data:
a,

b)

the purchaser,

Input data

The following
a)

should be agreed upon between

Zl,

Z2, ~tln,dl, dz, dal, ~~2) ~, ~lj X2, an, l?, =a, =0 (see ISO 53:1998,

ISO 54:1996);

cutter basic rack tooth profile:

%0. PaO(see ISO 53:1998);

c)

design and manufacturing

data:

Cal! Ca2,~pb! SHmin, SFmin, Ral, Ra2, Rz1, RZ2;

materials, material hardness and heat treatment details, gear accuracy grades, bearing span 1, positions of
gears relative to bearings, dimensions of pinion shaft d~h and, when applicable, helix modification (crowning,
end relief);
d)

power data:
P or T or Ft, nl, v,, details of driving and driven machines.

Requisite geometrical

data can be calculated

according to national standards.

IS 8.830:2007
lx) 9083:2001

Information
to be exchanged
between manufacturer
and purchaser should include data specifying material
preferences, lubrication, safety factor and externally applied forces due to vibrations and overloads (application
factor).
4.4

Nwrnrwical

equations

The units listed in clause 3 shall be used in all calculations.

International S?andard is provided in annex C of ISO 6336-1:1996.

5
5.1

Muerme

Information

that will facilitate

the use of this

factors

Genera!

factors, K., KHU, KHB, KFa and KFB, are all dependent on the tooth load. Initially, this is the applied
load (nominal tangential load multiplied by the application factor).

The influence

The factors are also interdependent

and shall therefore

a)

Kv with the applied tangential

b)

KHII or K ~1{with the recalculated

c)

KHL, or KFU (Method B) with the applied tangential

be calculated

successively

as follows:

load Ft KA;
load Ft KA Kv;
load Ft KA Kv KHP.

A%en a gear drives two or more mating gears or is double helical, it is necessary

to substitute

KA by KA KT If

pxsible,

alternatively

its value may be

the mesh load factor, K,, should preferably

estimated

from the available

The simplification

be determined

by measurement;

literature.

of all influence factors in this clause involves the following

a)

that the pnion tooth number:1

b)

that gears are of solid disc type or with heavy rims.

assumptions

(also see clause 4):

< 50;

When details are substantiality different from any of the above, refer to ISO 6336-1.
5.2

No/nina!

tangential

load, F,, nominal

torque,

T, nominal

power, P

The nominal tangential load, Ft, is determined in the transverse plane at the reference cylinder. It is based on the
inpu? torque to the driven machine. This is the torque corresponding
to the heaviest regular working condition.
Alternaiwely,
the nominal torque of the prime mover can be used as a basis if it corresponds
to the torque
requirement of the driven machine, or some other suitable basis can be chosen.
2000 7-1,219098 x1 OOOP
p, . ________
______
d ,,2
ff1,2 n 1,2

12=

9549P
F:dj,z 1000P
-2000 = [;l,2 = 71,2

lJ ., -t~.:. = I.* @12. _ T1,2w,2

10003549
1000

1000P

(1)

(2)

(3)

E 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001

dlzolz
v----2000

dl,znl,z

rrn12
)2

5.3

= %-

(4)

19098
2000 v _ n 1,2

d1,2
9549

(5)

Non-uniform load, non-uniform torque, non-uniform power

When the transmitted

load is not uniform, consideration
should be given not only to the peak load and its
anticipated number of cycles, but also to intermediate loads and their numbers of cycles. This type of load is
classed as a duty cycle and may be represented by a load spectrum. In such cases, the cumulative fatigue effect of
the duty cycle shall be considered in rating the gearset. A method of calculating the effect of the loads under this
condition is given in ISO TR 10495.
5.4

Maximum

tangential

This is the maximum

load, Ft ~U,

tangential

maximum torque, T~~, maximum power, P~m

load, Ftmw (or corresponding

variable duty range. Its magnitude

torque,

can be limited by a suitably responsive

Tma, corresponding

be known when safety from pitting damage and from sudden tooth breakage
static stress limit is to be determined (see 5.5).
5.5
5.5.1

Application

factor,

power, Prow) in the

safety clutch. Ftmax, Tmw, and fmw shall

due to loading corresponding

to the

KA

General

The factor

KA adjusts

the nominal

load, Ft, in order to compensate

for incremental

gear loads

from external

sources. These additional forces are largely dependent on the characteristics of the driving and driven machines,
as well as the masses and stiffness of the system, including shafts and couplings used in service.
It is recommended that the purchaser and manufacturer/designer
the accord of the classification authority.
5.5.2

factor with

Method A Factor KA.A

AA shall be determined

in this method by means of careful

system, or on the basis of reliable operational

5.5.3

agree on the value of the application

experience

measurements

and a comprehensive

in the field of application

concerned

analysis

of the

(see 5.3).

Method B Factor KA.B

If no reliable data, obtained as described in 5.5,2, are available, or even as early as the first design phase, it is
possible to use the guideline values for KA as described in annex C.

5.6
5.6.1

internal dynamic factor, K,

General

The dynamic factor relates the total tooth load, including internal dynamic effects of a multi-resdnance
system, to
the transmitted tangential tooth load. Method B of ISO 6336-1:1996 with modifications is used in this International
Standard.
In this procedure it is assumed that the gear pair consists of an elementary single mass and spring system
comprising the combined masses of pinion and wheel, and the mesh stiffness of the contacting teeth. It is also
assumed that each gear pair functions as a single stage pair, i.e. the influence of other stages in a multiple-stage
gear system is ignored. This assumption is only tenable when the torsional stiffness (measured at the base radius

11

IS 8830:2007

4s0 9083:2001

of the gei~rs), of the shaft common to a wheel and a pinion is less than the mesh stiffness. See 5.6.3 and annex B.1
for the procedure dealing with very stiff shafts.
Forces caused

by torsional

vibrations

of the shafts and coupled

should be included with other externally

masses

are not covered

applied forces (e.g. with the application

by Kv, These

forces

factor).

In multiple mesh gear trains there are several natural frequencies. These can be higher or lower than the natural
frequency of a single gear pair with only one mesh. When such gears run in the supercritical range, analysis by
Method A is recommended. See ISO 6336-1:1996, 6.3.1.
The specific load for the calculation

of KA is (Ft KA)/b.

If (Ft KA)/b >100

N/mm, then Fro/b= (Ft KA)/b.

If (Ft KA)/h <100

N/mm, then Fro/b = 100 N/mm.

When the specific loading Ft KA/b is <50 N/mm, a particular risk of vibration exists (under some circumstances,
separation
speed
5.6.2

of working

Calculation

5.6.2.1
a)

abc~e all for spur or helical gears of coarse quality

of the parameters

Calculation

Calculation

tooth flanks),

required

of the reduced

for evaluation

grade

running

with

at high

of Kv

mass, mred

of the reduced mass, rnrd, of a single-stage

gear pair

(6)

where
f red

is the reduced mass of a gear pair, i.e. of the mass per unit facewidth

of each gear, referred to its

base radius or to the line of action;

b)

J1 ,2

are the polar moments of inertia per unit facewidth;

bl ,2

are the base radii (= 0,5 dbl,z)

Calculation

of reduced mass, mr@-J,of a multi-stage

gear pair

See clause B.1.

c)

Calculations

of reduced mass, n~~@of gears of lf3SScommon

For information

on the following

pinion shaft with diameter

two rigidly connected,

cases, see clause B.1

at mid-tooth

coaxial gears;

one large wheel driven by two pinions;

planetary gears;
idler gears

12

designs

depth, dml, about equal to the shaft diameter;

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001

Determination

5.6.2.2
a)

Resonance

of the resonance

running speed (main resonance)

of a gear pair

running speed, nE1, of the pinion:

~E, =30xlo-3
ri ZI

Cy

in rein-l

(7)

mred

with CYfrom annex A

b)

Resonance

ratio, N

The ratio of pinion speed to resonance

N=A!__
n~l

fri~zl
30000

t-

speed, the resonance

ratio, N, is determined

as follows:

?Jhecf
Cy

(8)

The resonance running speed may be above or below the running speed calculated from equation (8) because
of stiffness that has not been included (e.g. the stiffness of shafts, bearings and housings) and as a result of
damping. For reasons of safety, the resonance range is defined by the following:
Ns<N<l,15

(9)

At loads such that (Ft KA)/b is less than 100 N/mm, the lower limit of resonance

ratio Ns is determined:

if (Ft KA)/b c 100 N/mm, then

Ns =0,5+0,35

if (Ft KA)/b 2100

(lo)

~
bx100

N/mm, then
(11)

N~ =0,85
Gear accuracy

5.6.2.3

and running-in

Bp, Bf and Bk are non-dimensional

modifications

Bp =

parameters,

parameters

BP, Bf, Bk

used to take into account the effect of tooth deviations

and profile

on the dynamic load.2)

c ~pbeff

(12)

KA(Ft/b)
Jfeff
Bf =

(13)

KA(Ft/b)

2) The amount Ca of tip relief may only be allowed for gears of accuracy grades in the range O to 6 as specified in ISO 13281:1995.

13

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001

Bk

c Ca

(14)

K/+( Ftib)
with
c

as given in annex A;

Ca

design amount for profile modification

CaY from running-in

shall be substituted

profile modification.

CaYcan be obtained from Table 3.

The effective base pitch and profile deviations

determined

by deducting

~pbeff $pbl
whichever

estimated

- YpI

whichever

a)

running-in

~pbeff ~pb2-

for Ca in equation

and end of tooth engagement).

(14) in the case of gears without

are those present after running-in.

allowances,

A value

a specified

The vahJes of ~& ~fr and X ~ff are

yP and yf, as follows:

(15)

yp2

is the greater;

$feff=~fal-Yfl

5.6.2.4

(tip relief at the beginning

(16)

~feff=~fa2-~f2

is the greater.

Running-in

allowance,

ya

For St, V3J:

-
Yp= Ya
::.

