Common Unit Conversions

To convert from the conventional unit to the SI unit, multiply by conversion factor
To convert from the SI unit to the conventional unit, divide by conversion factor
Conventional Unit

Conversion Factor

SI Unit

ACTH

pg/mL

0.22

pmol/L

Albumin

g/dL

10

g/L

Bilirubin

mg/dL

17.1

mol/L

Calcium

mg/dL

0.25

mmol/L

Cholesterol

mg/dL

0.0259

mmol/L

Cortisol

g/dL

27.59

nmol/L

Creatinine

mg/dL

88.4

mol/L

Creatinine clearance

mL/mon

0.0167

mL/s

Ethanol

mg/dL

0.217

mmol/L

Ferritin

ng/mL

2.247

pmol/L

Glucose

mg/dL

0.0555

mmol/L

HbA1C

0.01

proportion of 1.0

Hemaglobin

g/dL

10

g/L

HDL cholesterol

mg/dL

0.0259

mmol/L

Iron, total

g/dL

0.179

mol/L

Lactate (lactic acid)

mg/dL

0.111

mmol/L

LDL cholesterol

mg/dL

0.0259

mmol/L

Leukocytes

x 103 cells/mm3

x 109 cells/L

Magnesium

mg/dL

0.411

mmol/L

MCV

m3

fL

x 109 cells/L

103

cells/mm3

Platelets

Reticulocytes

% of RBCs

0.01

proportion of 1.0

Salicylate

mg/L

0.00724

mmol/L

Testosterone

ng/dL

0.0347

nmol/L

Thyroxine (T4)

ng/dL

12.87

pmol/L

Total Iron Binding Capacity

g/dL

0.179

mol/L

Triiodothyronine (T3)

pg/dL

0.0154

pmol/L

Triglycerides

mg/dL

0.0113

mmol/L

Urea nitrogen

mg/dL

0.357

mmol/L

Uric acid

mg/dL

59.48

mol/L

Celsius Fahrenheit

F = (C x 1.8) +32

Fahrenheit Celsius

C = (F 32) x 0.5555

Kilograms Pounds

1 kg = 2.2 lbs

Pounds Ounces

1 lb = 16 oz

Ounces Grams

1 oz = 28.3 g

Inches Centimetres

1 in = 2.54 cm

Toronto Notes 2011

Common Unit Conversions 1

Commonly Measured Laboratory Values

Test

Conventional Units

SI Units

Arterial Blood Gases

pH
PcO2
PO2

7.35-7.45
35-45 mmHg
80-105 mmHg

7.35-7.45
4.7-6.0 kPa
10.6-14 kPa

Serum Electrolytes
Bicarbonate
Calcium
Chloride
Magnesium
Phosphate
Potassium
Sodium

22-28 mEq/L
8.4-10.2 mg/dL
95-106 mEq/L
1.3-2.1 mEq/L
2.7-4.5 mg/dL
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
136-145 mEq/L

22-28 mmol/L
2.1-2.5 mmol/L
95-106 mmol/L
0.65-1.05 mmol/L
0.87-1.45 mmol/L
3.5-5.0 mmol/L
136-145 mmol/L

Serum Nonelectrolytes
Albumin
ALP
ALT
Amylase
AST
Bilirubin (direct)
Bilirubin (total)
BUN
Cholesterol
Creatinine (female)
Creatinine (male)
Creatine Kinase MB fraction
Ferritin (female)
Ferritin (male)
Glucose (fasting)
HbA1C
LDH
Osmolality

3.5-5.0 g/dL
35-100 U/L
8-20 U/L
25-125 U/L
8-20 U/L
0-0.3 mg/dL
0.1-1.0 mg/dL
7-18 mg/dL
<200 mg/dL
10-70 U/L
25-90 U/L
0-12 U/L
12-150 ng/mL
15-200 ng/mL
70-110 mg/dL
<6%
100-250 U/L
275-300 mOsm/kg

35-50 g/L
35-100 U/L
8-20 U/L
25-125 U/L
8-20 U/L
0-5 mol/L
2-17 mol/L
1.2-3.0 mmol/L
<5.2 mmol/L
10-70 U/L
25-90 U/L
0-12 U/L
12-150 g/L
15-200 g/L
3.8-6.1 mmol/L
<0.06
100-250 U/L
275-300 mOsm/kg

Serum Hormones
ACTH (0800h)
Cortisol (0800h)
Prolactin
Testosterone (male,free)
Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
TSH

<60 pg/mL
5-23 g/dL
<20 ng/mL
9-30 ng/dL
5-12 ng/dL
115-190 ng/dL
0.5-5 U/mL

<13.2 pmol/L
138-635 nmol/L
<20 ng/mL
0.31-1 pmol/L
64-155 nmol/L
1.8-2.9 nmol/L
0.5-5 U/mL

Hematologic Values
ESR (female)
ESR (male)
Hemoglobin (female)
Hemoglobin (male)
Hematocrit (female)
Hematocrit (male)
INR
Leukocytes
MCV
Platelets
PT
PTT
Reticulocytes

0-20 mm/h
0-15 mm/h
12.3-15.7 g/dL
13.5-17.5 g/dL
36-46%
41-53%
1.0-1.1
4.5-11 x 103 cells/mm3
88-100 m3
150-400 x 103/mm3
11-15 s
25-35 s
0.5-1.5% of RBC

Commonly Measured Laboratory Values

0-20 mm/h
0-15 mm/h
123-157 g/L
140-174 g/L
36-46%
41-53%
1.0-1.1
4.5-11 x 109 cells/L
88-100 fL
150-400 x 109/L
11-15 s
25-35 s
20-84 x 109/L

Toronto Notes 2011

Abbreviations
mol
E3
1,25(OH)2-vit D
111-In DTPA

17-KS
17-OH prog
18FDG
2-PAM
5-ASA
5-HT

AFib
A/E
AA
A-a
AAA
AaDO2
AAN
AAT
Ab
ABCs
ABG
ABI
ABL
ABP
ABPA
ABR
ABVD
Abx
ac
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
ACA
ACAS
ACC
ACD
ACD
ACE
ACEI
ACh
AChE
ACI
ACG
ACL
ACLA
ACLS
ACR
ACR
ACS

micromoles
unconjugated estriol
1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D
111-in diethylene triamine
penta acetic acid
17-ketosteroids
17-hydroxyprogesterone
18-fluorodeoxyglucose
pralidoxime
5-aminosalicylic acid
serotonin

atrial fibrillation
air entry
Alcoholics Anonymous
alveolar arterial
abdominal aortic aneurysm
arterial-alveolar oxygen diffusion
gradient
American Academy of Neurology
activity as tolerated
antibody
airway, breathing, and circulation
arterial blood gases
ankle-brachial index
acceptable blood loss
arterial blood pressure
allergic bronchopulmonary
aspergillosis
auditory brainstem response
adriamycin, bleomycin,
vincristine, decarbazine
antibiotics
before meals
acromioclavicular
abdominal circumference
activated charcoal
air conduction
anterior chamber
anterior cerebral artery
asymptomatic cartic
atherosclerosis study
American College of Cardiology
allergic contact dermatitis
anemia of chronic disease
angiotensin converting enzyme
angiotensin converting enzyme
inhibitors
acetylcholine
acetylcholinesterase
autologous chondrocyte
implantation
angle closure glaucoma
anterior cruciate ligament
anticardiolipin antibody
advanced cardiac life support
active core rewarming
albumin to creatinine ratio
acute coronary syndrome

ACST
ACT
ACT-D
ACTH
ACV
AD
AD
AD
AD
ADC
ADH
ADHD
ADL
ADM
ADME
ADP
ADP
ADR
ADRs
AE
AER
AF
AFB
Afib
AFLP
AFP
AFV
AG
Ag
AGA
AGE
AGUS
AHA
AHI
AHTR
AICA
AICA
AIDP

AIDS
AIHA
AII
AIN
AIN
AIN
AION
AION
AIS
AJR
AK
aka
AKI
ALL
ALND
ALP
ALS

asymptomatic carotid surgery trial

activated clotting time
actinomycin D
adrenocorticotropic hormone
assist-control ventilation
Alzheimers disease
atopic dermatitis
autosomal dominant
right ear
apparent diffusion coefficient
antidiuretic hormone
attention-deficit/hyperactivity
disorder
activities of daily living
abductor digiti minimi
absorption, distribution,
metabolism and elimination
abductor pollicis
adenosine diphosphate
adverse drug reaction
adverse drug reactions
adverse event
active external rewarming
amniotic fluid
acid-fast bacillus
atrial fibrillation
acute fatty liver of pregnancy
alpha-fetoprotein
amniotic fluid volume
anion gap
antigen
appropriate for gestational age
advanced glycosylated endproducts
atypical glandular cells of
undetermined significance
American Heart Association
apnea hypopnea index
acute hemolytic transfusion
reactions
anterior internal carotid artery
anterior inferior cerebellar artery
acute inflammatory demyelinating
polyneuropathy
acquired immune deficiency
syndrome
autoimmune hemolytic anemia
angiotensin II
acute interstitial nephritis
allergic interstitial nephritis
anterior interosseous nerve
acute ischemic optic neuropathy
arteritic anterior ischemic optic
neuropathy
androgen insensitivity syndrome
abdominal jugular reflex
actinic keratosis
also known as
acute kidney injury
acute lymphoblastic leukemia
axillary lymph node dissection
alkaline phosphatase
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Toronto Notes 2011

ALT
AM
AMA
AMAN
AMI
AMI
AML
AMM
AMP
AMSAN

alanine aminotransferase
morning
anti-mitochondrial antibodies
acute motor axonal neuropathy
acute myocardial infarction
acute myocardial ischemia
acute myeloid leukemia
agnogenic myeloid metaplasia
adenosine monophosphate
acute motor-sensory axonal
neurophathy
AN
acoustic neuroma
AN
anorexia nervosa
ANA
antinuclear antibody
ANC
absolute neutrophil count
ANCA
anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic
antibody
ANOVA
analysis of variance
ANS
autonomic nervous system
Anti-GBM anti-glomerular basement
membrane
Anti-LKM anti-liver kidney microsome
Anti-Sm
anti-Smith antibodies
AO
aortic root
AOM
acute otitis media
AoV
aortic valve
AP
anterior-posterior
APB
atrial premature beat
APB
abductor pollicis brevis
APC
activated protein C
APCKD
adult polycystic kidney disease
APH
antepartum hemorrhage
APL
abductor pollicis longus
APLA
anti phospholipid antibody
APLAS
anti phospholipid antibody
syndrome
APML
acute promyelocytic myeloid
leukemia
APO
apolipoprotein
ApoA
apolipoprotein A-1
ApoB
apolipoprotein B
APR
abdominal perineal resection
APS
antiphospholipid antibody
syndrome
APTT
activated partial thromboplastin
time
APUD
amine precursor uptake and

decarboxylation
AR
aortic regurgitation
AR
attributable risk
AR
autosomal recessive
ARB
angiotensin receptor blocker
ARBC
anti-ribonuclear protein comples
ARDS
acute respiratory distress
syndrome
ARF
acute renal failure
ARI
absolute risk increase
ARMD
age-related macular degeneration
ARR
absolute risk reduction
ART
advanced reproductive
technologies
ART
assisted reproductive
technologies

