Bernoullis Equation.

The velocity does not vary at a point (local acceleration = 0) but that it may vary
with position (convective acceleration 0) in steady flow.
One-dimensional Euler Equation:

dp
V2
+ dz+ =0

2g

INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUID

Energy per unit

weight
(

Energy per unit

volume
(

Energy per unit

mass
(

Energy per unit weight ;

2

p
V
+ z + =constant (along a streamline)

2g

Energy per unit mass ;

p
V2
+ gz+ =constant (along a streamline)

Energy per unit volume ;

1
2
p+z + V =constant (along a streamline)
2

Since incompressible fluid has a constant, therefore it can be integrated directly.

2

dp
V P
+ dz+ d
=
ds

2 g A
To get an incompressible real fluid, we need to integrate from point 1 to point 2
on the same streamline where the distance between the both points is called L.
Because we are considering two points therefore there are movements of fluid.
And so, the formula will be;

P 2 P1
V 22 V 21 PL
+ z 2z 1 + =

2 g 2g
A
Or it can also be rearranged as:
Energy per unit weight;

P1
V 2 PL P2
V2
+ z 1+ 1
=
+ z2+ 2

2g
A

2g

If the friction head loss is ignored , it will not be considered in the equation as
assume hf = 0 .
If it is considered , the we need to add up the friction head loss , h f in our
equation.

Friction head loss ,

f=

PL
A

So, if the hf is added to the equation, it will be like:

) (

P1
V
P
V
+ z 1+ 1 hf = 2 + z 2 + 2

2g

2g

Examples of basic questions to test on Bernoullis concept:

Question One

Water is flowing in a fire hose with a velocity of 1.0 m/s and a pressure of
200000 Pa. At the nozzle the pressure decreases to atmospheric pressure
(101300 Pa), there is no change in height. Use the Bernoulli equation to
calculate the velocity of the water exiting the nozzle. (Hint: The
density of water is 1000 kg/m3 and gravity g is 9.8 m/s2 . Pay attention to
units!)]
Solution:

P = 200000
Since the height does not change (z 1=z2),
Pa

P = 101300
Pa

P1
V 2 V =P 1.0 m/s
V2
+ z 1+ 1 = 2 +z 2+ 2

2g

2g

P1
V 12
P2
V 22
+z +
=
+z +
g 1 2 g
g 2 2 g

V 22
(1)2
200000
101300
+ z1 +
=
+ z2 +
(1000)(9.81)
2(9.81)
(1000)( 9.81)
2(9.81)

)(

)(

V = ? m/s

)(

V 2=14 m/ s

Question Two
Through a refinery, fuel ethanol is flowing in a pipe at a velocity of 1 m/s
and a pressure of 101300 Pa. The refinery needs the ethanol to be at a
pressure of 2 atm (202600 Pa) on a lower level. How far must the pipe
drop in height in order to achieve this pressure? Assume the velocity does
not change. (Hint: Use the Bernoulli equation. The density of ethanol is
789 kg/m3 and gravity g is 9.8 m/s2. Pay attention to units!)
Solution:
P1 = 101300
Pa

Z=
?
P2 = 202600
Pa

)(

P1
V
P
V
+ z 1+ 1 = 2 +z 2+ 2

2g

2g

P1
V 12
P2
V 22
+z +
=
+z +
g 1 2 g
g 2 2 g

)(

)
)

Since the velocity does not change (

V 1=V 2 ),

101300
202600
+ z )=(
+z )
( (789)(9.81)
(789)(9.81)
1

13.0926.18=

z 2z 1

Z = - 13.09 m
Negative sign indicates that it has 13.09 meters lower in height.