(17)

f Pb

(18)

b)

For Eh, IF, NT (nitr.), NV (nitr.), NV (nitrocarb.)s)

~p=Ya=o,075
?f=o,075

5.6.3

Dynamic

(19)

fpb

(20)

ffa
factor in the subcritical

range (N < As)

in this sector, resonances may exist if the tooth mesh frequency coincides with N = 1/2 and N = 1/3. The risk of this
is slight in the case of precision helical or spur gears, if the latter have suitable profile modification
(gears to
ISO 1328-1:1995 accuracy grade 6 or better).
When the contact

ratio of straight spur gears is small or if the quality is of low grade, Kv can be just as great as in

the main resonance-speed

3)

14

range. If this occurs, the design or operating

See Table 2 for an explanation of the abbreviations used.

parameters

should be altered.

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001

Resonances
small.

at N = 1/4, 1/5, .... are seldom troublesome

because

the associated

vibration

amplitudes

are usually

For gear pairs where the stiffness of the driving and driven shafts is not equal, in the range N = 0,2...0,5,
the tooth
contact frequency can excite natural frequencies when the torsional stiffness, c, of the stiffer shaft, referred to the
line of action, is of the same order of magnitude as the tooth stiffness, i.e. if c/ti2 is of the order of magnitude of cy
When this is so, dynamic load increments

can exceed values calculated

using equation (21).

KV=(NK)+l

(21)
(22)

~f)+(cv3Bk)

K=(CVIBp)+(CV2

where
Cvl and C@ allow for pitch and profile deviations while C@ allows for the cyclic variation of mesh stiffness,
See Table 3.
A value Cay resulting

from running-in

specified profile modification.

shall be substituted

for Ca in equation

(14) in the case of gears without

The value of CaY is obtained from Table 3.

See annex A for single tooth stiffness c.

5.6.4

Dynamic factor in the main resonance

range (Ns < Ns

1,1 5)

High quality helical gears with high total contact ratio can function satisfactorily in this sector. Spur gears of grade 5
or better as specified in ISO 1328-1:1995 shall have suitable profile modification, as specified in ISO 6336-1:1996
clause 6.4.1 item b).
Subject to above, this factor is equal to:
~,=(c.l

@+(c,2~f

For C parameters
5.6.5

(23)

)+(c,4~k)+l

refer to Table 3.

Dynamic factor in the supercritical

range (N>

1,5)

Resonance peaks can occur at N = 2, 3 ... in this range. However, in the majority of cases, vibration
small, since excitation forces with frequencies lower than meshing frequency are usually small.

amplitudes

are

For some gears in this speed range, it is also necessary to consider dynamic loads due to transverse vibration of
the gear and shaft assemblies. When the critical frequency is near to the frequency of rotation, and if this condition
cannot be avoided, this shall be taken into account in the evaluation of K,.
Kv = (CV5 Bp) +
For C parameters,

(Cvfj

Bf) + CV7

(24)

refer to Table 3.

15

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001

Table 3 Equations

for the calculation

of factors CV1to CV7and Cay

.sY> 2

1<67<2
Cvl

0,32

cv~

0,34

0,32
0,57
Ey -0,3

cv~

0,096

0,23

GY-1,56
cv~

0,57 - o,05ey

0,90

67 -1,44
cv~

0,47

0,47

CG

0,47

0,12
ey -1,74
l,5<eY

1< GY< 1,5

<2,5

ey>2,5
1,0

0,125 sin [n (eY 2)] + 0,875

-84r+~~

:+(*

NOTE
When the material of the pinion (1) is different from that of the wheel (2), C,Yl and Caz are calculate(
separately; then C~Y= 0,5 (C~Y1+ C.@.

5.6.6

Dynamic

factor

in the intermediate

In this range, the dynamic factor is determined

range (1 ,15< N < 1,5)

by linear interpolation

between

Kv at N = 1,15, as specified

in 5.6.4,

and Kv at N = 1,5, as specified in 5.6.5.

v Kv(N=l,5)+

5.7

Face

5.7.1

load

KV(N=l ,15) - ~v(fv=l!5) ~1,5_N)

0,35

factor,

KH~

General

The face load factor

facewidth.

adjusts

gear tooth stresses

Methods Cl and C2 of ISO 6336-1:1996

5.7.2
5.7.2.1

Face load factor,

to allow for the effects

are used with modifications

of uneven

in this International

KHp.cl

General

The use of method Cl is appropriate

16

(25)

for gears having the following characteristics:

load distribution

Standard.

over the

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001

a)

pinion on solid or hollow

shaft,

Figure 2), (an asymmetrically

evaluated and added to $ma);

d~hl/d~h < 0,5, positioned

positioned

pinion

symmetrically

leads to an additional

b)

pinion diameter

c)

stiff wheel and case, stiff wheel shaft, stiff bearings;

d)

a contact pattern which, under load, extends over the entire facewidth;

e)

no additional

f)

running-in

between

bending

bearings

deformation,

(~/f S 1; see
which shall be

about equal to shaft diametec

external loads that act on the pinion shaft (e.g. form shaft couplings);

allowance

YP s maximum

Yb as specified

in 5.7.2.3.

A computed

FpX, may be verified

usin9 the

equation:
KH~ -1
Fpx

(26)

cy/2
p ( ?m
-) /b

It is recommended

that the values used for~ma be verified by inspection

checks, such as the tooth contact pattern

in the working attitude.

Refer to annex B for application
5.7.2.2
a)

Mesh misalignment

Assembly

to planetary

gears.

due to manufacturing

of gears without any modification

tOlerance%

~ma

or adjustment:
(27)

b)

Gear pairs
appropriate

with provision for adjustment

(lapping or running-in under
helix angle modification) and gear pairs suitably crowned:

light

load,

adjustable

Gear pairs with well designed

ma = 0,7

end relief:
(29)

fH~

Of a pair of gears, the larger of the valuesfb

5.7.2.3

Running-in

allowance,

of the pair shall be substituted

yp, running-in

factor,

The amount JIBis that by which the initial equivalent

While

K~ is the factor characterizing

valid only as long as Kp is proportional

a)

or

(28)

f ma =0, 5 jH~
c)

bearings

the equivalent

in equations

(27) to (29).

Kb

misalignment

is reduced by runnin9-in

misalignment

after runnin9-in.

after sta~ of oPeration.

The use of ~D in calculations

is

to Fbx,

For St, V:
320
~b= FpX;
OH Iim

.rp=l

320

OH Iim

(30)

17

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001

with yps
when

FPXand rcbz O
v

mls: no restriction;

<5

when 5 m/s < v s 10 m/s: the upper limit of yp is 25 600/aH ~mcorresponding

when

m/s: the upper limit of yb is 12 800/~H Iim corresponding

v >10

to Fpx = 80 pm;

to Fpx = 40 pm;

q+ Iim is as specified in ISO 6336-5:1996.

b)

For Eh, IF, NT (nitr.), NV (nitr.):

YP=0,15FpX

;Kp =0,85

(31)

For all speeds, the upper limit is yp = 6 pm, corresponding

to FPX= 40 ym. When the material

of the pinion differs

from that of the wheel, ypl and Kpl for the pinion, and yp2 and KP2for the wheel, shall be determined

separately.

The mean of the values:

vpl+ Ipz
~,j=
. K9 = KpI + KDI
2
2

(32)

is used for the calculation.

5.7.2.4
5.7.2.4.1
a)

Determination

Gears with unmodified

helices

Spur and single helical gears4J:

KHP.l+

b)

of the face load factor, KHD.C1

4::~%(i)2[52+(:)2(i-+)]+:~ti:
(33)

Double helical gearsa) 5):

(34)

4) It is assumed that the entire torque is inputat one shaft end. If the torque is input at both shaft ends or in between helices of
a double helical gear, a more accurate analysis is necessary.
5)

The value of KHfi is for the more severe~y stressed helix, which is that nearer to the torquecf end of the pinion; tangential

load is divided equally between the two helices; i.e. a small gap width compared to the facewidth (B -2 bB) s 0,5 bB. As for the
caicu Iation for KHb, half the tooth width (incorporating half the gap width) is used, and the obtained values are large. Thus, for
double helical gears with a large gap width, method C2 of ISO 6336-1 is appropriate in this case, see 5.7.3.

18

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001

Gears with modified

5.7.2.4.2
a)

helices

Spur and single helical gears 4,

with partial helix modification

G)(with compensation

for torsional

deflection

only):

(35)

with full helix modification (with compensation for torsional and bending deflections):
K~Cyfm~
KHp=l+

b)

and

2 Fro/b

KHp 21,05

(36)

Double helical gears4) 5,

with full helix rnodification7)

KHp=l+

Kp

Face load factor,

5.7.3.1

fma

Fm lb~

The validity of equations

5.7.3

Cy

(with compensation

and

for torsional

and bending deflections):

(37)

KH~>l,05

(33) to (37) depends

upon compliance

with 5.7.2.1, a) to f).

KHp.c2

General

Taken from the basic standard, this method is arranged so that account is taken
alignment, of elastic deformations of the pinion and of manufacturing inaccuracies.
KH[l shall be calculated

from the total mesh misalignment

after running

of the influences

in; FBY, which comprises

on mesh

the following

two

components.

Systematic error k taken into account by f~h (mesh misalignment due to shaft deflection). it is primarily caused
by pinion shaft deflection, but in principle may include all mechanical deflections able to be evaluated
accurately

enough in both amount and direction.

Random error is represented

by

fma(mesh

misalignment

due to manufacturing

and amount of misalignment

due to manufacturing
cannot
manufacturing tolerance (in reference to gear accuracy grade).

be evaluated;

tolerance).

The actual direction

only the range

is limited

by

6) Torsional deflectioncan be almost completely compensated for by means of a linear tooth trace or helix angle modification.
In addition, crowningis necessary when compensation of bendingdeflection is required.
7) Full modification of both helices is necessary. Partial modificationof the helix angle merely to compensate for torsional
deflection is not appropriate for double helical gears which are symmetrically positioned between bearings. Torsional and
bending deflections can be almost completely compensated for by means of helix angle modification. However, it is often
sufficient If only the helix nearest the torque input end is modified;torsional and bending deflectionsof the other helix tend to
compensate each other. This should be verified.