Abbreviations 1

2 Abbreviations
ARV
AS
AS
AS
ASA
ASA
ASA
ASC-H

ASCUS

ASD
ASIL
ASIS
ASO
ASOT
ASPD
AST
AST
AT II
ATLS
ATN
ATP
ATRA
AU
AUA
AUB
AV
AV
AVA
AVF
AVM
AVN
AVN
AVNRT
AVPU
AVRT
AXR
AZT

B12
BAC
BAD
BAEP
BAL
BBB
BBB
BC
BCC
BCG
BCP
BCS
BE
BE
BG
-hCG
BHL

anti-retroviral
aortic stenosis
ankylosing spondylitis
left ear
above sternal angle
acetylsalicylic acid
American Society of Anesthesiology
atypical squamous cells,
cannot exclude HSIL
atypical squamous cells of
undetermined significance
atrial septal defect
anal squamous intraepithelial
lesion
anterior superior iliac spine
anti-streptolysin O
anti-streptolysin O titers
antisocial personality disorder
aspartate transaminase
aspartate amino-transferase
angiotensin
advanced trauma life support
acute tubular necrosis
adenosine triphosphate
all-trans-retinoic acid
each ear
American Urological Association
abnormal uterine bleeding
atrioventricular
arteriovenous
aortic valve area
arterio-venous fistula
arteriovenous malformation
atrioventricular node
avascular necrosis
atrioventricular nodal reentrant
tachycardia
alert, verbal, pain, unresponsive
atrioventricular reentrant
tachycardia
abdominal x-ray
azidothymidine

bid
two times a day
BiPAP
bilevel positive airway pressure
BI-RADS breast imaging reporting and data
system
BK
below knee
BM
basement membrane
BM
bowel movement
BM
bone marrow
BMD
Becker muscular dystrophy
BMD
bone mineral density
BMI
body mass index
BMR
basal metabolic rate
BMT
bone marrow transplant
BN
bulimia nervosa
BNP
brain namuretic peptide
BOOP
bronchiolitis obliterans with
organizing pneumonia
BP
blood pressure
BP
bullous pemphius
BPD
biparietal diameter
BPD
bronchopulmonary dysplasia
BPD
borderline personality disorder
BPH
benign prostatic hyperplasia
BPH
benign prostatic hypertrophy
BPP
biophysical profile
BPPV
benign paroxysmal positional
vertigo
BPV
benign positional vertigo
BRAO
branch retinal artery occulsion
BRBPR
bright red blood per rectum
BRVO
branch retinal vein occlusion
BS
blood sugar
BSA
body surface area
BSE
bovine spongiform encephalopathy
BSO
bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
BSS
balanced salt solution
BT
bleeding time
BTE
behind the ear
BUN
blood urea nitrogen
BUT
break-up time
BV
bacterial vaginosis
BVH
bilateral ventricular hypertrophy
BW
body weight
BZ
benzodiazepine

vitamin B12
bronchioalvelolar cancer
bipolar affective disorder
brainstem auditory evoked
potentials
bronchoalveolar lavage
bundle branch block
blood-brain barrier
bone conduction
basal cell carcinoma
bacille Calmette-Gurin

birth control pill
breast conserving surgery
barium enema
Barretts esophagus
blood glucose
beta-human chorionic
gonadotropin
bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy

C&S
C/S
C/T
CA
Ca
CA
CA-125
CABG
CAD
CAH
Cal/d
CAM
cAMP
c-ANCA
CaO2

culture and sensitivity

Caesarean section
cardiothoracic ratio
coracoacromial ligament
calcium
cancer
cancer antigen 125
coronary artery bypass graft
coronary artery disease
congenital adrenal hyperplasia
calories/day
complementary alternative
medicine
cyclic adenosine monophosphate
cytoplasmic antineutrophil
cytoplasmic antibody
combined arterial O2

Toronto Notes 2011

CaO2
CAP
CAP
CAP
CAS
CAVHD
CBC
CBD
CBF
CBGD
CBI
CBT
cc
C-C
CC
CC
CCB
CCB
CCHD
CCK
CCR
CCP
CCS
CCT
CCU
CD
CD
CDC
CDD
CDH
CDH
CEA
CEA
CEE
CER
CF
CF
CFCs
CFPC
CFS
CFTR

CFU
CGL
CGMP
CHA
CHD
CHF
CHL
CHO
C/I
CI
CI
CI
CIC
CIDP
CIN
CIS
CJD
CK
CKD
CK-MB

arterial O2 content
Canada Assistance Plan
community acquired pneumonia
prostatic carcinoma
Childrens Aid Society
continuous arterial-venous
hemodialysis
complete blood count
common bile duct
cerebral blood flow
cortical basal ganglionic
degeneration
continuous bladder irrigation
cognitive behavioural therapy
with meals
carotid-cavernous
coracoclavicular ligament
chief complaint
calcium channel blocker
Consent and Capacity Board
congenital cyanotic heart disease
cholecystokinin
complete cytogenetic response
chronic pelvic pain
Canadian Cardiovascular Society
central corneal thickness
coronary care unit
conduct disorder
Crohns disease
Center for Disease Control
childhood disintegrative disorder
congenital dislocation of the hip
congenital dysplasia of the hip
carcinoembryonic antigen
cost effectiveness analysis
conjugated equine estrogen
control group event rate
counting fingers
cystic fibrosis
chlorofluorocarbons
College of Family Physicians of
Canada
chronic fatigue syndrome
cystic fibrosis transmembrane
conductama regulator
colony forming units
chronic granulocytic leukemia
cyclic guanine monophosphate
Canada Health Act
congenital heart disease
congestive heart failure
conductive hearing loss
carbohydrate
contraindications
cardiac index
cervical incompetence
confidence interval
clean intermittent catheterization
chronic inflammatory
demyelinating polyneuropathy
cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
carcinoma in situ
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
creatine kinase
chronic kidney disease
creatine kinase-MB

Toronto Notes 2011

CI
CI
Cl
CI
CIWA
CL
CL
CLL
CM
CMA
CMC
CME
CMF

CMG
CML
CMPA
CMT
CMV
CN
CN
CNH
CNS
CO
CO
CO2
COMT
COPD
COX
COX-2
CP
CP
CPA
CPAP
CPB
CPD
CPK
CPM
CPM
CPOE
CPP
CPP
CPPD
CPPS
CPR
CPSO
CQI
Cr
CRAO
CRC
CrCl
CRF
CRF
CRH
CROS
CRP
CRPS
CRS
CRVO
CS

cardiac index
cervical incompetence
chloride
confidence interval
Clinical Institute Withdrawal
Assessment
clearance
corpus luteum
chronic lymphocytic leukemia
cardiomyopathy
Canadian Medical Association
carpo-metacarpal joint
continuing medical education
cyclophosphamide, methotrexate
and 5-fluorouracil
cystometrogram
chronic myeloid leukemia
Canadian Medical Protective
Association
Charcot Marie Tooth Disease
cytomegalovirus
cranial nerve
cyanide
central neurogenic
hyperventilation
central nervous system
carbon monoxide
cardiac output
carbon dioxide
catechol-O-methyl transferase
chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease
cyclo oxygenase
cyclo oxygenase-2
cerebral palsy
chest pain
cerebellar pontine angle
continuous positive airway
pressure
cardiopulmonary bypass
cephalopelvic disproportion
creatine phosphokinase
central pontine myelinolysis
continous passive motion
chest pain on exertion
cerebral perfusion pressure
chronic pelvic pain
calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate
chronic pelvic pain syndrome
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
College of Physicians and
Surgeons of Ontario
continuous quality improvement
creatinine
central retinal artery occlusion
colorectal cancer
creatinine clearance
cardiac risk factor
chronic renal failure
corticotropin releasing hormone
contralateral routing of signals
C-reactive protein
complex regional pain syndrome
congenital rubella syndrome
central retinal vein occlusion
completed stroke

C
CSA
CSF
CSM
C-spine
CSR
CT
CT
CTA
CTD
CTEV
CTG
CTLA-4
CTO
CTS
CUP
CV
CVA
CVA
CVD
CVD
CVD
CVP
CVS
CVS
CVVHD
CWP
CXR
CYP

D
D&C
D/T
D5W
DA
DALY
DASH
dB
dBP
D&C
D/C
DC
DCIS
DCM
Dco
DCR
DCT
DDAVP
DDH
DDT
DDx
DES
DES
DES
DEXA
DF
DFA
DH

central sleep apnea

cerebrospinal fluid
central steady and maintained
cervical spine
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
cognitive therapy
computed tomography
CT angiogram
connective tissue disease
congenital talipes equinovarus
cardiotocography (fetal)
cytotoxic T-lymphocyte
associated protein 4
community treatment order
carpal tunnel syndrome
central venous pressure
cardiovascular
cerebrovascular accident
costovertebral angle
cardiovascular disease
cerebrovascular disease
collagen vascular disease
central venous pressure
chorionic villus sampling
cardiovascular system
continuous venous venous
hemodialysis
coal workers pneumoconiosis
chest x-ray
cytochrome p-450

diopter
dilatation and curettage
due to
5% dextrose in water
dopamine
disability adjusted life year
dietary approaches to stop
hypertension
decibel
diastolic blood pressure
dilatation and curettage
discontinue
direct current
ductal carcinoma in situ
dilated cardiomyopathy
diffusing capacity of carbon
monoxide
dacryocystorhinostomy
distal convoluted tubule
1-desamino-8-d-arginine
vasopressin
developmental dysplasia of hip
dichloradiphenyl trichloroethane
differential diagnosis
diethylstilbestrol
diffuse esophageal spasm
drug eluting stent
dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
dissociative fugue
direct fluorescent antibody
dermatitis herpetiformis

Abbreviations 3
DHE
DHEA
DHEAS
DHP
DHP-CCB
DHT
DI
DIC
DID
DIEP
DIP
DKA
DM
DM
DM1
DM2
DMARD
DMC
DMD
DMSA
DMSO
DMT
DMY
DNA
DNCB
DNET
DNR
DNSI
DPD
DPG
DPL
DR
DRD
DRE
DRUJ
DS
DS
DSA
DSD
DSM

DST
DT
DTaP
DTPA
DTR
DU
DUB
DVT
DWI
Dx
DXM
DZ

dihydroergotamine
dihydroepiandrosterone
dihydroepiandrosterone sulfate
dihydropyridine
dihydropyridine calcium channel
blocker
dihydrotestosterone
diabetes insipidus
disseminated intravascular
coagulation
dissociative identity disorder
deep inferior epigastric perforator
distal interphalangeal joint
diabetic ketoacidosis
dermatomyositis
diabetes mellitus
type 1 diabetes
type 2 diabetes
disease modifying anti-rheumatic
drugs
dilated cardiomyopathy
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
dimercaptosuccinic acid
dimethylsulfamethoxazole
disease-modifying therapy
dermatomyositis
deoxyribonucleic acid
dinitrochlorobenzene
dsyembryoplastic neuroeptheral
tumour
do not resuscitate
deep neck space infections
distalphalangeal depth
diphosphoglycerate
diagnostic peritoneal lavage
diabetic retinopathy
dopamine responsive dystonia
digital rectal exam
distal radioulnar joint
double strength
Down syndrome
digital subtraction angiography
detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
of Mental Disorders
dexamethasone suppression test
delirium tremens
diphtheria, tetanus, acellular
pertussis
diethylene triaminepentacetic acid
deep tendon reflexes
duodenal ulcer
dysfunctional uterine bleeding
deep vein thrombosis
diffusion-weighted image
diagnosis
dexamethasone
dizygotic

4 Abbreviations

E
EAF
EBL
EBM
EBV
EBV
EBW
EC
EC50
ECASA
ECC
ECD
ECDR
ECF
ECFV
ECFV
ECG
ECHO
ECM
ECMO
ECRB
ECRL
ECT
ECU
ED
ED
ED
ED50
ED+C
EDC
EDC
EDD
EDM
EDS
EEG
EER
EF
EFM
EFW
e.g.
EGD
EHEC
EHL
EIA
EIC
EIEC
EIP
ELISA
EM
EM
EMA
EMA
EMA-CO

Emax
EMD
EMDR
EMG
EMLA

estrogen
extra-articular features
estimated blood loss
evidence based medicine
Epstein-Barr virus
estimated blood volume
estimated birth weight
emergency contraception
effective concentration of a drug
enteric coated aspirin
endocervical curettage
endocardial cushion defect
extracorporeal drug removal
extracellular fluid
extracellular fluid volume
effective circulating fluid volume
electrocardiogram
echocardiogram
erythema chronicum migrans
extracorporeal membrane
oxygenation
extensor carpi radialis brevis
extensor carpi radialis longus
electroconvulsive therapy
extensor carpi ulnaris
electrodessication
emergency department
erectile dysfunction
effective dose 50%
electrodesiccation and curettage
estimated date of confinement
extensor digitorum communis
electron dense deposits
extensor digiti minimi
electrodiagnostic studies
electroencephalogram
experimental group event rate
ejection fraction
eletronic fetal monitoring
estimated fetal weight
example
esophageal gastroduodenoscopy
enterohemorrhagic E. coli
extensor hallucis longus
enzyme immunoassay
extensive in-situ component
entero invasive E. coli
extensor indicis proprius
enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay
electron microscopy
erytherma multiforme
anti-endomysial antibody
emergency medical attendant
etoposide, MTX, ACT-D,
cyclophosphamide, vincristine
maximal response that a drug can
elicit
electromechanical dissociation
eye movement desensitization
and reprocessing
electromyography
eutectic mixture of local
anesthetic

