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Electromagnetics (I)
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CHAPTER2
Maxwells Equations in Integral Form
(Approximate)
(Exact)
(Approximate)
(Exact)
(Exact)
Voltage
The voltage between A and B along the specified path:
The line integral of E from A to B has the physical meaning of work per unit charge
done by the field in moving the test charge from A to B.
(volts)
The line integral of a vector around a closed path is known as the circulation of
that vector.
In particular, the line integral of E around a closed path is the work per unit charge
done by the field in moving a test charge around the closed path. It is the voltage
around the closed path and is also known as the electromotive force.
B S
0
The integral on the right side is known as the surface integral of B over S.
The surface integral is a double integral since dS is equal to the product of two
differential lengths.
(for abcd)
(for efgh)
(for adhe)
(for bcgf)
(for aefb)
(for dhgc)
19991031
3. The closed path C on the left side need not represent a loop of wire, but can be
an imaginary contour.
the time-varying magnetic fluxan electric field an emf around the closed path.
If a wire is placed the emf will produce a current in the loop
4. The minus sign on the right side together with the right-hand screw rule
ensures that Lenzs law is always satisfied.
Lenzs law states that the sense of the induced emf is such that any current it
produces tends to oppose the change in the magnetic flux producing it.
5. If the loop C contains more than one turn, such as in an N-turn coil,
due to the electric field induced in the moving bar by virtue of its motion
perpendicular to the magnetic field.
direction of propagation, E, B k
no voltage is induced in the
loop when its axis is along the direction of the
transmitter. emf 0, for B // loop
to use two spaced vertical loop antennas and find their orientations for
which no signals are received.
Magnetic levitation
a basis for rapid transit systems employing trains that hover over
their guideways and do not touch the rail.
arises from a combination of Faradays law and Ampres force law.
(Ampres force law) If the currents flow in the same sense, the
magnetic force is one of attraction, and if the currents flow in
opposite senses, it is one of repulsion.
(Faradays law) Connect coil No. 2 to the variac and coil No. 1 to an
oscilloscope to observe the induced voltage in coil No. 1.
the change in the induced voltage as the variac voltage is
changed.
the change in the induced voltage by keeping the variac voltage
constant and moving coil No. 1
Connect coil No. 2 to the variac and leave coil No. 1
open-circuited: no action takes place, since no current flows in it.
short circuited: repulsion, a current flow in it in the sense
opposite to that in coil No. 2. (the combination of Faradays law
and Ampres force law)
coil 2 : Vg
Vg
Vg
2
2
Vg Vg
coil 1 : 0
2
2
2.
2.
where C1 and C2 are traversed in opposite senses and touch each other so that S1
and S2 together form a closed surface.
Capacitor circuit
the time-varying voltage source sets up a time-varying electric field
between the plates of the capacitor and directed from one plate to
the other.
Neglecting fringing effects and assuming that the electric field is
normal to the plates and uniform,
Gauss law for the electric field states that the displacement flux
emanating from a closed surface S is equal to the charge contained
within the volume V bounded by that surface.
This statement, although familiarly known as Gauss law, has its
origin in experiments conducted by Faraday.
The quantity is the charge contained within the volume V bounded
by S. Although can be a point charge, surface charge, or volume
charge, or a combination of these.
It is formulated as the volume integral of the volume charge density
The volume integral is a triple integral since dv is the product of
three differential lengths.
Recall that
Although the RHS is formulated in terms of the volume charge
density, it represents the algebraic sum of all free charges contained
within V
Gauss law for the magnetic field states that the magnetic flux
emanating from a closed surface is equal to zero.
In physical terms, it signifies that magnetic charges do not exist and
magnetic flux lines are closed. Whatever magnetic flux enters (or
leaves) a certain part of a closed surface must leave (or enter)
through the remainder of the closed surface.
useful in the computation of
magnetic flux crossing a given
surface (which is not closed).
Gauss law for the electric field follows from Ampres circuital law
with the aid of the law of conservation of charge.
The interdependence between the electric and magnetic fields no longer exists.
The static electric field is a conservative field. (2.37a)
The magnetic flux is the same through all surfaces bounded by a closed path. (2.37d)
The static electric and magnetic fields arise from certain time-invariant charge and
current distributions, respectively. (2.37c & b) These distributions must be such that the
resulting electric and magnetic fields possess symmetry to be able to replace the
integrals on the left sides by algebraic expressions.
according to (2.37c),
the uniform charge density = superposition of pairs of equal point charges, the field
due to the entire line charge has only a radial component independent of f and z.
HW #2
Due 3/XX/2011
dv
according to (2.37c),
the uniform charge density = superposition of pairs of equal point charges, the field
due to the entire line charge has only a radial component independent of f and z.
Gauss law for electric field (for a point charge) Coulomb law
Ampere circuital law (for a current element?) Ampere law
The electric and magnetic fields can be calculated even though these
distributions are such that the fields do not possess symmetry.