19

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001

Application

of helix correction and crowning:

he/ix correction is a lead modification applied to compensate for the systematic error, and while theoretically it
is possible to apply a helix correction that exactly matches the calculated deflection for a specific load and so
the &.h contribution to ~H~ for that particular load, in practice, varying loads and errors in the
ehminak
evaluation

of~~h leave a lasting influence on KH~ that has to be taken into account;

crowning is a lead modification comprising the best defensive strategy against the random component of
misalign-ment. Since ~ma can be in either dir~ction, crowning should be s~rnm~tric to the middle of face width.

A more exact and comprehensive analysis in accordance with ISO 6336-1 is recommended if the design does not
match the requirements
listed in clause 4 or if any of the following items have significant influence on mesh
alignment:

elastic deformations

not caused by gear mesh forces but by external loads (e.g. belts, chains, couplings);

elastic deformations

of wheel and wheel shaft;

elastic deformations

and manufacturing

bearing clearances
arrangements

inaccuracies

of the gear case;

and deflections;

different from those shown in Figure 2;

any manufacturing

or other deformations

that indicate the need for a more detailed analysis.

When, by this method, a value of KH~ greater than 2,0 is calculated, the true value will usually be less. However if
the calculated value of KHP is greater than 1,5, the design should be reconsidered (e.g. shaft stiffness increased,

bearing positions changed, helix accuracy improved).

calculation

5.7.3.2

of ~Hp.cZ

The specific loading for the calculation

of KHD is (Ft KA K,)/b.

If (Ft KA Kv)/b >100

N/mm, then Fro/b= (Ft KA Kv)/b.

If (Ft KA Kv)/b <100

N/mm, then Fro/b= 100 N/mm.

FPY CT applies when KHp s 2

2Fmjb

KHB=l+

with the value of

Cy

(38)

taken from annex A.

Note that b is the smaller of the facewidths of pinion and wheel measured
of tooth ends shall be ignored. (For double helical gears, b = 2bB.)
5.7.3.3

Mesh misalignment
Fpy=Fp

after running-in,

or rounding

Fpy
(39)

X-Jp

where

20

at the pitch circles. Chamfers

Fbx

is the mesh misalignment

yp

is the running-in

allowance

before rUnning-in (See 5.7.4);

(see 5.7.2.3).

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001

5.7.4

Mesh misalignment

before running-in,

FDX

before running-in, Fbx, is the absolute value of the sum of manufacturing

pinion and shaft deflections, measured in the plane of action.

deviations,

The mesh alignment

For gear pairs without verification of the favorable

~px = 1,33 B&h

and

position of the contact patternel:

+ B2,fma

(40)

with B1 and B2 taken from Table 4.

For gear pairs with verification

of the favorable

position of the contact pattern (e.g. by adjustment

of bearings):
(41)

FbX=ll,~3Bl~sh-.fH~51
where
~HfE,is the maximum

helix SIOIM deviation for ISO accuracy grade 5 (see ISO 1328-1:1995).

By subtracting ~H~5, allowance

is made for the cOmPensatoV

roies of elastic deformation

and manufacturing

deviations.
Table 4 Constants

for use in equation (40)

Equation constant

Helix modification

No.

Type

Amount

B1

B2

tllo,51
I

4b

5
.
6

Helix correctiononly
] Iielix correctionplus cerrtral
crowning
1
~End relief
I

b
[c
d

fj.~.i~.j

0,5

O,lc

1,0

0,5

0,7

OJc

Case 2 plus case 4

I
Appropriateamount Cl(tij,

0,7

%apr p opnate crowning, CD,see annex D.

Predominantlyapplied for applicationswith constantload conditions.
Vaiidfor very best practice of manufacturing,othewise higher values appropriate.

Minimum

see annex D

I
la

Corrected shape calculated to match

torque being analysed

0,5

I
I

values for KHB.C2

FGr ge.w paws without helix correction or crowning, the minimum value fOr KH~ is 1,25; fOr gear pairS with

appropriate helix correction and crowning, the minimum value for ~iip is 1,10. A favorable
verified.
.
. ...-

contact Pattern shali be

!3) Witha tavourable poelion of the contact pattern, the elastic deformations and the manufacturingdeviations compensate
each other (see Figure 1, compensative roles).

21

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001

~gure
a)

Determination of Fpx

Position of contact pattarn

Contact pattern lies towards mid bearing span

T*

FDx in accordance
(compensative)

with

equation

(41)

Fpx in accordance
(augmentative)

with

equation

(4o)

~T!~
T

T
_.Al_

--b)

Contact pattern lies away from mid bearing span

T*

~T!~
T

T
d

-wC)

Fpx in accordancewith equation (40)

Contact pattern lies towards mid bearing span

I K~ x f x s/d12(dl/d~h)4< B
(augmentative)

~TitL~
T

Fbxin accordancewith equation (41)

IK[ x 1X s/d12(dl/d,h)4> B*
(compensative)

--d)

Contact pattern lies away from mid bearing span

Fpx in accordance with equation (41)

\ K1 x I x Sld12(dl/d~h)4> B* -0,3
(augmentative)
Fpx in accordancewith equation (41)

ATl~T*
T

I K1 X I X ddl (dl/d~h)4c B- 0,3

_.A._L

(compensative)

-14!$e4e)

Contact pattern lies towards the bearing span

L

F!3X in accordance
(augmentative)

with

equation

(40)

FIJX in accordance
(compensative)

with

equation

(41]

.~Z:+-.
f)

Contact patfern lies away from the bearing span

L

.g2$40TE
Figuresa) to d) showthe mostcommonmountingarrangementwith pinion between bearings. Figures e) to f) show the
wertwng pinion,
r.
Input or outputtorquad end, not dependenton directionof rotation.
7

& = 1 for spurand single helicalgears; B = 1,5for double helicalgears,the peak load intensifyrecurs on the helixnear to the
rorquedend.
Figure 1 Rules for determination

22

of Fpx with regard to contact pattern position

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001

Factor K
with

I
without
stiffenings

0,48

0,8

Arrangement

Figure
a)

with s/1<0,3

L
11
1/2
*
-0,46

-0,8

b)

with SIIC0,3
s
AT

~~

1
[I 2

112

*
1,33

1,33

c)

with

s1[ <0,3

M
-0,36

-0,6

with s11 <0,3

d)

L
T

&
1/2
L--4
-0,6

-1,0

with

e)

sll

<0,3

A
T

*
1/2

When ff+d~h >1,15,

there is no stiffening;furthermore,scarcely any or no

stiffening is assumed; when dl/d~h z 1,15,

tiffening at all is to be expected when a pinion slides on a shaft and feather key or similar fitting, nor when normally shrink
Ned.
-

Input or outputtorqued end, not dependent on directionof rotation.

\ dashed line indicates the less deformed helix of a double helical gear.
)etermine ~~hfrom the diameter in the gaps of double helical gearing mounted centrally between bearings.
Figure 2 Constant

K to substitute in equations (42) and (43) fOr calculation

off~h

23

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001

Equivalent

5.7.4.2

misalignment,~~h

For spur and single helical gears:

+K%(i9-013
+](:Y

f,=++
The calculation

of

f~hfor double helical gears is relative to the helix nearest to the shaft end which is

(42)

driven or

which drives the load.

+K3#-03
+0](%7

f,=++

(43)

where
b = 2be;
bB is the width Of one helix.
In equations

(42) and (43), K;s

and 1are according to Figure 2.

In Figure 2, the pinions shown in dashed lines indicate those helices of double helical gears, which have the lower
value of ~~hand normal shrink fit (for a normal, shrink fit, the supporting effect is negligible). The root diameter shall
be somewhat greater than the shaft diameter.
5.7.4.3

Misalignment

The misalignment

due to manufacturing

due to manufacturing

inaccuracies,

inaccuracies

fmaequals

fma
the helix

tderancefHp:
(44)

fma = fH(l
The greater of the wheel and pinion value should be used.

NOTE
As it is theoreticallypossible that manufacturingtolerances of pinion,wheel and shaft alignment may sum up to the
worstcase, satisfyingload distributionshouldbe verified by e.g. contact pattern control.
5.8

Face load factor, KFp

(45)

a)

if b/h >3, then

(b/h)2

/flF.
1+ b/h+(b)h)
b)

(46)

2= 1+ h/b+(h/b)2

if bih <3, then

NF = 0,6923

24

(47)

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001

where
b

is the smaller of the facewidths of pinion and wheel measured at the pitch circles. Chamfers or rounding of
tooth ends shall be ignored. For double helical gears the width of one helix, b& shall be substituted.

is the tooth height from tip to root: h = (da df)/2.

5.9
5.9.1

Transverse

load factors,

KHa, KFa

General

The transverse load factors account for the effect of the non-uniform distribution of transverse load between
pairs of simultaneously
contacting gear teeth, as follows: KHa for surface stress, and KF= for tooth-root
Method B of ISO 6336-1:1996
5.9.2

Determination

is applied.

of the transverse

load factors

Equations (48) and (49) are based on the assumption that the base pitch deviations appropriate
accuracy specified are distributed around the circumference of the pinion and wheel, as is consistent
manufacturing practice. They do not apply when the gear teeth are intentionally modified.
In the following equations

several
stress.

use

Cy

to the gear
with normal

from annex A and ya from 5.9.4.

Ys

For gears with total contact ratio

2:

cy (fpb Yu)
KHa=KFa=~

0,9+0,4

F,H/b

For gears with total contact ratio ~Y>2:

KHa=KFu

In equations
5.9.3

(48)
)

=0,9+0,4

(49)

FtH/b

Isy

(48) and (49), the larger of ~Pbl yal) and ~pb2 - ya2) is used.