EMS
eNaC
ENG
ENT
EOM
EOM
EPB
EPC
EPF
EPL
EPO
EPS
EPS
EPS
ER
ER
ERCP

ERV
ES
ESR
ESRD
ESWL
ET
ETCO2
ETEC
EtOH
ETT
EUA
EVAR
EVL
EVLT

F
F/U
FA
FA
FAB
FAB
FAE
FAP
FAS
FASD
FAST
FB
FBG
FBS
FCR
FCU
FDM
FDP
FDPs
FDS
FEF
FEF
FEF25-75

FENA
FEP

esophageal motility study

epithelial sodium channel
electronystagmogram
ear, nose, throat
extraocular movement
extraocular muscle
extensor pollicis brevis
emergency postcoital
contraception
Established Programs Financing
extensor pollicis longus
erythropoietin
electrophysiological studies
expressed prostatic secretions
extrapyramidal side effects
emergency room
estrogen receptor
endoscopic retrograde
cholangio-pancreatography
expiratory reserve volume
external sphincter
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
end-stage renal disease
extracorporeal shockwave
lithotripsy
essential thrombocythemia
end-tidal carbon dioxide
enterotoxigenic E. coli
ethanol/alcohol
endotracheal tube
examination under anesthesia
endovascular aneurysm repair
endoscopic variceal ligation
endovenous laser therapy

female
follow-up
folinic acid
fluorescein angiography
fragment antigen binding
French-American-British
fetal alcohol effects
familial adenomatous polyposis
fetal alcohol syndrome
fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
focused abdominal sonogram for
trauma
foreign body
fasting blood glucose
fasting blood sugar
flexor carpi radialis
flexor carpi ulnaris
flexor digiti minimi
flexor digitorum profundus
fibrinogen degradation products
flexor digitorum superficialis
forced expiratory flow rate
frontal eye field
forced expiratory flow at 25-75%
of maximum flow rate
fractional excretion of sodium
free erythrocyte protoporphyrin

Toronto Notes 2011

FESS
FET
FEV1
FF
FFA
FFP
FHF
FHR
FHx
FIGO
FiO2
FISH
FL
FLAIR
Flu
FN
FNA
FNHTR
FOBT
FOOSH
FP
FPB
FPG
FPL
FRC
FRCPC

FRCSC

FSGS
FSH
FT4I
FTA-ABS
FTS
FTSG
FTT
FU
FUO
FVC

g
G/U
G6PD
GA
GA
GABA
GABHS
GAD
GAF
GAS
GAT
GB
GBM
GBM
GBS

functional endoscopic sinus

surgery
forced expired time
forced expiratory volume in 1
second
filtration fraction
free fatty acid
fresh frozen plasma
fulminant hepatic failure
fetal heart rate
family history
International Federation of
Gynecology and Obstetrics
fraction of oxygen in inspired air
fluorescence in situ hybridization
femur length
fluid-attenuated inversion recover
influenza
false negative
fine needle aspiration
febrile nonhemolytic transfusion
reactions
fecal occult blood test
fall on outstretched hand
false positive
flexor pollicis brevis
fasting plasma glucose
flexor pollicis longus
functional residual capacity
Fellow of the Royal College of
Physicians of Canada
Fellow of the Royal College of
Surgeons of Canada
focal segmental glomerular
sclerosis
follicular stimulating hormone
free thyroxine index
fluorescent treponemal antibodyabsorption
first trimester screen
full thickness skin graft
failure to thrive
fluorouracil
fever of unknown origin
forced vital capacity

gram(s)
genitourinary
glucose-6-phosphate
dehydrogenase
general anesthetic
gestational age
gamma aminobutyric acid
group A b-hemolytic Streptococcus
generalized anxiety disorder
global assessment of functioning
group A -hemolytic Streptococcus
goldmann applanation tonometry
gallbladder
glioblastoma multiforme
glomerular basement membrane
group B Streptococcus

Toronto Notes 2011

GBS
GC
GCA
GCS
G-CSF
GCT
GDM
GDP
GE
GERD
GFR
GGT
GH
GHB
GHRH
GI
GIFT
GIT
GIT
GIST
GJ
GM
GMC
GM-CSF

GMN
GMO
GN
GN
GNB
GNG
GNP
GnRH
GPC
GPe
GPi
GSW
GT
GTN
GTPAL

gtt
GU
GVHD

h
H
H/A
HA
HA
HAART
HAV
Hb
HbA1C
HBIg
HBsAg
HBV
HC
HCC

Guillain-Barr syndrome
Neisseria gonorrhea/gonococcus
giant cell arteritis
Glasgow coma scale
granulocyte colony stimulating
factor
glucose challenge test
gestational diabetes mellitus
gross domestic product
gastroesophageal
gastroesophageal reflux disease
glomerular filtration rate
gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase
growth hormone
gamma hydroxybutyrate
growth hormone-releasing
hormone
gastrointestinal
gamete intra fallopian transfer
gamete-immediate transfer
gatrointestinal tract
gastrointestinal stromal tumour
gatrojejunal
germinal matrix
general medical condition
granulocyte macrophage colony
stimulating factor
glomerulonephritis
genetically modified organism
glomerulonephritis
Gram negative
Gram negative bacilli
gluconeogenesis
gross national product
gonadotropin-releasing hormone
giant papillary conjunctivitis
globus pallidus pars externa
globus pallidus pars interna
gunshot wound
glucose tolerance
gestational trophoblastic neoplasia
gravidity, term infants, parity,
abortions, living children
drops
genito-urinary
graft versus host disease

hour
hydrogen
headache
hemagglutinin
hemolytic anemia
highly active antiretroviral
treatment
hepatitis A virus
hemoglobin
glycosylated hemoglobin
hepatitis B immune globulin
hepatitis B surface antigen
hepatitis B virus
head circumference
hepatocellular carcinoma

G
HCCA
hCG
HCI
HCM
HCO3
HCP
Hct
HCTZ
HCV
HD
HD
HDL
HDL-C

Health Care Consent Act

human chorionic gonadotropin
hydrochloric acid
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
bicarbonate
hydrocephalus
hematocrit
hydrochlorothiazide
hepatitis C virus
heart disease
Huntingtons disease
high density lipoprotein
high density lipoprotein
cholesterol
HDV
hepatitis D virus
HE
hypaque enema
HELLP
hemolysis, elevated liver
enzymes, low platelets
HEV
hepatitis E virus
HF
heart failure
HHT
hereditary hemorrhagic
telangiectasia
HHV
human herpes virus
HI
head injury
Hib
Haemophilus influenzae b
HIDA scan hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid
scan
HIDS
Hospital Insurance and Diagnostic

Services Act
HIE
hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy
HIFU
high intensity focused ultrasound
HIT
heparin induced thrombocytopenia
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
HJR
hepatojugular reflex
HL
hearing loss
HLA
human leukocyte antigen
HLHS
hypoplastic left heart syndrome
HM
hand motion
HMD
hyaline membrane disease
HMG-CoA hydroxymethylglutamyl
coenzyme A
HMO
Health Maintenance Organization
HMPAO
hexamethylpropene aminooxime
HMSN
hereditary motor-sensory
neuropathy
HNPCC
hereditary non-polyposis
colorectal cancer
HO
heterotopic ossification
HOCM
hypertrophic obstructive
cardiomyopathy
HONK
hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic coma
HP
hydrostatic pressure
HPA
human platelet antigen
HPA
hypothalamic pituitary adrenal
HPD
histrionic personality disorder
HPF
high power field
HPI
history of present illness
HPL
human placenta lactogen
HPO
high frequency oscillation
HPS
hepatopulmonary syndrome
HPV
human papilloma virus
HR
heart rate
HRCT
high resolution CT scan
HRT
hormone replacement therapy
HSG
hysterosalpingography

Abbreviations 5
HSIL
HSP
HSV
HT
HTLV
HTN
HUS
HVA
Hx
HZ
HZV

I
I&D
I&D
IA
IABP
IADL
IBD
IBM
IBM
IBS
IBW
IC
IC
IC
ICD
ICD
ICF
ICH
ICH
ICP
ICS
ICSI
ICU
ID
ID
IDL
IDM
IE
IEM
IF
IF
IF
IFA
IFG
Ig
IgA
IGF-1
IgG
IgM
IGT
IHD
IL
IL-1
IL-6
ILD
ILR

high grade squamous

intraepithelial lesion
Henoch-Schnlein Purpura
herpes simplex virus
height
human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
virus
hypertension
hemolytic uremic syndrome
homovanillic acid
history
herpes zoster
herpes zoster virus

iodide
incision and drainage
irrigation and debridement
intra-arterial
intra-aortic balloon pump
instrumental activities of daily
living
inflammatory bowel disease
inclusion body myositis
intermenstrual bleeding
irritable bowel syndrome
ideal body weight
ileocecal
immune complex
inspiratory capacity
implantable cardioverter
defibrillator
irritant contact dermatitis
intracellular fluid
intracerebral hemorrhage
intracranial hemorrhage
intracranial pressure
inhaled corticosteroid
intracytoplasmic sperm injection
intensive care unit
identifying data
internal diameter
intermediate density lipoprotein
infant of diabetic mother
infective endocarditis
inborn errors of metabolism
immunofluorescence
internal fixation
intrinsic factor
immunofluorescence assay
impaired fasting glucose
immunoglobulin
immunoglobulin A
insulin-like growth factor
immunoglobulin G
immunoglobulin M
impaired glucose tolerance
ischemic heart disease
interleukins
interleukin-1
interleukin-6
interstitial lung disease
implantable loop recorder

6 Abbreviations
IM
IM
IMA
IMB
IMF
IMF
IMR
IMV
INCS
INF
INF-a
INH
INO
INR
IO
IOC
IOL
IOL
IOP
IP
IP
IPAA
IPAH
IPD
IPF
IPMN
IPS
IPV
IQ
IR
IRMA
IS
ISA
ISD
ITE
ITP
IU
IUD
IUD
IUFD
IUGR
IUI
IV
IVC
IVDU
IVF
IVH
IVIG
IVM
IVP
IVU

intramedullary
intramuscular
inferior mesenteric artery
intermenstrual bleeding
idiopathic myelofibrosis
intermaxillary fixation
infant mortality rate
intermittent mandatory ventilation
intranasal corticosteroids
interferon
interferon-a
isoniazid
internuclear ophthalmoplegia
international normalized ratio
intraosseous
intra-operative cholangiography
induction of labour
intraocular lens
intraocular pressure
interphalangeal
intraperitoneal
ileal pouch-anal anastomosis
idiopathic pulmonary arterial
hypertension
interphalangeal depth
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
intraductal papillary mucinous
neoplasm
integrated prenatal screen
injected polio vaccine
intelligence quotient
immediate release
intra retinal microvascular
abnormalities
internal sphincter
intrinsic sympathomimetic action
intrinsic sphincter deficiency
in the ear
immune thrombocytopenic
purpura
international units
intrauterine death
intrauterine device
intrauterine fetal demise
intrauterine growth restriction
intrauterine insemination
intra venous
inferior vena cava
intravenous drug use
in-vitro fertilization
intraventricular hemorrhage
intravenous immunoglobulin
in-vitro maturation
intravenous pyelogram
intravenous urography

J
JA
JC
JGA
JIA
JNA

JRA
JVP

jaeger
juvenile arthritis
Jakob-Creutzfeldt
juxtaglomerular apparatus
juvenile idiopathic arthritis
juvenile nasopharyngeal
angiofibroma
juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
jugular venous pulsation

K
KCI
kg
KOH
KRP
KS
KUB

potassium
postassium chloride
kilogram
potassium hydroxide
Kolmer Reiter protein
Kaposis sarcoma
kidney, ureter, bladder

