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T1/2=5730y
Effective halflife ~5-10 y
(photosynthesis)
14C
distribution
+ nuclear test related 14C production
dN
1 [Ci ] =
= 3.7 1010
dt
decays
s
dN
decay
1 [Bq ] =
=1
dt
s
Radiation Detection
E
D=
m
Equivalent Dose:
H = Q D
Photons:
Neutrons: E<10keV
Neutrons: E>10keV
Protons:
Alphas :
Q=1
Q=5
Q=15
Q=5
Q=20
Spectrum of CR
Observable Effects!
Wifes ring
with ground
level dose!
Au -activity
Husbands ring
with transatlantic
high altitude dose
8 times
more dose
40K
40Ar
40Ca
40Ar
Internal Glowing
On average, 0.27% of the mass of
the human body is potassium K of
which 0.021% is radioactive 40K
with a half-life of T1/2=1.25109 [y].
Each decay releases an average of
Eavg= 0.5 MeV - and -radiation,
which is mostly absorbed by the body
but a small fraction escapes the body.
[ particles ] = N
40
Example: 40K
Calculate the absorbed body dose over an average human
lifetime of t = 70 y for this source of internal exposure.
Dose:
Activity:
Eavg
Eabsorbed
40
D=
= t A( K )
mbody
mbody
A( 40K ) = N 40 K = ln 2 T1 2 N 40 K
0.5 [ MeV ]
ln 2
1
15
D = 70 [ y ]
((8.54
4.88 10 [ g ] mbody )
9
mbody
1.25 10 [y]
10
with : 1[eV ] = 1.602 10 19 [[JJ]]
I (d ) = I 0 e
Absorption probability
Attenuation coefficient depends on energy and nature
of particle, medium and interaction probability. High
Coulomb scattering probability for charged particles,
causes high absorption probability, results in short range!
Energy Range() Range()
keV
cm
cm
10
0.01
0.2
100
0.10
16.0
1000
0.50
330.0
10000
10.50
4100.0
Main component
gammas & neutrons
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
Neutron
1 m Concrete
Fission products
128Te
129Xe
130Te
Production of neutron-rich
radioactive isotopes in the
I
mass 80-130 range which
Sn
decay by decay or by Te
Te
delayed neutron emission
In
Back to stable isotopes.
Decay time scale depends
On the associated half-lives
Cd
which determine the flux
and time scale for delayed
e.g. 126Ag(-,n)125Cd
radiation exposure.
vs 126Ag(-)126Cd
127
128
125
129Sn
130Sn
128In
129In
127Cd
128Cd
126Ag
127Ag
126
127
126
activity (in %)
10
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1.0
10.0
100.0
1000.0
days
The rule is accurate to 25% for the first two weeks, and is accurate to a factor
of two for the first six months. After 6 months, the rate of decline becomes much
more rapid.
autopsy
External
Contamination
**
**
****
Internal
Contamination
Inhalation
Ingestion
Surface
Lung Clearance
Lung
GI
Tract
Lymph
Nodes
Uptake:
Blood
Kidney
Excretion:
Skin
1. Intact
2. Wounds
Feces
Urine
(Recycle)
Deposition Sites
1. Whole Body
2. Bone
3. Liver
4. Thyroid
Linear energy transfer (LET): amount of energy deposited per unit track length
Survival Chance
Purpura, Vomiting,
Hemogram
blood impact of 300 rad exposure
Radiation impact
on bone marrow
100 rad = 1 Gy 1 Sv
MORTALITY RATE ( % )
Leukemia
When leukemia develops, the
body produces large numbers
of abnormal blood cells. In
most types of leukemia, the
abnormal cells are white blood
cells.
Latent period
Period at risk
Risk curve
Risk
30
Time (years)