Limiting conditions

When, in accordance

when

Cy(.fpb - Ya)

2((== -1)

for KHa and KFa

with equations

Ey
KHa = KFU>,
Eazg

and when KHa c 1,0,

and

(48) and (49, and

then for

respectively

KHa and

KFa, substitute

KFa < 1,0, then substitute

.sy

ECJz:

(50)

for KHa, and respectively fOr KFa, the limit

value 1.0.
It is recommended
consequence,

that the accuracy

of helical gears be chosen so that KHa and KF= are no greater than E.. As a

it may be necessar~ to limit the base pitch deviation tolerances

of gears of coarse quality grade.

25

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001

5.9.4
a)

Running-in

allowance,

ya

For St, V:

f~b
.Ya= x
UH Iim

b)

(51)

if v s 5 m/s, no restriction;

if 5 m/s < vs

if v >10 m/s, the upper limit of Ya = 6 400/OH Iim, corresponding

10 m/s, the upper limit of Ya = 12 800/w

~m, corresponding

to f~b<80 pm;

to f~ <40 pm.

For Eh, IF, NT (nitr.) et NV (nitr.):

Ya =

O,oi%fpb

(52)

for all speeds with the restriction:

Calculation

6.1

Basic

6.?.1

the upper limit of yp = 3 pm, corresponding

to

f~b= 40 pm,

of surface durability (pitting)

formulae

General

The calculation

of surface durability

is based on the contact stress, ~,

at the pitch point or at the inner (lowest)

point of single pair tooth contact. The higher of the two values obtained shall be used to determine capacity.
Contact stress, ~H, and the permissible contact stress, OH~!shall be calculated separately for wheel and Pinion; w
shall be < ~H~.
6.1.2

Determination

Of COfItaCt SWMS, OH, fOr the piniOn

Contact stress, mH,for the pinion is calculated

as follows:
(53)

with

~HO=.ZHZEZEZ~

(use the negative sign for internal gears)

(54)

where
~HQ is the nominal contact stress at the pitch point this is the stress induced in flawless (error free) gearing by

application of static nominal torque;

26

is the facewidth (for a double helical gear b = 2bB), and the value b of mating gears is the smaller of the
facewidths at the pitch circles of pinion and wheel, ignoring any intentional transverse chamfers or toothend rounding; neither unhardened portions of surface-hardened gear tooth flanks nor the transition zones,
shall be included;

z~

is the single pair tooth contact factor for the pinion (see 6.2).

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001

6.1.3

Determination

of contact SW3SS, OH, fOr the wheel

Contact stress, aH, for the pinion is calculated

as
(55)

where

z~

is the single pair tooth contact factor for the wheel (see 6.2).

The total tangential

load in the case of gear trains with multiple transmission

path gear trains is not quite evenly distributed

and manufacturing
and equation
6.1.4

accuracy).

over the individual

This shall be taken into consideration

(55) to adjust the average tangential

Determination

in this International

of permissible

contact

contact

by substituting

load per mesh as necessa~

stress,

gear systems,

or split-

on design, tangential

speed

Ky KA for KA in equation

(53)

see clause 5.

~Hp, for long life

Standard, Method B of ISO 6336-2:1996

is used.

DHG

OHP ref = ZLZVZRZWZX=

SH min
The permissible

paths, planetary

meshes (depending

(56)

.$Hmin

stress (long life) shall be derived

SH~,n, z~, Zv, .zR Zw and Zx calculated

according

from equation

to this International

(56), with the influence

standard.

However, according

factors

mHIlm,

to ISO 6336-2,

for N~ = 5 x 107 load cycles (for St, V, Eh) or 2 x 106 load cycles [for If, NT (nitr.),

the values of OH,im are validated

NV (nitr.), NV (nitrocar.)]. This number is likely to be exceeded in the life of a marine gear. If this is not the case,
refer to ISO 6336-2 for the limited life range. Nevertheless, vaiues of OHPref derived from equation (56) maY be
substituted

for ~HP, given optimum

material,

conditions,

lubrication,

manufacturing

and experience;

otherwise

the

values for ~Hp are obtained for material quality MQ according to 1S0 6336-5:1996 using equation (57):
For St, V, Eh:
,0 0,0157

(1
10

0!92

CJHp

ref
NL

OHG

(57)

SH~in

For If, NT (nitr.), NV (nitr.), NV (nitrocar.):

(1

6.1.5

0,0098

100

OHfJ= o,gp~t-lpref

NL

_ OI+G
.$Hrnin

Safety faCtOr fOr SUrfaCe durability,

.$Hshall be calculated

separately

SH

for the pinion and wheel:

sH=r7HG > sHmin

f3H
with mHGfor endurance
with equation

according

(58)

to equation

(57); ISHshall be in accordance

with equation

(53) for the pinion, and

(55) for the wheel (see 6.1 .1).

27

IS 8830:2007
1s0

9083:2001

This is the calculated safety factor with regard to contact stress (Hertzian pressure). The corresponding factor
NOTE
relative to torque capacity is equal to the square of Sh{.
For W minimum
6.2

Single

safety factor for surface durability, ~H ~ilo, and probability

pair tooth

When ZB >1 or ZD >1,

contact

factors,

of failure, see 4.1.3 of ISO 6336-1:1996.

ZB, Z~

the factors ZB and ZD are used to transform the contact stress at the pitch point of spur

gears to the contact stress at the inner (lowest) limit of the single pair tooth contact of the pinion or the wheel.

See6.1.l.
a)

Internal gears
ZD is always to be taken as unity.

b)

Spur gears
Determine

Ml (quotient

of prelc at the pitch point pral ~ at the inner limit (lowest point) of single tooth pair

contact of the pinion) and A12 (quotient of prel c by prel D o? the wheel) from:

(59)

(60)

(See 6.5.2 for the calculation

lfM1>l,

then ZB=M1;

of the profile contact ratio ~L1.)

if M1<l,

then ZB=l,C1.

It ,W2>1, then ZD = M2; if Mz s 1, then ZD = 1,().

c)

Helical gears with =0 > 1

z~=z~=l

d)

Helical gears with .cDc 1

ZB and ZD are determined

by linear interpolation

z5=M1

G~(Mll);

z~ = M 2

CD (M2

zB>
I);

between the values for spur and helical gearing with SD z 1

(61)

ZD>l

If ZB or 20 are set to unity, the contact stresses calculated

using equations

(53) or (55) are the values for the

contact stress at the pitch cylinder.

The methods in 6.2 apply to the calculation of contact stress when the pitch point lies in the path of contact. If the
pllch point is determinant and lies outside the path of contact, then .ZB and / or ZD or both shall be determined for

28

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001

contact at the adjacent tip circle. For helical gears when q

iinear interpolation between the values (determined
spur gears and those helical gears with =P z 1.

Zone factor,

6.3

the tangential

{
6.4

for the influence

force at the reference

on Hertzian pressure of tooth flank curvature

(62)

COS2at sinaWt

Elasticity

factor,

ZF

Ti@elasticity factor, ZE, takes into account the influences

{Poissons

at the pitch point and

cylinder to the normal force at the pitch cylinder.

2 cos ~b cosaWt

~H.

ratio) on the contact stress. As this international

of the material

properties

Standard is only applicable

E (modulus of elasticity)

(63)

Contact

6.5.1

ratio factor,

ratio factor, Z=, accounts

!oad capacity of cylindrical

for the influence

of the transverse

contact and overlap ratios on the surface

gears.

Spur gears:

/lc.
d

r4-Ea

The consewative
b)

2=

General

The ccntact

a)

and v

to steel gears, ZE is fixed to

ZH =189,8
6.5

W
for

ZH

Tbe zone factor, ZH, accounts

transforms

is less than 1 Q ZB. and ZD shall be determined

at the pitch point or at the adjacent tip circle as appropriate)

(64)

value of Z, = 1,0 maybe

chosen for spur gears having a contact ratio less than 2,0.

Helical gears:
If ,=1]<1, then

*(1

ZE=

.6P)+:

(65)

(66)

6.5.2

Transverse

contact ratio, a

~,1 = ,<,t[pb~

(67)

wth length of path of contac?:

29

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001

&=*[JTwz=q-.
and transverse

(68)

base pitch:

pbt = mtrt

(69)

cosat

The positive sign is used for external gears, the negative sign for internal gears.
Equation (69) is only valid if the path of contact is effectively
not, for example, by undercut tooth profiles.
6.5.3

Overiap

ratio,

limited by the tip circle of the pinion and the wheel and

Eb

(70)

See 6.1.2 for the definition

of facewidth.

Helix angle factor, ZP

6.6

The helix angle factor, 2P, takes account of the influence on surface stress of the helix angle.
(71)

6.7

Allowable

stress

numbers

(contact),

w lim

ISO 6336-5 provides information on commonly used gear materials, methods of heat treatment, and the influence
of gear quality on values for allowable StreSS .umbers, mHIlm, derived from test results of standard reference test
gears.
See, too, ISO 6336-5 for requirements concerning material and heat treatment
Material quality MQ shall be chosen for marine gears, unless otherwise agreed.
6.8
6.8.1

Influences

on lubrication

film formation,

for qualities

ML, MQ, ME and MX.

Z~, 7+ and ZR

General

As described

in ISO 6336-2, ZL accounts for the influence of nominal viscosity of the lubricant,

of tooth-flank

velocities,

and ZR for the influence

contact zone. Method B of ISO 6336-2:1996

Factors shall be determined
6.8.2

Lubricant

of surface roughness

is used in this International

on the formation

~, for the influence

of the lubricant

film in the

Standard.

for the softer material when the hardness of meshing gears is different.

factor, ZL

ZL can be calculated

using equations

(72) to (75):

(72)

a)

30

If mHIim c 850 /mm2, then

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001

cz~ = 0,83
b)

(73)

If 850 N/mm2 s OHlim s 1200 N/mmz, then

IYHli~
+0,635
CZL= 4375

C)

(74)

If ~H Iim >1 200 N/mm2, then

(75)

CzL = 0,91
Alternatively,

ZL can be calculated

from equation (76):

(76)

ZL = CzL+4(l,0-CzL)vt
where
~f = 1/(1 ,2 + 80/v50)2
using the viscosity parameters

from Table 5.
Table 5 Viscosity

ISO viscosity class

parameters

VG 32 s

VG 46a

VG 68 a

VG 100

VG 150

VG 220

VG 320

Nominal viscosity
b,~o

mm2/s

32

46

68

100

150

220

320

%0

mm2/s

21

30

43

61

89

125

180

0,067

0,107

0,158

0,227

0,295

0,370

Viscosity parameter
0,040
~f
I
la
Only for high s.peedtransmissicm.