L
L
L/S
LA
LA
LA
LABA
LAC
LAD
LAD
LAD
LAE
LAFB
LAH
LAP
LAP
LAR
LAR
LASIK

litre
live births
lecithin/sphingomyelin
left atrium
local anesthetic
long-acting
long-acting beta-agonist
lupus anticoagulant
left anterior descending
left axis deviation
lymphadenopathy
left atrial enlargement
left anterior fascicular block
left atrial hypertrophy
left atrial pressure
leukocyte alkaline phosphatase
lower abdominal resection
lower anterior resection
laser-assisted in-situ
keratomileusis
left bundle branch
left bundle branch block
Lewy body disease
large bowel obstruction
lower back pain
low birth weight
left circumflex artery
left coronary
lecithin-cholesterol
acyltransferase
light chain cast nephropathy
liquor carbonis detergens
Laboratory Center for Disease
Control
lobular carcinoma in situ
lateral collateral ligament
left circumflex artery
loading dose

LBB
LBBB
LBD
LBO
LPB
LBW
LCA
LCA
LCAT
LCCN
LCD
LCDC
LCIS
LCL
LCx
LD

Toronto Notes 2011

LD50
L-dopa
LDH
LDL
LDL-C
LE
LEEP
LEMS
LES
LFT
LGA
LGI
LH
LHF
LHRH
Li
LICS
LIMA
LITA
LKM
LLD
LLDP
LLL
LLQ
LLSB
LM
LMA
LMCC
LMN
LMN
LMNL
LMP
LMW
LMWH
LN
LNMP
LOC
LP
LP
LPFB
LPL
LPS
LR
LRA
LRTI
LSB
LSC
LSD
LSIL
L-T4
LTP
LTRA
LUD
LUL
LUQ
LUTS
LV
LVAD
LVED
LVEDP

lethal dose 50%

levodopa
lactate dehydrogenase
low density lipoprotein
low density lipoprotein cholesterol
lower extremities
loop electrosurgical excision
procedure
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic
syndrome
lower esophageal sphincter
liver function test
large for gestational age
lower gastrointestinal
luteinizing hormone
left heart failure
luteinizing hormone releasing
hormone
lithium
left intercostal space
left internal mammary artery
left internal thoracic artery
liver kidney microsome
left lateral decubitus
left lateral decubitus position
left lower lobe
left lower quadrant
left lower sternal border
light microscope
laryngeal mask airway
Licentiate of the MCC
lower motor nerve
lower motor neuron
lower motor neuron lesion
last menstrual period
low molecular weight
low molecular weight heparin
lymph node
last normal menstrual period
level of conciousness
light perception
lumbar puncture
left posterior fascicular block
lipoprotein lipase
lipopolysaccharide
likelihood ratio
leukotriene receptor antagonist
lower respiratory tract infection
left sternal border
lichen simplex chronicus
lysergic acid diethylamide
low grade squamous
intraepithelial lesion
L-thyroxine, levothyroxine
laryngotracheoplasty
leukotriene receptor antagonist
left uterine displacement
left upper lobe
left upper quadrant
lower urinary tract symptoms
left ventricle
left ventricular assist device
left ventricular end diastolic
left ventricular end diastolic
pressure

Toronto Notes 2011

LVEF
LVES
LVF
LVF
LVFP
LVH
LVI
LVOT
LVP

left ventricular ejection fraction

left ventricular end systolic
left ventricular failure
left ventricular function
left ventricle filling pressure
left ventricular hypertrophy
lymphovascular space invasion
left ventricular outflow tract
left ventricular pressure

M
M
MABP
MAC
MAC
MAHA

male
Muscarinic
mean arterial blood pressure
minimum alveolar concentration
Mycobacterium avium complex
microangiopathic hemolytic
anemia
mycobacterium aviumintracellulare
mucosal associated
lymphomatous tissue lymphoma
monoamine oxidase
monoamine oxidase inhibitor
monoamine oxidase inhibitors
magnesium ammonium phosphate
mean arterial pressure
meconium aspiration syndrome
military anti-shock trousers
multifocal atrial tachycardia
metacarpal
middle cerebral artery
Medical Council of Canada
Medical Council of Canada
qualifying exam
minimal change diesease
mean corpuscular hemoglobin
mean corpuscular hemoglobin
concentration
mild cognitive impairment
medial collateral ligament
mucinous cystic neoplasm
metacarpal phalangeal joint
medium chain triglycerides
mixed connective tissue disease
mean corpuscular volume
molluscum contagiosum virus
maintenance dose
medical doctor
muscular dystrophy
multidose activated charcoal
miltidetector computed
tomography
major depressive disorder
major depressive episode
metered dose inhaler
multiple daily injections
3,4-methlenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy)
multi-drug resistance
myelodysplastic syndrome
microwave endometrial ablation
middle ear effusion

MAI
MALT
MAO
MAOI
MAOIs
MAP
MAP
MAS
MAST
MAT
MC
MCA
MCC
MCCQE
MCD
MCH
MCHC

MCI
MCL
MCN
MCP
MCT
MCTD
MCV
MCV
MD
MD
MD
MDAC
MDCT
MDD
MDE
MDI
MDI
MDMA
MDR
MDS
MEA
MEE

L
MEI
MELAS

MELD
MEN
Men-C
MF
mg
Mg
MG
MGUS
MH
MHA
MHA-TP
MHC
MI
MIBG
MIDD
min
MLF
MM
MM
MM
MMF
MMFR
MMFR
MMI
MMLE
MMR
MMR
MMSE
MOA
MOCA
MODS
MODY
MOSF
MP
MPA
MPGN

MPI
MPTP
MPV
MR
MR
MR
MR
MRA
MRC
MRCP

MRI
MRM
MRN
MRSA
MS
MS
MSA
MSA
MSAFP
MSDS

middle ear inflammation

mitochondrial myopathy,
encephalopathy, lactic-acidosis
and stroke like episodes
model for end stage liver disease
multiple endocrine neoplasia
meningococcal conjugate vaccine
mycosis fungoides
milligram
magnesium
myasthenia gravis
monoclonal gammopathy of
unknown significance
malignant hyperthermia
Mental Health Act
microhemoglutination test for Ab
to T. pallidium
major histocompatibility complex
myocardial infarction
meta-iodo-benzoguanide
monoclonal Ig deposition disease
minutes
medial longitudinal fasciculus
malignant melanoma
millimeters
multiple myeloma
mycophenolate mofetil
maximal mid-expiratory flow rate
mid maximal flow rate
methimazole
mini-mental status exam
maternal mortality rate
measles/mumps/rubella
mini mental status examination
mechanism of action
Montreal cognitive assessment
multiple organ dysfunction
syndrome
maturity-onset diabetes of the
young
multi-organ system failure
mercaptopurine
medroxyprogesterone acetate
membranous proliferative
glomerulonephritis
myocardial perfusion imaging
methylpheyl tetra hydropindine
mean platelet volume
mitral regurgitation
magnetic resonance
mental retardation
mitral regurgitation
magnetic resonance angiogram
Medical Research Council
magnetic resonance
cholangiopancreatography
magnetic resonance imaging
modified radical mastectomy
medical record number
methicillin-resistant S. aureus
mitral stenosis
multiple sclerosis
mixed sleep apnea
multiple system atrophy
maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein
material safety data sheets

Abbreviations 7
MSE
MSG
MSH
MSK
MSM
MSS
MSSA
MSU
MT
MTC
MTP
MTX
MTX-FA
MUA
MUGA
MUSE
MV
MVA
MVA
MVC
MVO2
MVP
MW
MZ

N
Na
N/A
N2O
NA
NA
NAC
NAFLD
NAION
NAIT
NASH
NASSA
NATP
NBUVB
NBUVC
NC
NCEP
NCN
NCS
NCV
NDRI
Nd:YAG
NE
NEC
NERD
NF
NF-1
NF-2
NG

mental status examination

monsodium glutamate
melanocyte-stimulating hormone
musculoskeletal
men who have sex with men
maternal serum screen
methicillin sensitive S. aureus
mid-stream urine
metatarsal
medullary thyroid cancer
metatarso phalangeal joint
methotrexate
methotrexate-folinic acid
manipulation under anesthesia
multiple gated acquisition scan
male urethral suppository for
erection
mitral valve
mitral valve area
motor vehicle accident
motor vehicle collision
myocardial O2 consumption
mitral valve prolapse
molecular weight
monozygotic

normal
sodium
not applicable
nitrous oxide
neuraminidase
noradrenaline
n-acetyl
non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
nonarteritic anterior ischemic
optic neuropathy
neonatal alloimmune
thrombocytopenia
nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
noradrenergic and specific
serotonin antagonists
neonatal alloimmune
thrombocytopenia purpura
narrow band ultraviolet B
narrow band untraviolet C
neurogenic claudication
National Cholesterol Education
Program
neocellular nevus
nerve conduction studies
nerve conduction velocity
norepinephrine and dopamine
reuptake inhibitors
neodymium-doped yttrium
aluminium garnet
norepinephrine
necrotizing enterocolitis
non-erosive reflux disease
neurofibromatosis
neurofibromatosis type 1
neurofibromatosis type 2
nasogastric

8 Abbreviations
NG-tube
NHL
NHP
NICU
NIPPV
NIV
NK
NLD
NLE
NLP
NMDA
NMJ
NMR
NMS
NMSC
NNH
NNSGRC
NNT
NO
NOS
NP
NPC
NPH
NPO
NPV
NREM
NRFHR
NRT
NS
NS
NS
NSAIDs
NSCLC
NSR
NST
NSTEMI
NT
NTD
NTG
NTT
NTUS
N/V
N/V/D
NVI
NVS
NWB
NYD
NYHA

nasogastric tube
non-Hodgkins lymphoma
natural health product
neonatal intensive care unit
noninvasive positive pressure
ventilation
noninvasive ventilation
natural killer
nasolacrimal duct
neonatal lupus erythematosus
no light perception
N-methyl-D-aspartic acid
neuromuscular junction
neonatal mortality rate
neuroleptic malignant syndrome
nonmelanoma skin cancers
number needed to harm
National Newborn Screening and
Genetics Resource Center
number needed to treat
nitric oxide
not otherwise specified
nasopharyngeal
nasopharyngeal carcinoma
normal pressure hydrocephalus
nothing by mouth, nil per os
negative predictive value
non-REM
non-reassuring fetal heart rate
nicotine replacement therapy
nasogastric tube
nephrotic syndrome
normal saline
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs
non-small cell lung cancer
normal sinus rhythm
non-stress test
non ST elevation myocardial
infarction
nuchal translucency
neural tube defects
nitroglycerin
nasotracheal tube
nuchal translucency ultrasound
nausea and vomiting
nausea/vomiting and diarrhea
neurovascular intact
neurovascular status
non-weightbearing
not yet diagnosed
New York Heart Association

O&P
O/E
O2
OA
OA
OAF
OCD
OCP
OCPD
OD
OD
OD
OD
ODB
ODD
ODM
OE
OECD
OGCT
OGD
OGTT
OHA
OHIP
OHL
OM
OME
ONTD
OP
OC
OP
OPC
OPCA
OPCAB
OPLL
OPV
OR
OR
ORIF
OS
OSA
OT
OT
OTC
OU
OU

P
P
P/E
PA
PA
PAB
PABA
PAC
PaCO2
PACs

ova and parasites

on examination
oxygen
occiput anterior
osteoarthritis
osteoclast activating factor
obsessive compulsive disorder
oral contraceptive pill
obsessive-compulsive personality
disorder
oculus dexter
once a day
overdose
right eye
Ontario Drug Benefit
oppositional defiant disorder
opponens digiti minimi
otitis externa
Organization for Economic
Co-operation and Development
oral glucose challenge test
oesophagogastro-duodenoscopy
oral glucose tolerance test
oral hypoglycemic agent
Ontario Health Insurance Plan
oral hairy leukoplakia
otitis media
otitis media with effusion
open neural tube defect
occiput posterior
oncotic pressure
opponens pollicis
oral contraceptive pill
olivopontocerebellar atrophy
off-pump coronary artery bypass
ossification of posterior
longitudinal ligament
oral polio vaccine
odds ratio
operating room
open reduction internal fixation
oculus sinister; left eye
obstructive sleep apnea
occiput transverse
occupational therapy
over the counter
oculus uterque
each eye

progesterone
psoralens
physical exam
posteroanterior
pulmonary artery
premature atrial beat
para-aminobenzoic acid
premature atrial contraction
arterial partial pressure of carbon
dioxide
premature atrial contractions

