EIE557 Computational Intelligence and Its Applications

Assignment 1 (due on 22 October 2015)

Q1. Discuss the difference between expert systems and artificial neural networks.
Q2. Explain the main advantages of applying fuzzy logic in knowledge-based systems.
Q3. The Zookeeper expert system was developed to identify seven animals: a cheetah, a tiger, a
giraffe, a zebra, an ostrich, a penguin, and an albatross. The system has 15 production rules given
below:
R1

R4

IF
THEN
IF
THEN
IF
THEN
IF

R5

THEN
IF

R6

THEN
IF

R7

THEN
IF

R8

THEN
IF

R9

THEN
IF

R10

THEN
IF

R11

THEN
IF

R2
R3

THEN

?x has hair
?x is a mammal
?x gives milk
?x is a mammal
?x has feathers
?x is a bird
?x flies
?x lays eggs
?x is a bird
?x is a mammal
?x eats meat
?x is a carnivore
?x is a mammal
?x has pointed teeth
?x has claws
?z has forward-pointing eyes
?x is a carnivore
?x is a mammal
?x has hoofs
?x is an ungulate
?x is a mammal
?x chews cud
?x is an ungulate
?x is a carnivore
?x has tawny color
?x has dark spots
?x is a cheetah
?x is a carnivore
?x has tawny color
?x has black strips
?x is a tiger
?x is an ungulate
?x has long legs
?x has long neck
?x has tawny color
?x has dark spots
?x is a giraffe

R12

IF

R13

THEN
IF

R14

THEN
IF

R15

THEN
IF
THEN

?x is an ungulate
?x has white color
?x has black stripes
?x is a zebra
?x is a bird
?x does not fly
?x has long legs
?x has long neck
?x is black and white
?x is an ostrich
?x is a bird
?x does not fly
?x swims
?x is black and white
?x is a penguin
?x is a bird
?x is a good flyer
?x is an albatross

Assume that the Zookeeper procedure is asked to chain backward from the following
hypotheses in the given order:
Ostrich
Penguin
Albatross
Then, consider the following facts about an animal, Splashy:
Splashy has feathers.
Splashy lays eggs.
Splashy does not fly.
Splashy is black and white.
Splashy swims.
Assume that nothing else is known to be true.
(a) Simulate Zookeepers behavior so as to determine what kind of animal Splashy is. Take
care to use the hypotheses in the specified order. Indicate your answer by showing what
is the sequence in which the rules are used, what each rule is trying to do, and whether
each rule succeeds.
(b) Rework the exercise in the previous part assuming that Splashy has long legs and a long
neck. The other properties are unchanged. Why is the result peculiar?
Q4. The following rules are given:
R1:
IF
?x is a bird
?x does not fly
?x has long legs
?x has long neck
?x is black and white

THEN ?x is an ostrich with a certainty factor of 0.9.

R2:

IF
?x has feathers
THEN ?x is a bird with a certainty factor of 0.8.

R3:

IF

?x flies
?x lays eggs
THEN ?x is a bird with a certainty factor of 0.9.

Consider the following facts about an animal, Splashy:

Splashy has feathers {cf 0.8}.
Splashy lays eggs {cf 0.8}.
Splashy does not fly {cf 0.4}.
Splashy is black and white {cf 1.0}.
Splashy has long legs {cf 0.6}
Splashy has long neck {cf 0.6}.
The range of certainty factors is [-1, 1].
(a) Compute the certainty factor of the assertion Splashy is a bird.
(b) Compute the certainty factor of the conclusion Splashy is an ostrich.

Q5. Figure Q5 shows the membership functions for fuzzy sets A and B.
x
1.0

-4

-1

x
1

Figure Q5
(a) Derive A x and B x as mathematical equations.
(b) Find the union and intersection of fuzzy sets A and B using the max and min operators,
respectively. Illustrate the membership functions and give the mathematical equations for
AB x and AB x .

Q6. A simple controller uses an error signal e and the change in the error signal de as inputs. It has
four rules:
R1: if e = P and de = P then y = N
R2: if e = P and de = N then y = Z
R3: if e = N and de = P then y = Z
R4: if e = N and de = N then y = P
There are two fuzzy sets for each of input variables e and de: P (positive) and N (negative). The
output fuzzy variable y has three values: P (positive), Z (zero), N (negative) with the
membership functions shown in Figure Q6. Assume that the input variables have the following
membership degrees in the input fuzzy sets:

N e 0.4; P e 0.6
N de 0.5; P de 0.5
y
N

1.0

y
-2.0

-1.0

1.0

2.0

Figure Q6

(a) Find the firing strength for each rule if the min operator is utilized for the AND operation.
(b) Assume that the min operator is used for the implication process. Show the combined
output fuzzy set if the max operator is utilized to aggregate the output fuzzy sets produced
by the fired fuzzy rules.
(c) Use (i) the middle-of-maximum method and (ii) the center-of-maxima method to obtain the
crisp output y.

Q7. Discuss the pros and cons of a large population size. In the case of a small population size, how
can we ensure that a large part of the search space is covered?
Q8. Use a genetic algorithm to find a solution to the following problem:
x 2 64; solve for x.
(1) Discuss the solution (chromosome) representation.
(2) Propose a sound fitness function for the problem.
(3) Suggest the selection, crossover and mutation operators for the problem.
Q9. Table Q9 shows a population of 10 individuals with their fitness values.
(a) Complete the missing columns of the table, selection probability and accumulated
probability.
(b) Assume that the following random number sequence is generated:
0.070, 0.54, 0.78, 0.45, 0.51, 0.29, 0.17, 0.27, 0.37, 0.85.
What individuals will be selected using the roulette wheel selection?

Individual

Chromosome

Table Q9
Fitness
Selection probability,
fi
Pi
8
5
9

1
2
3

0001100000
0101111001
0000000101

1001110100

10

5
6

1010101010
1110010110

17
6

7
8
9
10

1001011011
1100000001
1001110100
0001010011

15
19
10
14

Accumulated
probability

Q10. Consider a genetic algorithm using chromosomes represented by a vector of 4 integers. The
initial population of 6 individuals are shown in Table Q10.

Individual
1
2
3
4
5
6

Table Q10
Genotype
2, 4, 1, 2
3, 2, 2, 3
2, 5, 3, 1
3, 4, 2, 3
5, 2, 4, 3
6, 2, 3, 5

Fitness
100
200
300
400
450
550

(a) Determine each individuals probability of being selected as a parent if the

tournament selection of k 2 is used (two distinct individuals selected randomly
with uniform probability compete in any tournment).
(b) If individuals 5 and 6 are selected as parents for the one-point crossover, list the
genotypes of all children that may be produced.