6.8.3

Speed factor,

Z,

< can be calculated using equations (77) and (78):

Zv=cz

2(1,0 -CZV)

(77)

08+32
r

where
(78)

Czv = czL + 0,02

see equations
Alternatively,

(73) to (75) for the values of CzL.

~ can be calculated

from equation (79):

Zv = CZV+2 (I)oczv)vp
where the velocity parameter

(79)

v~ = 1/(0,8 + 32/V)0T5

31

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001
6.8.4

Roughness

factor,

Calculation

6.8.4.1

ZR

of ZR

ZR may be calculated using the following equations:

(80)

where
ZR =

czR

[1

l,29a3

(81)

RZI + Rz2

Roughness

6.8.4.2

values

RZ1 +Rz2

(82)

R:=
2

RZ1,2k measured on several tooth flanks. The mean roughness RZI (Pinion flank) and the mean rou9hness Rz2
(wheel flank) shall be determined for their surface condition after manufacture, including any running-in treatment
planned as a manufacturing, commissioning
or in-service process, when safe to assume that this will take place. If
the stated roughness is an Ra value (= CLA value; = AA value), the following approximation may be used for the
conversion:
Ra=CLA=AA=~

(83)

(84)

RZIO=RZ

Pred=

10

~red

PI P2

(85)

P1+P2

where
(86)

p1,2=oSdb1,2tanat
(also applicable for internal gears, db then being negative sign)
6.8.4.3
a)

Material

If ~H Iim <850

dependent

index,

CZR

N/mm2, then

C~R =0,15
b)

(87)

If 850 N/mm2 s OHIim ~ 1200 N/mm2, then

(88)

32

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001

C)

)f ~H Iim >1 200 N/mm2, then

CZR =0,08

6.9

Work

As described

(89)

hardening

factor,

in ISO 6336-2, the work hardening

factor, ~,

takes account of the increased

surface durability

due to

the meshing of a steel wheel (structural steel, through-hardened

steel) with a pinion significantly (= 200 HV or
more) harder than the wheel and having smooth tooth flanks (,Rzs 6 pm, otherwise effects of wear are not covered
by this International
If HB <130,

Standard). Method B of ISO 6336-2:1996

is applied, as follows.

then

.z~=l,2
If 130<

(90)

HB s 470, then

ZW=1,2.

If HB >470,

H;;;030

(91)

then

.zW=l, o

(92)

where HB is the Brinell hardness of the tooth flanks of the softer gear of the pair.
6.10

Size factor,

2X

By means of Z,, account

is taken of statistical

evidence

indicating

that the stress levels at which fatigue damage

occurs decrease with an increase of component size (larger number of weak points in structure), as a consequence
of the influence on subsurface defects of the smaller stress gradients that occur (theoretical stress analysis) and
the influence of size on material quality (effect on forging process, variations in structure, etc.). Important influence
parameters are:
a)

material quality (furnace charge, cleanliness,

b)

heat treatment,

c)

radius of flank curvature;

d)

module: in the case of surface hardening;

effect).

depth of hardening,

forging);

distribution

of hardening;

depth of hardened

layer relative to the size of teeth (core supporting-

For through-hardened
gears and for surface-hardened
gears with adequate
radius of relative curvature, the size factor, ~, is taken to be 1,0.

7
7.1
7.1.1

Calculation
Basic

case depth relative to tooth size and

of tooth bending strength

formulae

General

As specified in ISO 6336-3, the maximum tensile stress at the tooth-root may not exceed the permissible
stress for the material. This is the basis for rating the bending strength of gear teeth.

bending

33

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001

The actual tooth-root

stress, OF, and the permissible

bending

stress, ~Fp, shall be calculated

separately

fOr pinlOn

and wheel; OF shall be less than ~Fp.

7.1.2

Determination

of tooth root stress OF

Method B of ISO 6336-3:1996

is used in this International

Tooth rOOtstress, @, is calculated

Standard.

as follows:

OF = OFOKA Kv KFPKFa G CT~P

(93)

Ft
--YF
Fo = bmn

(94)

with

Ys Yp

In the case of gear trains with multiple transmission paths, planetary gear systems or split-path gear trains, the total
tangential load is not quite evenly distributed over the individual meshes (depending on design, tangential speed
and manufacturing accuracy). This shall be taken into consideration by substituting KYKA for

KA

in

equation

(93)

to

adjust the average tangential load per mesh as necessary (see clause 5).
When the facewidth b (for a double helical gear b = 2 bB) is larger than that of its mating gear, the bending strength
of its teeth shall be based on the smaller facewidth plus a length, not exceeding one module of any extension at
each end. However, if it is foreseen that, because of crowning or end relief, contact does not extend to the end of
face, then the smaller facewidth

shall be used for both pinion and wheel. Facewidth

b is the facewidth

at the root

cylinder of the gear.

7.1.3

Determination

of permissible

tooth rOOt SW!SS, ~Fp

(7FG

~Fp ~ef=aY~reITyRreITYX=
SF ~in

(95)

SF ~in

According to ISO 6336-3, the values of OF,im and ~F~ are validated for NL = 3 x 106 load cycles. This number k
likely to be exceeded

in the life of a marine gear. If this is not the case, refer to ISO 6336-3 for the limited life range.

Nevertheless, values of ~Hp ~efderived from equation (95) may be substituted for @p, giVen OPtlmUm conditions,
material, manufacturing and experience; otherwise the value for ~Fp is obtained by equation (96).
0,01

~FP 0,92~FP~~f

(1
l@

NL

7.1.4

Safety factor for bending

The factor SF shall be calculated

_
_OFG
SF~in

(96)

strength, SF
using the following

equation:

SF-G
> sFmin
CTF
SF is calculated
appropriate,

separately

and OF obtained

(97)

for pinion and wheel, with oFG calculated

with equation

in accordance

with equation

(95) or (96) as

(93).

More information on the safety factor and probability of failure can be found in ISO 6336-1:1996, 1.3.

34

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001

7.2.1

General

YF is the form factor by means of which the influence of tooth form on nominal bending stress is taken into account.
YF is relevant

to the

application

of

load

at the

outer

limit

of

single

pair

tooth

contact.

(method

B of

ISO 6336-3:1996).
Values of YF are determined for spur gears and the virtual spur gears of helical gears. Virtual spur gears have the
virtual number of teeth Zn. See 7.2.4 for the calculation
YF shall be determined

separately

of Zn and other virtual gear parameters.

for wheel and pinion from the following

equation

(see Figure 3).

tihFe
-- --- Cos aF~n
YF = 2

(98)
!.En.

[) m

cos an

Fbn/(b/cos

/
\
a

pb)

Fb,/b

Base circle.
Figure 3 Determination

The equations
restrictions:

of dimensions

of tooth-root

given here apply to all basic rack tooth profiles

a)

the contact point of the 30 tangent lies on the tooth-root

b)

the basic rack profile of the gearing has a root fillet;

c)

the teeth were generated

chord at the critical section

with and without

undercut,

but with the following

fillet;

using tools such as bobs or planer-cutters

having rack form teeth.

35

IS 8830:2007
!s0

9083:2001

a)

With undercut

b)

Figure 4 Dimensions
7.2.2

Parameters

required

Without undercut

and basic rack profile of teeth (finished

for the determination

profile)

of YF

First, determine the auxiliary values E, G and H:

E=~mn-hfpt

anan

pr
+
cos an

(l-sinan

) *
Cos an

(99)

where

.ror= ,pr

(see

Figure 4);

.Spr= o, when gears are not undercut (see Figure 4)

(100)

(101)

Next, use C; and H together with 6?= n/6 as a seed value (on the right hand side) in equation

(1 02).

(102)

Use the newly calculated

significant
equation

36

change

r3 and again

in successive

values

apply

equation

of 0. Generally,

(102). Use this final value of #in equations

(102). Continue
the function

using equation

converges

(103), (104) and (105).

(102) until there

is no

after two or three iterations

of

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001
Tooth-root normal chord, SFn:

(103)

Radius of root fillet, ~:

~~ 2

PF ~fP+
.
m
m

(104)
cos@(.zncos28-2G)

Bending moment arm, hF&

en.

[)

arccos *
den

(105)

0,5n+2xxxtanan
Y*=

+invan

-invaen

(106)

Zn

~F~n = ~~n Ye = tan~en

- invan -

0,5z

+ 2 x x x tanan

(107)

~n
}fFe

= 0,5

(cosye-

mn

7.2.3

den

sinyetana~en)

Internal

:ncos

mn

;0
(1

PfP

-~+
cOse

mn

(108)

gears

It is assumed that the value of the form factor of a special rack can be substituted as an approximate value of the
form factor of an internal gear. The profile of such a rack should be a version of the basic rack profile, modified in
such as way that it would generate the normal profile, including tip and root circles, of an exact counterpart gear of
the internal gear. The load direction angle is ~ (see Figure 5).

~~
P fP2
\

\
_-

\
\
Fbn/(b/cos

/lb)

Fb+/b

e
Cl
7
.

Figure 5 Parameters

for determination

of form factor, Y,c,of an internal gear

37

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001
The values to be used in equation
Tooth-root

(98) are determined

as follows:

normal chord, ~FI-@:

@=2
mn

[4

P2-PP2
%

tanczn + 2-s
mncosan

-mcos~
mn

(109)

where
PfP2

is tool radius (see below).

Bending moment arm, hFr3z?:

hFe2 _
~en2-~fn2
2 mn
mn

[(

_ ~+
4

@_

~.n2-~fn2
2 mn

m n

~anan

tanan

)1

fp2
l_sirr~

mn ()

(110)

where
PP2

is tool radius (see below);

den2

is derived from equation (121) adding the subscript 2;

dfnz

is derived in the same way as dan [equation (121), note that dfn2 - df2 = dn2 -41.