Toronto Notes 2011

PACG
PACU
PAD
PAG
PAH
PAHO
PAI-I
PAN
p-ANCA
PaO2
PAO2
PAP
PAP
PAPP-a
PAS
PAS
PASP
PAT
Patm
PB
PBC
PBD
pc
PC
PCA
PCA
PCB
PCD
PCI
PCKD
PCL
PCNSL
PCO
PCO2
PCOD
PCOS
PCP
PCP
PCR
PCT
PCT
PCV
PCWP
PD
PD
PD
PDA
PDD
PDE
PDPHA
PDR
PE
PEEP
PEF
PEI
PER
PERLA

primary angle closure glaucoma

post-anesthetic care unit
phlegmasia alba dolens
plasma anion gap
para-aminohippuric acid
Pan American Health Organization
plasminogen activator inhibitor
polyarteritis nodosa
perinuclear anti-neutrophil
cytoplasmic antibody
arterial oxygen pressure
partial pressure of oxygen in
alveolar gas
Papanicolaou
pulmonary arterial pressure
pregnancy-associated plasma
protein
periodic acid-schiff reaction
peripheral anterior synechiae
pulmonary artery systolic
pressure
paroxysmal atrial tachycardia
atmospheric pressure
protein bound
primary biliary cirrhosis
percutaneous biliary drainage
after meals
peak concentration
patient controlled analgesia
posterior cerebral artery
polychlorinated biphenyls
phlegmasia cerulea dolens
percutaneous coronary
intervention
polycystic kidney disease
posterior cruciate ligament
primary central nervous system
lymphoma
posterior capsular opacification
partial pressure of carbon dioxide
polycystic ovarian disease
polycystic ovarian syndrome
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
phenylcyclidine
polymerase chain reaction
porphyria cutanea tarda
proximal convoluted tubule
pressure control ventilation
pulmonary capillary wedge
pressure
Parkinsons disease
personality disorder
posterior descending (artery)
patent ductus arteriosus
pervasive developmental disorder
phosphodiesterase
postdural puncture headache
proliferative diabetic retinopathy
pulmonary embolism
positive end expiratory pressure
peak expiratory flow
Prince Edward Island
passive external rewarming
pupils equal and reactive to light
and accomodation

Toronto Notes 2011

PET
PET
PF
PF
PFO
PFT
PG
PG
PGE1
PGE2
Pgp
PH2O
PHACES
PHE
PHH
PHIPA
PHPV
PICA
PICC
PID
PIE
PIH
PIN
PIP
PIPEDA
PIV
PK
PKU
PL
PLT
PM
PM
PMC
PMDD
PMH
PMI
PML
PMN
PMNs
PMR
PMS
PMY
PND
PND
PNET
PNH
PNS
PNS
PO
pO2
PO4
POA
POAG
POD
POD
POMC

positron emission tomography

scan
preeclampsia
patellofemoral joint
plain films
patent foramen ovale
pulmonary function tests
plasma glucose
prostaglandin
prostaglandin E1
prostaglandin E2
p-glycoprotein
partial pressure of water
posterior fossa, hemangioma,
arterial anomalies, cardiac, eye
periodic health examination
posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus
Ontario Personal Health
Information Protection Act
persistent hyperplastic primary
vitreous
posterior inferior cerebral artery
peripherally inserted central
catheter
pelvic inflammatory disease
pulmonary infilitration with
eosinophilia
pregnancy-induced hypertension
posterior interosseous nerve
proximal interphalangeal joint
Personal Information Protection
and Electronic Documents Act
posterior interventricular artery
pyruvate kinase
phenylketonuria
palmaris longus
platelets
evening
polymyositis
pontine micturition center
premenstrual dysphoric disorder
past medical history
point of maximal impulse
progressive multifocal
leukoencephalopathy
polymorphonuclear neutrophils
polymorphonuclear cells
proportional mortality rate
premenstrual syndrome
polymyositis
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
post nasal drip
primitive neuroectodermal tumour
paroxysmal nocturnal
hemoglobinuria
parasympathetic nervous system
peripheral nervous system
per os, oral, by mouth
partial pressure of oxygen
phosphate
power of attorney
primary open angle glaucoma
post-operative day
post obstructive diuresis
pro-opiomelanocortin

P
PONV
PPD
PPD
PPH
PPH
PPHN

PPI
PPRF
PPROM
PPS
PPV
PPV
PR
PR
PR
PRBCs
PRK
PRL
PRN
PROM
PRSA
PRSP

PRUJ
PRV
PS
PSA
PSA
PsA
PSC
PSD
PSGN
PSIS
PSP
PSS
PSSA
PSV
PSVT
PT
PT
PTA
PTA
PTC

PTCA

PTCI

PTFE
PTH
PTHrP
PTL
PTSD
PTT
PTU
PUD
PUPPP
PUV

post-operative nausea and

vomiting
post-partum depression
purified protein derivative
postpartum hemorrhage
primary pulmonary hypertension
persistent pulmonary hypertension
of the newborn
proton pump inhibitor
paramedian pontine reticular
formation
preterm premature rupture of
membranes
progressive systemic sclerosis
positive predictive value
positive pressure ventilation
per rectum
progesterone receptor
pulmonary regurgitation
packed red blood cells
photorefractive keratectomy
prolactin
pro re nata, as needed
premature rupture of membranes
penicillin-resistant S. aureus
penicillin-resistant Streptococcus
pneumoniae
proximal radio ulnar joint
polycythemia rubra vera
pulmonary stenosis
progressive supranuclear palsy
prostate specific antigen
psoriatic arthritis
primary sclerosing cholangitis
Parkinson plus syndrome
poststreptococcal
glomerulonephritis
posterior superior iliac spine
progressive supranuclear palsy
progressive systemic sclerosis
penicillin sensitive S. aureus
pressure support ventilation
paroxysmal supraventricular
tachyarrythmia
physiotherapy
prothrombin time
percutaneous transluminal
angioplasty
pure tone audiometry
percutaneous transhepatic
cholangiography
percutaneous transluminal
coronary angioplasty
percutaneous transluminal
coronary interventional
polytetra fluroethylene
parathyroid hormone
PTH-related peptides
preterm labor
post-traumatic stress disorder
partial thromboplastin time
propylthiouracil
peptic ulcer disease
pruritic urticarial papules and
plaques of pregnancy
posterior urethral valve

Abbreviations 9
PUVA

PV
PVB
PVCs
PVD
PVD
PVL
PVR
PVR
PYLL

psoralens and long wave

ultraviolet radiaton
pulmonary valve
premature ventricular beat
premature ventricular contractions
peripheral vascular disease
posterior vitreous detachment
periventricular leukomalacia
peripheral venous return
pulmonary vascular resistance
potential years of life lost

q
Q
QALY
QD
qhs
QID
QOL
QST

each, every
perfusion
quality adjusted life year
once a day
every night, at bedtime
four times a day
quality of life
quantitative sensory testing

R&M
R/O
RA
RA
RAAS

routine and microscopy

rule out
rheumatoid arthritis
right atrium
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
system
right axis deviation
right atrial enlargement
radioactive iodine uptake
recurrent abdominal pain
right atrial pressure
relative afferent pupillary defect
renal artery stenosis
reticular activating system
right bundle branch
right bundle branch block
red blood cell
renal blood flow
right coronary artery
renal cell carcinoma
restrictive cardiomyopathy
Royal College of Physicians/
Surgeons of Canada
randomized controlled trial
retinal detachment
respiratory distress syndrome
rapid antigen detection test
red blood cell distribution width
reactive arthritis
rapid eye movement
reticuloendothelial system
reversible ischemic neurological
deficit
radiofrequency
rheumatoid factor
risk factor
renal function tests

RAD
RAE
RAIU
RAP
RAP
RAPD
RAS
RAS
RBB
RBBB
RBC
RBF
RCA
RCC
RCM
RCPSC
RCT
RD
RDS
RDT
RDW
ReA
REM
RES
RIND
RF
RF
RF
RFT

10 Abbreviations
Rh
RHF
RIA
RICS
RIMA
RIMA
RIND
RITA
RL
RLL
RLQ
RLSB
RML
RNA
RNA
RNAO
RNC
RNI
ROM
ROM
ROP
RP
RPE
RPF
RPGN
RPR
RPS
RQ
RR
RR
RRR
RRT
RSD
RSI
RSV
RT
rT3
RTA
RTI
rt-PA
RUL
RUQ
RV
RV
RVAD
RVEDP
RVF
RVH
RVOT
RVOTO
RVP
RVSP
RVSP
Rx

Rhesus
right heart failure
radio-immune assay
right intercostal space
reversible inhibitor of MAO-A
right internal mammary artery
reversible ischemic neurological
deficit
right internal thoracic artery
Ringers lactate
right lower lobe
right lower quadrant
right lateral sternal border
right middle lobe
radionucleotide angiography
ritonucleic acid
Registered Nurses Association of
Ontario
radionuclide cystography
recommended nutrient intake
range of motion
rupture of membranes
retinopathy of prematurity
retinitis pigmentosa
retinal pigment epithelium
renal plasma flow
rapidly progressive
glomerulonephritis
rapid plasma reagin
rapid primary survey
respiratory quotient
relative risk
respiratory rate
relative risk reduction
renal replacement therapy
reflex sympathetic dystrophy
rapid sequence induction
respiratory syncytial virus
radiation therapy
reverse triiodothyronine
renal tubular acidosis
respiratory tract infection
recombinant tissue plasminogen
activator
right upper lobe
right upper quadrant
residual volume
right ventricle
right ventricular assist device
right ventricular end-diastolic
pressure
right ventricular failure
right ventricular hypertrophy
right ventricular outflow tract
right ventricular outflow tract
obstruction
right ventricular pressure
right ventricular strain pattern
right ventricular systolic pressure
treatment

S&S
S/E
SA
SA
SA
SA
SABA
SACD
SAH
SAN
SaO2

signs and symptoms

side effects
semen analysis
sinoatrial
sinus arrhythmia
spontaneous abortion
short-acting beta-agonist
subacute combined degeneration
subarachnoid hemorrhage
sinoatrial note
hemoglobin oxygen percent
saturation
SARS
severe acute respiratory
syndrome
SBE
spontaneous bacterial
endocarditis
SBO
small bowel obstruction
SBP
spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
sBP
systolic blood pressure
SC
sternoclavicular
SC
subcutaneous
SCA
spinocerebellar ataxia
SCA
superior cerebellar artery
SCC
squamous cell carcinoma
SCD
sickle cell disease
SCD
sudden cardiac death
SCFA
short chain fatty acids
SCFE
slipped capital femoral epiphysis
SCh
succinylcholine
SCI
spinal cord injury
SCID
severe combined
immunodeficiency
SCIWARA spinal cord injury without
radiologic abnormality
SCLC
small cell lung cancer
SCM
sternocleidomastoid
SCORTEN severity of illness score for toxic
epidermal necrolysis
SCr
serum creatinine
ScvO2
central venous oxygen saturation
SD
standard deviation
SDAC
single dose activated charcoal
SDM
substitute decision maker
SDRI
selective dopamine re-uptake
inhibitor
SE
status epilepticus
SDS
Shy-Drager syndrome
Seb. K
seborrheic keratosis
SEM
systolic ejection murmur
SEN
supependymal nodules
SERM
selective estrogen receptor
modulator
SERMs
selective estrogen receptor
modifiers
SES
sick euthyroid syndrome
SES
social economic status
SF
synovial fluid
SFH
symphysis fundal height
SG
specific gravity
SGA
small for gestational age
SH
sex hormones
SHBG
sex hormone binding globulin
SHG
sonohysterography
SI
sacroiliac