Obtain hfp2 from equation (111), refer to equation (113) and related information for pm.
dnzdfnz
hpz=~

(111)

Root fillet radius, ~F2, tOOlradius, pfp2:

When the root fillet radius, ~F2, is known, it shall be used. Otherwise:

~F2=~fp2=

c
l_slnan

f2hNf2
=

lsins

dNf2~

(112)

2(1 sinan )

(dNf2 represents the diameter of a circle near the tooth-root, containing lhe limits of the usable flanks of an internal

gear).
If sufficient data are not available,

the following

approximation

maybe

used:
(113)

~F2 = Pfp2 = 0~15mn

Ensure that the correct sign is used; see the footnote in Table 1.
7.2.4

Parameters

for the virtual

gear

fl~ = arccos J - (sin ~ cosan)2

(114)

(115)

38

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001

Approximation:

(116)

(117)

~n=+= mnzn
COS

(118)

flb

pbn=nmncosan

(119)

dbn=dncosan

(1 20)

dan=dn+

(121)

da-d

(122)

The value of z is positive for external gears and negative for internal gears (see clause 3, footnote 2).

7.3

Stress

correction

factor, 1s

The stress correction factor, Ys, is used to convert the nominal bending stress to local tooth root stress. Ys shall be
determined separately for pinion and wheel. YS is valid in the range 1 s q~ <8.

(123)
where
.YFn
L=
hFe

(124)

*
~ls= ,PF

(125)

with
s~n from equation (103) for external gears, equation (109) ior internal gears;
/iFe from equation (108) for external gears, equation
PF

(110) for internal gears;

rem equation (1 ~4) for external gears! equation (113) or nternal gears.

39

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001
7.4

Helix angle factor, YD

The tooth-root stress of a virtual spur gear, calculated as a preliminary value, is converted by means of the helix
factor, YO, to that of the corresponding
helical gear. By this means, the oblique orientation of the lines of mesh
contact is taken into account (lesser tooth-root
If 6B >1 and Ps

stress).

30, then

(126)

(127)

Yp=o,75

(128)

YP=10,256P

7.5

Tooth-root

(129)

reference

ISO 6336-5 provides

for heat treatment

strength,

information

processes

a~~

on values of OF,im and rs~~ for the more popular gear materials. The requirements

and material quality for quality grades ML, MQ and ME are also included.

The quality MQ shall be used for marine gears unless otherwise

7.6

Relative notch SWSWVRY

Y5 ,el ~ approximately
ISO 6336-3:1996

indicates

faCtOr,

Ya ~elT

the overstress

is used in this International

agreed.

tolerance

of the material

in the root fillet

1 +Jpx

1 +-r px;
where

40

Method

B of

(130)

J relT =

9)

region.

Standard.

is the slip-layer thickness

taken from Table 6 as a function of the material;

x+

is the value for the standard reference test gear: x;=

is the relative stress gradient calculated

1,2;

using the following

equation:gj

Applies for module m = 5 mm. The influenceof size is covered by the factor kx(see 7.8)

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001

x*=o,2(l+2q~)

(131)

where
q~

is the notch parameter

obtained from equation (125).

Table 6 Values for slip-layer

thickness

Material a
NT (nitr.), NV (nitr.), NV (nitrocar.)

#
d
mm
0,1005

v
yield point O,= 500 N/mmz

0,0281

yield point a,= 600 N/mm2

0,0194

limit of proportionality 00,2= 800 N/romp

0,0064

limit of proportionality ~,z = 1000 N/romp

0,0014

Eh, If
a

7.7

0,0030

See Table 2 for an explanation of abbreviations used.

Relative surface factor, 1:.,~1T

The surface factor, YR relT, accounts for the influence on tooth-root stress of the surface condition in the tooth-roots.
Primarily, this is dependent on surface roughness in the tooth-root fillets.
The influence of surface condition on tooth-root bending strength does not depend solely on the surface roughness
in the tooth-root fillets, but also on the size and shape (the problem of notches within a notch). This subject has not
been sufficiently well studied to date for it to be taken into account in this International Standard. The method
applied here is only valid when scratches or similar defects deeper than 2 x Rz are not present.
NOTE

2 x RZ is the preliminaryestimated value.

Besides surface texture, other known influences on tooth bending strength include residual compressive stresses
(shot peening), grain boundary oxidation and chemical effects. When fillets are shot peened, perfectly shaped, or
both, a value slightly greater than that obtained from the graph should be substituted for YR~elT. When grain
boundary oxidation or chemical effects are present, a smaller value than that indicated by the graph should be
substituted for YR~eiT.
a)

For V, Eh, IF when Rz <1 pm

(132)

YYRr~lT 1,12
b)

for NT (nitr.), NV (nitr.), NV (nitrocar.) when Rz <1 pm

yyR ~e,T = 1,025

c)

for V, Eh, IF if Rz >1 pm

YYRre[T = 1,674-0,529

(Rz +

1)0

(133)

41

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001

d)

for NT (nitr.), NV (nitr.), NV (nitrocar.)

YR reiT = 4,299-3,259

7.8

when Rz >1

pm

(134)

(Rz + 1)0005

Size factor, Yx

Yx is used to allow for the influence of size on

the probable

the stress gradients that in materials

material quality, and

as regards the quality of forging, presence of defects, etc.

Yx is calculated

distribution

of weak points in the material structure,

theory decrease with increasing

dimensions,

in accordance with Table 7.

Table 7 Size factor (root), YX

Material a
v

Eh, IF,

Normai module
%

Size factor
Yx

mn<5

Yx=l,o

5<mn<30

Yx = 1,03-0,006

30< m.

yx = 0,85

mn<5

Y)(=l,o

NT (nitr.)

5emn <25

NV (nitr.)

25 G mn

NV (nitrocar.)
a

42

See Table 2 for an explanation of the abbreviations used.

mn

Yx = 1,05 0,01 mn
Yx= 0,8

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001

Annex A
(normative)

Tooth stiffness parameters

and

Cy

A.1 General
A tooth stiffness parameter represents the requisite load over 1 mm facewidth, directed along the line of action lo) to
produce in line with the load, the deformation amounting to 1 pm, of one or more paire of deviation-free teeth in
contact.
Single stiffness,

c, is the maximum

stiffness of a single-tooth

pair of a spur gear pair. It is approximately

equal to

the maximum stiffness of a tooth pair in single pair contact 11). Single stiffness c for helical gears is the maximum
stiffness normal to the helix of one tooth pair.
Mesh stiffness, CY,is the mean value of stiffness of all the teeth in a mesh.
Method B from ISO 6336-1:1996,

A.2 Single stiffness

used in this International

Standard, is applicable

in the range xl > X2 s 2.

A.2.1 Calculation of c
For specific loading, Ft KA / b >100 N/mm2:
(Al)

C = 0,8 cth CR CB COS~

A.2.2 Theoretical single stiffness, Cti

(A.2)

where

9=CI+

+ =
+ (c~x, ) + !%?44
z~l
Zn2

+ (C6X2)

(C7X2)2
+
Zn2

+ (C8X:)

+ (c9x:)

(A.3)

10) The tooth deflection can be determined approximately using Ft (Fm FtH ...) instead of Fbt. Conversion from Ft to Fbt (load
tangent to the base cylinder) is covered by the relevant factors, or the modificationsresulting from this conversion can be
ignored when compared with other uncertainties(e.g. tolerances on the measured values).
11) c at the outer limit of single pair tooth contact, can be assumed to approximatethe maximum value of single stiffnesswhen
6a > 1,2.

43

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001

Table A.1 Constants

c,

C*

0,04723

A.2.3

c~

0,15551

Gear

blank

0,25791

factor,

c~
-0,00635

for equation

c~
-0,11654

(A.3)

c~
-0,00193

CJ
-0,24188

ca
0,00529

Cg
0,00182

CR

CR= 1 for gears made from solid disc blanks. For other gears:
h (b~/b )

CR=l+

Boundary

(A.4)

cjc$R/(5mn)

conditions:

when bJb c 0,2, substitute b~lb = 0,2;

when bJb >1,2,

substitute b.Jb = 1,2.

See Figure A.1 for symbols.

A.2.4 Basic rack factor, CB

CB can be obtained from equation (A.5):

l+o,s(l,z-~)

CB=

[
A.2.5

Additional

(A.5)

[1-o,02(20-apn)]

information

a)

Internal gears: approximate values of the theoretical single stiffness

from equations (A.2), (A.3), by the substitution of infinity for zn2.

II)

Specific load (Ft KA/b) <100

of internal gear teeth can be determined

N/mm

0,25
FtKA
c= 0,8 C~hCRCB cos @
100b

[1

c)

The above is based on steel

ISO 6336-1:1996, clause 9.

A.2.6

Mesh

stiffness,

gear
-

pairs,

(A.6)

for

other

materials

and

material

combinations,

refer

to

Cy

For spur gears with ea >1,2 and helical gears with ~s 30, the mesh stiffness:
c~ = c (0,75
with c according

44

(A.7)

ca + 0,25)
to equation

(Al).

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001

1,05

0,95

0,9

0,85

0,8

0,75
10
0,7

1
Y/

I
II
A

/1

0,65

Wu4

0
II
w=

0,6

0,55
0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

(),7

0,8

0,9

1,1

1,2

b.,Ib

Figure A.1 Wheel blank factor, CR; mean values for mating gears of similar or stiffer wheel blank design

45

IS 883[1 :2007
1s0 9083:2001

Annex

(normative)

Special features of less cammon gear designs

B.1 Dynamic factor, Kv, for planetary gears

5.1.1 General
In gear trains which include multiple mesh gears such as idler gears and in epicyclic gearing, planet and sun gears,
there are several natural frequencies. These can be higher or lower than the natural frequency of a single gear pair
which has only one mesh.
Although values of Kv determined

with the formulae

they can nevertheless

be useful as preliminary
assessed using a more accurate procedure.

in this International
assessments.