Toronto Notes 2011

SIADH

SIDS
SIL
SIMV
SIRS
SJS
SL
SLE
SLED
SLP
SLR
SMA
SMA
SMV
SMX
SNB
SND
SNHL
SNpc
SNRI

SNS
SNS
SOB
SOBOE
SOF
SOGC

SPAK
SPECT

SPEP
SPF
SPK
SR
SRS
SRT
SSA
SSB
SSD
SSPE
SSRI
SSS
SSSS
STAR
STDs
STEMI
STfR
STIs
STN
STP
STS
STSG
STSH
SUI
SV
SVI
SVC

syndrome of inappropriate
antidiuretic hormone
sudden infant death syndrome
squamous intraepithelial lesion
synchronous intermittent
mandatory ventilation
systemic inflammatory response
syndrome
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
sublingual
systemic lupus erythematosis
sustained low efficiency dialysis
speech language pathologist
straight leg raise
smooth muscle antibody
superior mesenteric artery
superior mesenteric vein
sulfamethoxazole
sentinel node biopsy
striatonigral degeneration
sensorineural hearing loss
substantia nigra pars compacta
serotonin and norepinephrine
reuptake inhibitors
striatonigral degeneration
sympathetic nervous system
shortness of breath
shortness of breath on exertion
superior orbital fissure
Society of Obstetricians and
Gynecologists of Canada
spreading pigmented actinic
keratosis
single photon emission computed
tomography
serum protein electrophoresis
sun protection factor
superficial punctate keratitis
sinus rhythm
stereotactic radiosurgery
speech reception threshold
Sjgrens syndrome A
Sjgrens syndrome B
Silver Sulphadiazene
subacute sclerosing
panencephalitis
selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitor
sick sinus syndrome
staphylococcal scalded skin
syndrome
sore throat, arthritis, rash
sexually transmitted diseases
ST elevation myocardial infarction
soluble transferrin receptor
sexually transmitted infections
subthalamic nucleus
sodium thiopental
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
split thickness skin graft
sensitive thyroid-stimulating
hormone
stress urinary incontinence
stroke volume
stroke volume index
superior vena cava

Toronto Notes 2011

SVG
SVR
SVRI
SVT
SWU

T1
T2
T3
t1/2
T3
T3RU
T4
TA
TAA
TACE

saphenous vein graft

systemic vascular resistance
systemic vascular resistance
index
supraventricular tachycardia
septic work-up

first trimester
second trimester
trird trimester
half-life
triiodothyronine
T3 resin uptake
thyroxine
therapeutic abortion
thoracic aortic aneurysm
transcateter arterial
chemoembolization
TAH
total abdominal hysterectomy
TAH/BSO
total abdominal hysterectomy+
bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
TB
tuberculosis
TBB
transbronchial biopsy
TBG
thyroid binding globulin
TBI
traumatic brain injury
TBSA
total body surface area
TBUT
tear break up time
TBW
total body water
TC
total cholesterol
TC
transcobalamin
Tc99m-DMSA technetium-99m
dimercaptosuccinic acid
Tc99m-DTPA technetium-99m diethylene
triamine

pentaacetate
Tc99m-ECD technetium-99m ethyl
cysteinate dimer
Tc99m-MIBI technetium-99m

methoxyisobatyl-isonitrile
TCA
trichloroacetic acid
TCA
tricyclic antidepressant
TCC
transitional cell carcinoma
TCF
tracheoesophogeal fistula
TCM
traditional chinese medicine
Td
tetanus diphteria adult type
formation vaccine
TD50
toxic dose 50%
TDEE
total daily energy expenditure
TDM
therapeutic drug monitoring
TdP
tetanus, diphtheria, polio
TE
tracheoesophageal
TED
thromboembolic disease
TEE
transesophageal
echocardiography
TEF
tracheoesophageal fistula
TEN
total enteral nutrition
TEN
toxic epidermal necrolysis
TENS
transcutaneous electrical neuro
stimulation
TET
tubal embryo transfer
TFCC
triangular fibrocartilage
complex

S
TG
TGA
THA
TI
TIA
TIBC
tid
TIG
TIN
TIPS

TIVA
TKA
TKVO
TLC
TLE
TM
TMB
TMJ
TMP
TMP/SMX
Tn
TN
TNF
TNFa
TNK
TNM
TOF
TOF
TORCH

TOT
t-PA
TP
TP
TPE
TPI
TPN
TPO
TPR
TR
TRALI
TRAM

TRH
TRUS
TS
TSAb
TSH
TSI
tsp
T-spine
TSS
TT
TTB
TTE
TTG
TTKG
TTN
TTP
TUIP

triglyceride
transposition of the great arteries
total hip arthroplasty
therapeutic index
transient ischemic attack
total iron binding capacity
three times a day
tetanus immune globulin
tubulointerstitial nephritis
transjugular intrahepatic
portasystemic shunt
total intravenous anesthesia
total knee arthroplasty
to keep vein open
total lung capacity
temporal lobe epilepsy
tympanic membrane
transient monocular blindness
temporomandibular joint
trimethoprim
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
troponin
true negative
tumour necrosis factor
tumour necrosis factor alpha
tenecteplase
tumour/node/metastasis staging
tetralogy of Fallot
train of four
toxoplasmosis, rubella,
cytomegalovirus, hepatitis
tension-free obturator tape
tissue plasminogen activator
true positive
tympanic membrane
tropical pulmonary eosinophilia
treponemal pallidum
immobilization
total parenteral nutrition
thyroid peroxidase
total peripheral resistance
tricuspid regurgitation
transfusion related acute lung
injury
transverse rectus abdominus
myocutaneous
thyrotropin releasing hormone
transrectal ultrasound
tricuspid stenosis
thyroid stimulating antibodies
thyroid stimulating hormone
thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin
teaspoon
thoracic spine
toxic shock syndrome
thrombin time
transthoracic biopsy
transthoracic echocardiography
tissue transglutaminase
transtubular potassium gradient
transient tachypnea of the
newborn
thrombotic thrombocytopenic
purpura
transurethral incision of the
prostate

Abbreviations 11
TUMT
TUNA
TURBT

TV
TVOT
TVT
TVUS
TXA2
TZ
TZD

transurethral microwave therapy

transurethral needle ablation
transurethral resection of bladder
tumour
transurethral resection of the
prostate
tricuspid valve
tension-free vaginal obturator tape
tension-free vaginal tape
trans-vaginal ultrasound
thromboxane 2
transformation zone
thiazolidinedione

U
U/A
ud
U/O
U/S
UA
UAE
UC
UCL
UE
UES
UFH
UGI
UGIB
UIP
ULSB
UMN
UMN
UMNL
ung
Uosm
UPEP
UPJ
UPPP
UPV
URI
URTI
UTI
UUTS
UV
UVA
UVA
UVB
UVC
UVJ
UVR

unit
urinalysis
as directed
urine output
ultrasound
unstable angina
uterine artery embolization
ulcerative colitis
ulnar collateral ligament
upper extremity
upper esophageal sphincter
unfractionated heparin
upper gastrointestinal
upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleed
usual interstitial pneumonitis
upper left sternal border
upper motor nerve
upper motor neuron
upper motor neuron lesion
ointment
urine osmolality
urine protein electrophoresis
ureteropelvic junction
uvolopalatopharyngoplasty
UV protection factor
upper respiratory infection
upper respiratory tract infection
urinary tract infection
upper urinary tract symptoms
ultraviolet
ultraviolet radiation
ultraviolet wavelength A
ultraviolet wavelength B
ultraviolet wavelength C
ureterovesical junction
ultraviolet radiation

TURP

12 Abbreviations

V fib
V
VA
VA
Vd
VAC
VADs
Var
VAIN
VBAC
VBI
VC
VCUG
Vd
VDRL
VFib
VF
VHL
VIN
VIP
Vit. A
VIU
VLDL
VMA
VOR

ventricular fibrillation
ventilation
ventriculo-artrial
visual acuity
volume of distribution
vacuum assisted closure
ventricular assist devices
Varicella vaccine
vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia
vaginal birth after Caesarean
section
vertebrobasilar insufficiency
vital capacity
voiding cystourethrogram
volume of distribution
venereal disease research
laboratory
ventricular fibrillation
visual field
von Hippel Lindau syndrome
vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia
vasoactive intestinal peptide
vitamin A
visual internal urethrotomy
very low density lipoprotein
vanillyl mandellic acid
vestibulo-ocular reflex

V
VP
VP
VPB
VPI
VPL
VPL
V/Q
VRE
VSD
VSR
VT
VT
VTE
VUR
VVC
vWD
vWF
VZIG
VZV

WBC
WBRT
WC
WCB
WHI

vasopressin
ventriculoperitoneal
ventricular premature beat
velopharyngeal insufficiency
ventral posterolateral
ventral posteromedial
ventilation-to-perfusion
vancomycin-resistant Enterococci
ventricular septal defect
vital signs routine
ventricular tachycardia
tidal volume
venous thromboembolism
vesicoureteral reflux
vulvovaginal candidiasis
von Willebrands disease
von Willebrands factor
Varicella-Zoster immunoglobulin
Varicella-Zoster virus

white blood cell

whole brain radiation therapy
waist circunference
Workers Compensation Board
Womens Health Initiative

Toronto Notes 2011

WHI
WHMIS

WHO
WNV
WPW
WSIB
WT

Womens Health Institute

Workplace Hazardous Materials
Information System
World Health Organization
West Nile virus
Wolff-Parkinson-White
Workplace Safety and Insurance
Board
weight

XRT

radiation therapy

ZE
ZIFT
ZIFT
ZN
ZPP

Zollinger-Ellison
zygote intrafallopian transfer
zygote-transfer
Ziehl-Neelsen
zinc protoporphyrin

X
Z

Index
4:2:1 rule; A13
5-a reductase inhibitor; U7
a-adrenergic antagonists; U7

AAN Classification of Brain Injury; NS31

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA); C50
Abdominal Mass; GS5
Abdominal Pain; ER19, FM11
Acute; GS4
Pediatric; P42
Abdominal Wall; GS2
Abdominoplasty; PL32
Abducens Nerve; N18
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB); GY6, GY13
Abortion; ELOAM15
Spontaneous; OB21
Abruptio Placentae; OB24
Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR); PH17
Acalculous Cholecystitis; GS47
Acceptable Blood Losses, Calculating; A15
Accessory Nerve; N20
Accommodative Esotropia; OP40
Accuracy; PH16
Acetaminophen; A18
Hepatotoxicity; G36
Achalasia; G8
Achilles
Tendonitis; OR36
Tendon Rupture; OR36
Acid-Base Disorders; NP16
Acne Vulgaris; D12
Acoustic Neuroma; NS12, OT15
Acoustic Stapedial Reflexes; OT11
Acromioclavicular Joint Pathology; OR14
Actinic Keratosis; D7
Acute Abdomen; GS16
Acute Angle Closure Glaucoma; OP32
Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS); C25
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI); NP20
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL); H41
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML); H35
Acute Otitis Media; OT17, OT38, P53
Complications of; OT39
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome; R26
Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN); NP29
Adams Test; OR41
Addisons Disease; E34
Adenoidectomy; OT40
Adenoid Hypertrophy; OT40
Adenomyosis; GY16
Adhesive Capsulitis; OR15
Adies Tonic Pupil; OP31, OP32
Adjustment Disorder; PS16
ADLs; GM4
Adrenal Gland; GS58
Adrenocortical Insufficiency; E34
Adrenocorticotropin Hormone (ACTH); E29

Advanced Reproductive Technologies (ART);