Method A should be preferred for the analysis

ISO 6336-1:1996 for further information.

Standard shall be considered

It is recommended

of less common

transmission

as unreliable,

that if possible

they be re-

designs.

to 6.1.1

Refer

of

B.1.2 Calculation of the relative mass of a gear with external teeth

Refer to 5.6.2.

Resonance speed determination for less common gear designs

$.1.3
E1.1.3.1

General
.

The resonance speed determination

for less common gear designs should be made using Method A. However,
other methods may be used to approximate the effects. Some examples are the following:
a)

pinion shaft with diameter

b)

two rigidly connected,

c)

one large wheel driven by two pinions;

d)

planetary

e)

idler gears.

B.1 .3.2

at mid-tooth

depth, dml, about equal to the shaft diameter;

coaxial gears;

gears:

Pinion shaft diameter

equal to diameter

at mid-tooth

depth, dml

The high torsional stiffness of the pinion shaft is to a great extent compensated
by the shaft mass. Thus the
resonance speed can be calculated in the normal way, using the mass of the pinion (toothed portion) and the
normal mesh stiffness CT
B.1.3.3

Two, rigidly connected,

coaxial gears

The mass of the larger of the connected

46

gears shall be included.

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001

B.1 .3.4

One large wheel driven by two pinions

As the mass of the wheel is normally much greater than the masses of the pinions, each mesh can be considered

separately, i.e:

as a pair comprising the first pinion and the wheel, and

as a pair comprising

B.1 .3.5

the second pinion and the wheel.

Planetary gears

Because of the many transmission paths that include varieties of stiffness other than mesh stiffness, the vibratory
behaviour of planetary gears is very complex. The calculation of dynamic load factors using simple formulae, such
as method B, is generally quite inaccurate. Nevertheless,
method B, modified as follows, can be used for a first
estimate of KV This estimate should, if possible, be verified be means of a subsequent detailed theoretical or
experimental
a)

analysis, or on the basis of operating

Sun gearlplanet

experience.

See also the introductory

comments

to this annex.

gear

The reduced mass for the determination

of the resonance

speed, flEl, of the sun gear is given by:

(B.1)

where

J Plaand ./sun

are the moments

respectively

of inertia

per unit facewidth

in kilogram square millimetres

of one planet

per millimetre

gear and the sun gear

(kg. mm2/mm).

b SU!l

= 0,!5

db sun;

b pla

= 0,5 db pla;

is the number of planet gears in the gear stage under consideration.

from equation (B.1 ), shall be used in the equation for calculating N (see 5.6.2.2)
where a mesh stiffness approximately equal to a single planetary gear shall be used for the mesh stiffness Cy

The value, mred, determined

and the number of teeth on the sun gear shall be used for:1.
Concerning

planetay

gears, it should be noted that Ft in equations

equal to the total tangential

b)

Planet gearlannulus

(12) to (14) for Bp, Bf, Bk (see 5.6.2.3)

is

load applied to the sun gear, divided by the number of planet gears.

gear rigidly connected

to the gear case

In this case, the mass of the annulus gear can be assumed to be infinite. Thus, the relative mass becomes
equal to the referred mass of the planet gear. This can be determined as follows:
J jla
nt ~s.d= ~
%pla

(B.2)

with the notation as above.

47

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001

c)

Planet gearhotating annulus gear

In this case, the referred mass of the annulus gear can be determined as for an external wheel, and the planet
gear relative mass calculated in accordance with equation (B.2). The procedure described in B. 1.3.4 shall be
used when the annulus gear meshes with several planet gears

B.1 .3.6

Idler gears

Approximate

values can be obtained

from the following when the driving and driven gears are roughly of the same

size, the idler gear also about the same size or a little larger:

reduced mass

(B.3)

mesh stiffness

Cy

= 0,5

()

CYI,Z

(B.4)

+cY2,3

where

J ~, J ~, J ~ are the moments of inertia per unit facewidth of the pinion, the idler and the wheel respectively
in kilogram square millimetres per millimetre (kg. mmz/mm);
C.(l,2

is the mesh stiffness of the driver and idler gear pair;

C72,3

is the mesh stiffness of the driver and idler gear pair (see annex A for the determination
More accurate analysis is recommenced

if the reference speed is in the range 0,6 c

If the idler is substantially

larger than the driving and driven gears or, if the driving gear or driven
substantially smaller than the two other gears, Kv can be calculated separately for each meshing pair, i.e.
-

for the driver-idler

gear combination,

for the idler-driven

gear combination,

Values of mred calculated

the resonance

in accordance

is

and

with the above may be substituted

for cases not mentioned

in equation

(7) of 5.6.2.2 to determine

here,

Face load factors, F&b, KFP,for simpie planetary gears

The face load factor takes into account the effects of the non-uniform
the surface stress (KHP) and tooth-root stress (KFB).

48

gear

speed.

An accurate analysis is recommended

8.2

of c.,).

c 1,5.

distribution

of load over the gear facewidth

on

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001

According

Method Cl is suitable for the gears of single planetary gear-

to 7.2.3.1 a) and 7.6.1 of 1S0 6336-1:1996,

sets in which the following features are found12J.

Either the sun or the planet carrier and sometimes the annulus gear is free to float; otherwise a comparable division
of load between the individual planet gears is achieved by greater accuracy of manufacture, flexibility or both. If
necessary, refer to the above mentioned clauses for details.
Determine:

mesh misalignment

running-in

mesh stiffness in accordance

due to manufacturing deviation ~main accordance with 5.7.2.2,

factor Xp in accordance

with 5.7.2.3,

with annex A.

Any unequal division of the total tangential load between the planet gears is covered by factor Ky (see clause 5).
Thus, for these gears, Fm = (Ft KA KYK.), and with Ft being the nominal tangential load transmitted Per mesh, also
the sum of the loads over both helices of double helical gears.
a)

Spur and single helical gears (see footnote 5)

Gear pair without helix modification,

KHp=l+

4000
3X

Cy

p~Py

(-)
b
~z

sun gear (Z)/planet

5,12 +

with equation

Gear pair without

planet carrier:

helix modification,

on a fixed, rigid planet pin:

K~c Yfma

(B.5)

2Fm, b

For the same gear pair with helix modification

KF{B in accordance

(P), mounted

(torsional deflection

(36) and 5.7.2.4.2,

only compensated):

and KHP >1,05.

sun gear (Z)/planet

(P) with journals,

mounted

with bearings

in the

(B.6)

For the same gear pair with full helix modification

(bending and torsional

KHB in accordance

with equation

and KH~ 21,05.

Gear pair without

the planet carrier

helix modification,

(36) of 5.7.2.4.2,
annulus

gear (H)/planet

deflection

(P) with journals,

fully compensated):

mounted

with bearings

in

(B.7)

12) Restoring forces in toothed couplings are ignored. Restoring forces which lead to uneven distributionof load over the
facewidth can occur when transmissionelements are rigidand frictioncharacteristicsof flexible couplingsare unsatisfactory.

49

1S 8830:2007
1s0 9083:2001

For the same gear pair with helix modification

KHU in accordance

(bending deflection

with equation (36) of 5.7.2.4.2,

Double helical gears (see 5.7.2.4, with footnotes

-

and KHB z 1,05.

Gear pair with or without helix modification, annulus gear (H)/planet (P) mounted on a fixed, rigid planet
pin:
KH~ in accordance with equation (36) of 5.7.2.4.2,

b)

only compensated):

Gear pair without helix modification,

and KI+P>1,05.

4 and 5)

sun gear (Z)/planet

(P) mounted on a fixed, rigid planet pin:

(B.8)

For the same gear pair with

footnote 4):

helix modification (torsional deflection only compensated,

KHP in accordance with equation (37) of 5.7.2.4.2,

Gear pair without

planet carrien

helix modification,

see 5.7.2.4,

and KH~ >1,05.

sun gear (Z)/planet

(P) with journals,

mounted

with bearings

in a

~eyfma

(B.9)

Fm ~b B

For the same gear pair with full helix modification

see footnote 7):
KHL1in accordance with equation (37) of 5.7.2.4.2,

---

Gear pair without helix modification,

planet carrier:

(bending

and torsional

deflection

fully compensated,

and KHD >1,05.

annulus gear (H)/planet

(P) with journals,

mounted

with bearings

in a

(B.10)

---

For the same gear pair with helix modification

KHII in accordance

---

(37) of 5.7.2.4.2,

Gear pair: with or without helix modification,

pin:
KHO in accordance

50

with equation

(bending deflection

only compensated):

and KHD>1,05.

annulus gear (H)/planet

with equation (37) of 5.7.2.4.2,

and KHP>1,05.

(P) mounted on a fixed, rigid planet

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001

Annex C
(informative)

Guide values for application factor, KA

C.1 Establishment

of application

factors

Application factors can best be established from a thorough analysis of service experience with a particular
application (see lSO/TR 10495). For marine gears, the rules of the classification authorities shall be obsetved, as
these are founded on extensive service experience. For the main propulsion geara of sea-going ships, a thorough

analytical investigation should be made.

The factor KA is used to modify the value Ft, to take into account loads additional

to nominal loads imposed on the

gears from external sources. If it is not possible to determine the equivalent tangential load (see clause 5.3) by
comprehensive
system analysis or from measured values using a suitable cumulative damage criterion; the
empirical guidance values in C.2 can be used.
For marine gears, which are subjected to cyclic peak torques (torsional vibrations) and designed for infinite life, the
application factor can be defined as the ratio between the peak cyclic torque and the nominal rated torque. The
nominal rated torque is defined by the rated power and speed; it is the torque used in the load capacity
calculations.
If the gear is subjected to a limited number of ~known loads in excess of the amount of the peak cyclic torques, this
influence may be covered directly by means of a cumulative fatigue criterion, as mentioned above, or by means of
an increased application factor representing the influence of the load spectrum.
It is recommended that the purchaser and manufacturer or designer agree on the value of the application factor in
agreement with the applicable classification authority.

C.2 Approximate

values for the application

factors

KA used m the preparation of preliminary designs can be chosen from the following values:

.. for diesel driven main propulsion gears, KA = 1,35;

. for turbine driven main prOpUlS1017gears, KA = 1,1.
For geared transmissions

of auxiliary machinery sIJch as those listed in table Cl, the following values may be used:

for diesel driven auxiliaries,

KA = 1,5;

. for turbine and electric motor driven auxiliaries, KA = 1,25;

. for turbine driven electricity generators,

KA = 1,1

Table C.% Auxiliary machinery

Cargo pumps, feed pumps

Electricitygenerators
Side thrusters
Azimuth thrusters

Dynamic positioningthrusters
Platformjacking equipment

Any other equipment which is essential to the safety of a ship or other similar marine unit

51

B
IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001

Annex D
(informative)

Guide values for crowning and end relief of teeth of cylindrical gears

K1.1 General
Well designed crowning and end relief have a beneficial influence on the distribution of load over the facewidth of a
gear (see 5.7). Design details should be based on a careful estimate of the deformations
and manufacturing
deviations of the gearing of interest. If deformations are considerable, helix angle modification might be superposed
over crowning or end relief, but well designed helix modification is preferable.

D.2 Amount of crowning,

The following non-mandatory
obtain acceptable distribution
Subject to the limitations

CP

rule is drawn f rom experience; the amount of crowning

of load can be determined as follows.

10pm

s Cp g 40 pm plus a manufacturing

tolerance

bCa@ would have been greater than 1 had the geara not been crowned:

Figure D.1 Amount of crowning,

In order to avoid excessive loading of tooth ends, the crowning
Cp =0,5(~~~

(see Figure D. 1) necessaty

of 5 pm to 10 pm, and that the value

Cp = 0,5 Fpx ~v.

C~ ~bl,and width, b(b)

amount shall be calculated

as:
(D.1)

+ ~Hb)

When the gears are of such stiff construction

helices have been modified to compensate

that &.h can for all practical

for deformation

at mid-facewidth,

purposes

be neglected,

the following

or when the

value can be substituted:

(D.2)

c~ = O,~@

Subject to the restriction 10pm s Cp < 25pm plus a manufacturing tolerance of about 5pm, 60% to 70
above values are adequate for extremely accurate and reliable high speed gears.

52

to

~0

of the

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001

D.3 Amount Cl(n)and width bl(ll)of end relief

D.3.I Method Cl
This method is based on an assumed value for the equivalent
on the recommendations
for the amount of gear crowning.
a)

misalignment

of the gear pair, without end relief, and

Amount of end relief (see Figure D.2)

For through hardened

gears: Cl(ll) = FPX~v plus a manufacturing

tolerance of 5 pm to 10 pm.

Thus, by analogy with Fbx ~v in clause D.1, Cl(n) should be approximately

(D.3)

Cl(n) = ~sh + lt5~H(j

For surface hardened and nitrided gears: CI(II) = 0,5 ~p)( ~v plus a manufacturing

tolerance

of 5 Pm to 1() Pm.

Thus, by analogy with Fox ~v in clause D.1, Cl(II) should be WPrOXimatSdY

CI(II) = 0,5(&h

(D.4)

+ l~5tH~)

Figure D.2 Amount Cl(li) and width h(~) of end relief

When the gears are of such stiff construction

that &.h can for all Practical Purposes be neglected,

or when the

helices have been modified to compensate deformation, proceed in accordance with equation (D.2).
For very accurate

and reliable

gears with high tangential

velocities,

60

Y.

to 70

?.

of the above values

is

appropriate.
b) Width of end relief
For approximately constant load and higher tangential velocities: bl(ll) is the smaller of the values (0,1 b) or
(1,0 m)
The following

is appropriate

for variable loading, low and average speeds:

b,e~ = (0,5 to 0,7) b

(D.5)

D.3.2 Method C2
This method is based on the deflection of gear pairs, assuming uniform distribution of load over the facewidth:

~~~h= Fm/(bcY), or F~ =FtKAKv

(D.6)

53

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001

For highly accurate and reliable gears with high tangential

CIOI)= (2 to 3)dbth
bred = (0,8 to 0,9)b

velocities,

the following

are appropriate:
(D.7)
(D.8)

For similar gears of lesser accuracy

cl(n) =(3

to 4, ~bth

bred = (0,7 to 0,8)b

54

(D.9)
(D.1O)

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001

Annex E
(informative)

Check and interpretation

of tooth contact pattern

E.1 Scope and field of application

This annex describes a procerfure for checking the tooth contact of marine gear units (accuracy grade 6 or better)
without load or under partial load condition.

E.2 Test methods

E.2.1 General
There are two methods described

for determining

the tooth ccntact pattern:

contact test (check of mesh without load);

load test (contact pattern at defined load level).

E.2.2 Contact test

The contact test is an economical method for determining the sum of all manufacturing deviations. The contact test
is usually performed m the completely mounted condition. If no housing is available, especially in the case of large
gears, a test rig maybe used. Typical applications are

large gears for marine transmissions,

gears mounted on board.

and

The main influence factors cm the tooth contact without load are given in Table El
Table E.1 Main influence factors on the tooth contact without load

Lead deviation

E.2.3 Load test

The load test is app;ied for highly loaded gears with prcfile or lead modifications,
or both, for comparison
actual contact pattern with the data obtained by calculation. For the test, the load is increased in reasonable
in order to be able to predict the load distribution at full load. At the lowest load stage the gears shall already
reached their final position. A typical sequence of load stages is: 5 Y., 25 %, 50 Y., 757., 100 Y. (maximum
as high as possible).
The load-dependent

of the
steps
have
value

influence factors with influence on the tooth contact are given in Table E.2.

55

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001

Table E.2 Load-dependent

Tooth deviations

influence factors influencing

Housing deviations

the tooth contact

Shaft deviations

Tooth deformation

Housing stiffness

Shaft deflection

Hertzian deformation

Housing temperature

Shaft distortion

Bearing tolerances
Bearing stiffness

Gear blank deformation

Tooth wear
E.2.4

Procedure

It is usual for both contact and load tests that at least three sets of teeth (for the whole plane of contact) are
considered. Either the wheel or the pinion is painted with a suitable contrast colour. After several revolutions
without load or at the actual load stage the transmission of colour to the mating gear (without or with moderate
load), or the abrasion of the colour (high load), is used to evaluate the contact pattern.
E.2.5

Paints

E.2.5.1

Contact test

See Table E.3.

Table E.3 Suitable paints (contact test)
Manufacturer

Suitable paints
Lukas Tuschierfarbe

Dr. Schonfeld & Co.

Diamant Tuschierfarbe

Schleifmittelwerk Kahi

Eosoi Tuschierpaste

Emil Otto/Fabrik

Kruel Tuschierfarbe

Fa. C. Kreul

Norma Olfarbe

H. Schminke & Co.

Yellow Gear Marking

Prescott & Comp. Ltd.

NOTE
The above are examples of productsavailable commercially. This informationis given for the
convenience of users of this International Standard and does not constitute an endorsement of ISO of
these products.

E.2.5.2

Load test

The contrast colour for load tests shall meet the following requirements:

good contrast on metal surface;

high temperature

resistance;

oil resistant;

high tensile strength;

high adhesion.

See Table E.4.

56

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001

Table E.4 Suitable paints (load test)

Manufacturer

Suitable paints

I Dykem Red Layout DX-296

I The Dykem Company

! Eosol Anrei13farbe

! Emil OtioEabrik

Pelikan AnreiBfarbe

Pelikanwerke

Regensburger

Regensburger

Getriebeprtiflack

Lackfabrik
s

I Copper sulphate

NOTE
The above are examples of products available commercially. This information is given for the
convenience of users of this lntemational Standard and does not constitute an endorsement of ISO of
these products.

E.3 Evacuation ofexpectedvaluesfor

conticttest

andloadtest

Facecontactwidth

E.3.1

The optimum contact pattern isdetermined

onthebasis
of the lead modification gained by Method
1S0 6336-1:1996. If a linear helix modification is applied the face contact, width is calculated as

bp

Sc
-

x 100

A, Bor

Cof

(El)

korr

where
is the face contact width in percent;

bP

is the film thickness

.Sc

.fk~~~

E.3.2

is the lead correction

of the contrast colour, in micrometres

value, in micrometres

(pm);

(~m).

Profile contact width

The opttmum contact width over the profile is determined corresponding

to the actual profile and lead corrections,
and the referring tolerances. Reasonably, the load value should be advised where full profile contact is expected.

E.4

Examination

of contact pattern

Examination of the contact pattern is subjective and should therefore always be carried out together with the use of
complete investigation
records. For both the contact test and load test, the optimum contact pattern can be
adp-sted during the test by means of eccentric bearing rings or by adding shims at the supports to distort the
housing.

57

IS 8830:2007
ISO 9083:2001

Bibliography

[1]

ISO 4287:1997,

Geometrical

Product

Specifications

(GPS) surface

texture: Profile method Terms,

definitions and surface texture parameters.

[2]

ISO 4288:1996,

Geometrical

Product Specifications

(GPS) Surface texture: Profile method Rules and

procedures for the assessment of surface texture.

[3]

ISO 9084.2000, Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears Application to high speed gears
and gears of similar requirements.

[4]

ISO 9085: Is), Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears Application for industrial gears.

13) To be published.

58

(Continued

from second cover)

The technical committee responsible for the preparation of this standard has reviewed the provisions
of following International Standards referred in this adopted standard and has decided that they are
acceptable for use in conjunction with this standard:
International

Standard

Title

ISO 1328-1 :1995

Cylindrical gears ISO system of accuracy Part 1: Definitions and

allowable values of deviations relevant to corresponding
flanks of gear
teeth

ISO 6336-5:1996

Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears Part 5: Strength

and quality of material

For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of

final value, observed or calculated, expressing the. result of a test
accordance with IS 2 : 1960 Rules for rounding off numerical
significant places retained in the rounded off value should be the
in this standard..

this standard is complied with, the

or analysis, shall be rounded off in
values (revised). The number of
same as that of the specified value

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