ELOAM14
Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs); CP10
Aesthetic Procedures; PL32
Afferent Loop Syndrome; GS19
Age-Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD);
OP26
Agnosia; N16
Agoraphobia; PS13
Agranulocytosis; H10
AIDS; ID29, OP34
Air Contrast Barium Enema (ACBE); GS34
Airway Management; A7
Airway Obstruction; OT44
Airway Problems in Children; OT43
Alcohol; FM10, PS20
Intoxication; ER48
Withdrawal; ER49, PS21
Alcoholic Liver Disease; G38
Alkaline Reflux Gastritis; GS19
Allens test; OR21
Allergic Rhinitis; FM11, OT24
Alopecia; D36
Altered Level of Consciousness; NS35
Alternate Cover Test; OP39
Alzheimers Dementia; PS18
Alzheimers Disease; N12
Amaurosis Fugax; OP37
Amblyopia; OP40
Amenorrhea; FM12
Approach to; GY12
Aminoglycosides; OT21
Amniocentesis; OB9
Amphetamines; PS23
AMPLE history; OR5
Amputations; PL22
Amyloidosis; NP26
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; N29
Anal Fissures; GS38
Analgesics; A18, GS59
Anal Margin; GS41
Anal Neoplasms; GS41
Anaphylactic Shock; A12
Anaphylaxis; ER30
Anatomical Triangles of the Neck; OT4
Androgen Dihydrotestosterone (DHT); U7
Anemia
Approach to; H5
Chronic Disease; H14
Pediatric
Chronic Disease; P49
Physiologic, Neonatal; P48
Anesthesia; A2
Epidural; A19
Local; A21
Obstetrical; A22
Pediatric; A23
Regional; A19
Spinal; A19
Topical; A22

Toronto Notes 2011

Anesthetics; OP44
Aneurysms, Brain; NS20
Angina; C23
Angiodysplasia; GS36
Angioedema; D41
Angiography; DM27
Angiomyolipoma; U19
Angle Closure Glaucoma; OP30
Anion Gap; NP17
Anisocoria; OP31
Anisometropia; OP9, OP40
Ankle-brachial Index; C47
Ankle Fracture; OR34
Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS); RH19
Anorectal Abscess; GS39
Anorectum; GS38
Anorexia Nervosa; PS29
Anosmia; N17
Antenatal Hydronephrosis; U36
Antepartum Non-Stress Test; OB6
Anterior Chamber Depth; OP6
Anterior Cord Lesion; NS28
Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy; N21
Anterior Triangle; OT4
Antiarrhythmics; C55
Antibiotics; GS59, ID49
Anticholinergics, Overdose; ER53
Anticoagulant Therapy; H55
Anticonvulsant Medications; N9
Antidepressants; PS45
Antidiarrheals; GS59
Antidiuretic Hormone; E18
Antiemetics; GS58
Antifungals; ID53
Antimalarials (Quinine); OT21
Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome (APS);
RH10
Antiplatelet Therapy; H54
Antipsychotics; PS41
Antivirals; ID53
Anxiety; FM13, PS12
Anxiolytics; PS49
Aortic Aneurysm; C50
Aortic Dissection; C48
Aortic Regurgitation; C41
Aortic Stenosis; C41
Apgar Score; P64
Aphasia; N15
Aphonia; OT28
Aplastic Anemia; H16
Apolipoprotein B (apoB); E5
Apparent Life-Threatening Events (ALTEs); P11
Appendectomy; GS28
Appendicitis; GS27
Appendix; GS27
Tumours; GS28
Apprehension Tests; OR11, OR12
Apraxia; N16
Arcus Senilis; OP20
Argyll-Robertson Pupil; OP31, OP33

Index 1

2 Index
Arrhythmias; C12
Arterial Blood Gases; R5
Arterial Ulcer; D43, PL13
Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs); NS22
Arthrodesis; OR28
Arthroplasty; OR28
Articular Cartilage Defects; OR44
Ascending Cholangitis; G47
Ascites; G43
Aspergers Disorder; PS36
Aspiration; A17
Asthma; ER31, FM14, P93, R7
Astigmatism; OP9
Astrocytoma; NS11
Grading System; NS11
Atelectasis; DM6, GS9
Atheroembolic Renal Disease; NP32
Atopic Dermatitis; D14
Atrial Fibrillation (AF); C17
Atrial Flutter; C16
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD); P21
Atrophic Vaginitis; GY25
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder;
PS37
Audiometry; OT10
Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR); OT12
Aural Rehabilitation; OT12
Autism; PS36
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia; H21
Autoimmune Inner Ear Disease; OT20
Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation (ACI);
OR44
Autologous RBCs; A15
Autonomic Dysreflexia; U9
Autonomic Nervous System; CP12
Avascular Necrosis; OR6
AV Conduction Blocks; C15, ER31
AV Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia (AVNRT);
C18
AV Re-Entrant Tachycardia (AVRT); C19
Axial Pattern Flaps (Arterialized); PL11
Axillary Lymph Node Dissection (ALND);
GS57
Azotemia; NP4

Back Pain; FM39, NS24, OR23-25, RH20

Bacterial Tracheitis; ER58, P91
Bacteriology; ID2
Bankart Lesion; OR12
Bariatric Surgery; GS18
Barium Swallow; GS14
Barlows Test; OR39
Barretts Esophagus; G7
Bartholinitis; GY29
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC); D33
Basal Ganglia; N25
Basal Skull Fracture; PL27
Basic Surgical Techniques; PL5
Beckers Nevus; D9
Behaviour Change; PH7
Motivational Strategies; FM3
Bells Palsy; OT23
Bence-Jones Protein; H47
Benign Intracranial Hypertension; NS9
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
(BPPV); OT13
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH); FM15, U7
Medications; U43
Benzodiazepines; A25, PS49
Beta-hCG; OB3
Bias; PH9
Biliary Atresia; P72
Biliary Colic; GS45
Biliary Sepsis; G47
Biliary Tract; GS44, GS48
Bilirubin Levels; GS6
Billroth; GS17
Biophysical Profile (BPP); OB7
Bipolar Disorder; PS11
Bishop Score; OB36
Bisphosphonates; E53
Bites; ER47
Bladder; U8
Carcinoma; U21
TNM Classification; U22
Catheterization; U40
Hemorrhage; U3
Innervation; U6
Trauma; U33
Bleeding Disorders, Neonatal; P72
Bleeding in Pregnancy; OB20
Blepharitis; OP11, OP14
Blepharoplasty; PL32
Blind-Loop Syndrome; GS19
Blood Count; H2
Blood Film; H3
Blood Pressure; A12
Blood Products; A15, H50
Blood Transfusion Reactions; H52
Blow-Out Fracture; PL30
Ocular; OP43
Body Dysmorphic Disorder; PS27
Boerhaaves; GS13
Boils; D26
Bone Marrow Aspiration; H4

Toronto Notes 2011

Bone Tumours
Benign; OR42
Malignant; OR43
Bosniak Classification; U18
Botulinum Toxin; GS38
Bouchards Nodes; OR21, RH5
Bouverets Syndrome; GS48
Bowel Obstruction; GS23
BP cuff; A5
Brachial Plexus; PL26
Bradyarrhythmias; C14, ER31
Bradycardia, Intraoperative; A11
Brain Injury; NS31
Late Complications; NS32
Brain Tumours
Metastatic; NS11
Pediatric; NS39
Branchial Cleft Cysts; OT33
Branchial Fistula; OT33
Branchial Sinus; OT33
Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion (BRAO); OP24
Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO); OP24
Breaking Bad News; ELOAM10
Breast; GS52
Abscess; GS54
Augmentation; PL32
Benign Lesions; GS53
Atypical Hyperplasias; GS53
Ductal Hyperplasia; GS53
Fibroadenoma; GS53
Intraductal Papilloma; GS53
Cancer; GS54
Male; GS56
Staging; GS55
Treatment; GS56
Fat Necrosis; GS53
Reconstruction; PL31
Reduction; PL32
Tissue Expanders; PL31
Breast-conserving Surgery (BCS); GS57
Breastfeeding; P6
Breath-Holding Spells; P14
Breech Presentation; OB40
Brochardts Triad; GS36
Bronchiectasis; R10
Bronchiolitis; P92
Bronchitis; FM16
Bronchoscopy; GS14
Brow Lift; PL32
Brown-Squard Lesion; NS28
Brudzinskis Sign; ID6
Bucks Traction; OR7
Bulimia Nervosa; PS30
Bullous Pemphigoid; D20
Bunions; OR37
Burns; PL15
Acute Care; PL17
Chemical; PL19
Electrical; PL19
Wound Healing; PL18
Burst Spine Fracture; NS34

Toronto Notes 2011

C1 Vertebral Fracture; NS34

C2 Vertebral Fracture; NS34
Caesarean Delivery; OB47
CAGE questionnaire; PS20
Calcaneal Fracture; OR36
Calcium Stone; U17
Calf augmentation; PL32
Caloric Reflexes; N2
Canada Health Act; ELOAM16
Canadian C-spine Rule; ER10, OR23
Candida; D31, ID37
CanMEDS Competencies; ELOAM13
Cannabis; PS23
Capacity; ELOAM9
Capillary Hemangioma; D11
Carbuncles; D26
Cardiac Catheterization; C11
Cardiac Cycle; C2
Cardiac Enzymes; C9
Cardiac Transplantation; C35
Cardiogenic Shock; A12
Cardiovascular System
Pediatric; A23
Carotid Stenosis; NS21
Carpal Bones; OR20
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS); PL25
Case-Control Study; PH12
Cataracts; OP21
Cat Scratch Disease; ID28
Cauda Equina; NS24
Cauda Equina Syndrome; NS26, NS27
Cavernous Malformations; NS23
Celiac Disease; G18, P39
Cellulitis; D26, PL12
Central Cord Lesion; NS28
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion (CRAO);
OP24
Central Retinal Vein Occlusion; OP24
Central Tentorial (Axial) Herniation
Syndrome; NS6
Central Venous Catheter; DM10
Cerebellar Ectopia; NS38
Cerebral Abscess; NS14
Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF); NS5
Cerebral Edema; NS5
Cerebral Palsy (CP); P85
Cerumen Impaction; OT16
Cervical Cancer; GY41
Cervical Radiculopathy/Neuropathy; OR23
Cervical Spine Fractures; NS34
Cervical Spondylosis; NS25
Cervical Stenosis; NS25
CHADS2 Score; C17
Chalazion; OP14
Charcots Triad; GS47
CHARGE Syndrome; P46
Chemical Burns; PL19
Ocular; OP43
Chemical Peel; PL32
Chemotherapy; H57
Cherry Angioma; D11

C
Chest Pain; C4, ER22, FM17, R2
Chest Wall; GS15
Cheyne-Stokes Breathing; R2
Chiari Malformations; NS38
Child Abuse; ER60, P15
Child Psychiatry; PS33
Child-Pugh Score; G40, GS44
Chlamydia; GY26
Cholangiocarcinoma; GS49
Cholangitis, Acute; GS47
Cholecystectomy; GS46
Cholecystitis
Acalculous; GS47
Acute; GS46
Choledochal Cysts; GS42
Choledocholithiasis; GS47
Cholelithiasis; GS44
Cholestatic Disease; GS44
Cholesteatoma; OT18
Cholesterol Stones; GS44
Cholinergics, Overdose; ER53
Chondromalacia Patellae; OR33
Chondrosarcoma; OR43
Chorea; N26
Chorioamnionitis; OB45
Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS); OB9
Choroiditis; OP21
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS); FM32
Chronic Kidney Disease; NP21
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia; H46
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia; H38
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
(COPD); ER32, FM14, R8
Chronic Pain; NS41
Chronic Venous Insufficiency; C53
Churg-Strauss Triad; RH15
Chvostek Sign; E40 , E42
Circadian Abnormalities; N43
Circulation Monitoring; A5
Circumcision; U39
Cirrhosis; G39
CIWA Protocol for Alcohol; PS21
Claudication; OR25
Neurogenic, Vascular; OR25
Clavicular Fracture; OR14
Clay Shovelers Fracture; NS34
Cleft Palate; PL33
Clubbing; R3
Club Foot; OR41
Coarctation of the Aorta; P20, P22
Cobb Angle; OR41
Cocaine; PS22
Cockcroft-Gault Formula; CP6, NP7
Codmans Triangle; OR42
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy; PS40
Cohort Study; PH13
Cold; FM18
Collateral Ligament Stress Test; OR29
Collateral Ligament Tears; OR30
Colles Fracture; ER16, OR19
Colloid Infusion; A14
Colonoscopy; GS34

Index 3
Colorectal
Carcinoma (CRC); GS34
Staging; GS35
Neoplasms; GS32
Polyps; GS32
Screening Guidelines; GS32
Colostomy; GS37
Colour Vision; OP6
Colposcopy; GY9
Coma; NS35
Community Medicine; PH2
Community Treatment Order (CTO); PS51
Compartment Syndrome; ER16, OR9
Competence; ELOAM6
Complementary and Alternative Medicine
(CAM); FM49
Complete Blood Count; H2
Complex Regional Pain Syndromes; N38,
NS29
Compression Spine Fracture; NS34
Computed Tomography (CT); DM2
Concussion; NS31
Conduct Disorder (CD); PS38
Conductive Hearing Loss; OT9
Confidentiality; ELOAM5, ELOAM8
Confusion and Agitation
Post-Operative; A17
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH); P32
Congenital Dysplasia of the Hip; OR39
Congenital Glaucoma; OP42
Congenital Heart Disease (CHD); P19
Congenital Hypothyroidism; P30
Congenital Sensorineural Hearing Loss; OT19
Congenital Talipes Equinovarus; OR41
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF); C32, ER33
Pediatric; P24
Conjunctivitis; OP15
Allergic; OP15
Bacterial; OP16
Chlamydial; OP16
Viral; OP16
Connective Tissue Disorders; OP37
Consent; ELOAM3, ELOAM8
Exceptions; ELOAM2
Under the Law; ELOAM2
Constipation; G25
Pediatric; P40
Constricted Pupil; OP33
Contact Dermatitis; D16
Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI); PH18
Contraception; FM19, GY18
Contre-coup; NS31
Conus Medullaris Syndrome; NS26
Conversion Disorder; PS26
Coombs Test; H17
Coordination Exam; N4
Corneal Abrasion; OP18
Corneal Erosions; OP18
Corneal Ulcer; OP18
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft; C30
Coroner; ELOAM20
Cortical Cataracts; OP21
Cost Analysis; PH19

4 Index
Cough; R3
Coup; NS31
Courvoisiers Sign; GS49
Cover Test; OP38
Cover-Uncover Test; OP39
Coxa Plana; OR40
Cranial Nerve III Palsy; OP31
Cranial Nerve Injury; NS31
Cranial Nerves; N2
Craniofacial Anomalies; PL33
Craniofacial Injuries; PL26
Craniosynostosis; NS39
Craniotomy; NS20
Creatinine Clearance; NP6
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease; N14
Crigler-Najjer Syndrome; G45
Crohns Disease; G20, GS29
Cross-Sectional Study; PH12
Crouch Compression Test; OR30
Croup; ER58, OT44, P91
Cruciate Ligament Tears; OR30
Cryoglobulinemia; NP27
Cryptorchidism; U38
Crystalloid Infusion; A14
C-spine Injury; ER9
Cushings Syndrome; E31
Cyanosis, Neonatal; P65
Cyclothymia; PS12
Cystadenocarcinoma; GS42
Cystadenoma; GS42
Cystic Echinococcosis; GS42
Cystic Fibrosis; R11
Cystic Hygroma; OT34
Cystic Lesions; OR42
Cystine Stone; U17
Cystitis
Common Pathogens; U10
Interstitial; U11
Recurrent/Chronic; U11
Cystoscopy; U40
Cysts
Skin; D6
Cytochrome P450; CP5
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Retinitis; OP35

Dacrocystorhinostomy (DCR); OP43

Dacryoadenitis; OP12
Dacryocystitis; OP12
Dandy-Walker Malformation; NS38
Danis-Weber Classification; OR34, OR35
Data Analysis; PH15
Deep Neck Space Infection; OT46
Deep Palmar Space Infections; PL21
Deep Tendon Reflexes; N3
Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT); ER34, H31,
OB20
DVT Prophylaxis; GS59
Degenerative Disc Disease; OR24
Dehydration; A14
Dejerine Roussy Syndrome; N38
Delirium; N10, PS17
Delirium Tremens; PS21
Delusional Disorder; PS6
Delusions; PS3
Dementia; FM20, PS18
Dennis Classification; NS34
Depression; FM20, PS8
Deprivation Amblyopia; OP40
De Quervains Tenosynovitis; PL22
De Quervains Thyroiditis; E24
Dermabrasion; PL32
Dermatitis; D14
Seborrheic; D17
Dermatofibroma; D6
Dermatomes; NS24
Dermatomyositis; RH13
Dermatophytoses; D26
Dermoid Cyst; D6
Determinants of Health; PH4
Detrusor Overactivity; U5
Detumescence; U30
Developmental Delay; P26
Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip; OR39
Developmental Milestones; P3
Diabetes Insipidus; E18, NP13
Diabetes Mellitus (DM); E6, FM21, NP34,
OP35, P29
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA); ER35
Diabetic Nephropathy; E13
Diabetic Retinopathy; E12, OP35
Diabetic Ulcers; D43, PL13
Diagnostic Peritoneal Lavage; ER13
Dialysis; NP22
Diaper Dermatitis; P15
Diarrhea; FM25, G14, ID16
Pediatric; P37
Difficult Airway; A9
Digitalis Effect; C8
Digital Rectal Exam (DRE); GS34

Toronto Notes 2011

Dilatation and Curettage (D&C); GY9
Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM); C37
Dilated Pupil; OP32
Dinner Fork Deformity; OR19
Diplopia; N22, OP4
Disc Disease; OR24
Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs
(DMARDs); RH8, RH27
Disease Prevention; PH5
Disease Screening; PH5
Dislocated Lens; OP22
Disseminated Choroiditis; OP35
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
(DIC); H30
Pregnancy; OB42
Distal Femoral Fracture; OR28
Distal Phalanx Fractures; PL23
Diverticular Disease; GS30
Dix-Hallpike Positional Testing; OT13
Dizziness; FM25, OT6
Doctor-Patient Relationship; ELOAM12
Doctor-Patient Relationship under the Law;
ELOAM2
Domestic Violence; FM26
Dose-Response Curve; CP8
Down Syndrome; P44
Drawer Test; OR29, OR34
Dressings; PL9
Driving Reporting Requirements; GM9
Drug Administration, Routes; CP2
Drug Ototoxicity; OT21
Dry Eye Syndrome; OP11
Duchenne-Erb Palsy; PL26
Ductal Carcinoma; GS56
Duke Criteria for Infective Endocarditis; ID15
Dumping Syndrome; GS19
Duodenal Ulcers; GS16
Dupuytrens Disease; PL24
Duty to Protect/Warn; ELOAM5
Dysarthria; N19
Dyslipidemia; FM6
Dysmenorrhea; GY6, GY14
Dysmorphisms; P43
Dyspareunia; GY8
Dyspepsia; FM28, G6
Dysphagia; G6
Dysphonia; OT28
Dysplasia; OT34
Dyspnea; C4, ER27, FM28, R2
Post-Operative; GS9
Dysthymia; PS10
Dystocia; OB42
Dystonia; N26, N28, NS40
Dysuria; FM28, U4

Toronto Notes 2011

Echocardiography; C9
Ecological Study; PH12
Ectopia Lentis; OP22
Ectopic Pregnancy; OB21
Ectopic Testes; U38
Ectropion; OP13
Eczema; D14
Edwards Syndrome; P44
Elbow Dislocation; OR17
Elbow Terrible Triad; OR17
Elder Abuse; FM27
Electrical Burns; PL19
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Approach to; C5
Electroconvulsive Therapy; PS50
Emission; U30
Emmetropia; OP9
Empty Sella Syndrome; E19
Empyema; R23
Encephalitis; ID7
Enchondroma; OR42
Encopresis; P13
End of Life Care; GM11
Endolymphatic Hydrops; OT14
Endometrial Carcinoma; GY36
Endometriosis; GY15
Endophthalmitis; OP23
Endoscopic Retrograde
Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP); GS45
Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS); GS14
Enophthalmos; OP10
Enteropathic Arthritis (EA); RH21
Entropion; OP13
Enuresis; P12
Epicondylitis; OR18
Epidemic Curves; PH21
Epidermal Cyst; D6
Epididymitis; U13, U27
Epidural Abscess; NS14
Epidural Anesthesia; A19
Contraindications; A20
Epidural Hematoma; NS15
Epigastric Hernia; GS22
Epiglottitis; ER58, OT45, P91
Epilepsy
Neurosurgical Treatment; NS41
Epiphora; OP12
Episcleritis; OP16
Episiotomy; OB47
Epispadias-Exstrophy Complex; U38
Epistaxis; ER24, FM29, OT27
Epley Maneuver; OT13
Erectile Dysfunction (ED); FM30, U30
Medications; U43
Erysipelas; D26, PL12
Erythema Infectiosum; P60
Erythema Multiforme (EM); D23

Erythema Nodosum; D42

Erythrocyte; H3
Erythroplakia; OT34
Esophageal Carcinoma; GS14
Esophageal Perforation; GS13
Esophageal Varices; G27
Esophagitis
Eosinophilic; G8
Infectious; G10
Esophagoscopy; GS14
Esotropia; OP40
Essential Thrombocythemia; H40
Ethics Principles; ELOAM7
ETT; A8
Euthanasia; ELOAM14
Ewings Sarcoma; OR43
Excessive Tearing; OP12
Excisional Biopsy; GS55
Exercise; FM7
Exophthalmos; OP10
Exostoses; OR37, OT16
External Validity; PH16
External Ventricular Drain; NS5
Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy
(ESWL); U42
Extradural Hematoma; NS15
Extradural Lesions; NS24
Extra Ocular Muscle (EOM) Palsy; OP36
Extraocular Muscles; OP6
Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS); PS44
Extubation Complications; A17
Ex Vacuo Hydrocephalus; NS7

Facial Injuries; PL27

Facial Nerve; N18
Paralysis; OT22
Factor V Leiden; H33
Failure to Store; U5
Failure to Thrive
Elderly; GM4
Pediatric; P8
Failure to Void; U6
Falls; GM5
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP); G30,
GS33
Familial Colon Cancer Syndromes; GS33
Fasting Guidelines; A3
FAST Ultrasound; ER13
Fatigue; FM31
Febrile Neutropenia; ID44
Febrile Seizures; P82
Fecal Incontinence; GM6
Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT); GS34
Femoral Diaphysis Fracture; OR28
Femoral Hernia; GS23

Index 5
Femoral Stretch Test:; OR23
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder; P28
Fetal Circulation; OB2
Fetal Heart Rate (FHR) Monitoring; OB33
Fetal Movements; OB6
Fever; FM32
Pediatric; P52
Post-Operative; GS7
Fever of Unknown Origin (FUO); ID46
Fibreoptic Monitor; NS5
Fibroids; GY16
Fibromyalgia; RH26
Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA); GS55
Finklesteins Test; OR21
Fisher Grade; NS17
Fistula; GS37
Fistula-In-Ano; GS39
Fistulotomy; GS40
Fistulous Tract; GS39
Flail Chest; ER12
Flaps; PL11
Flashes of Light; OP4
Flexible Sigmoidoscope; GS33
Flexion Distraction Spine Injury; NS34
Flexor Tendon Deformities; PL23
Flexor Tendon Sheath Infection; PL21
Floaters; OP4
Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance; NS32
Fluid Balance; A13
Fluorescein Dye; OP44
Folate Deficiency; H23
Follicle Stimulating Hormone; E18
Folliculitis
Superficial; D26
Foreign Body (Cornea); OP17
Fovea; OP23
Fracture
Blister; OR6
Complications; OR6
Description; OR5
Healing; OR6
Pattern; OR5
Management; OR5
Type; OR5
Fracture-Dislocation of Spine; NS34
Fragile X Syndrome; P45
Frailty; GM4
Freckles (Ephelides); D9
Frontotemporal Dementia; N14
Frostbite; ER45
Frozen Shoulder; OR15
Fulminant Hepatic Failure (FHF); G34
Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery; OT25
Fundoscopy; OP8
Furuncles; D26
Fusiform Aneurysm; NS20

6 Index

G6PD Deficiency; H22, P50

Gait; N4
Disturbances; N36
Galeazzi Fracture; OR19
Galeazzis Sign; OR39
Gallbladder Carcinoma; GS48
Gallstone; GS44
Gallstone Ileus; GS48
Gallstone Pancreatitis; GS49
Ganglion Cyst; D6, PL22
Garden Classification; OR27
Gastric Carcinoma; GS17
Adenocarcinoma; GS18
Lymphoma; GS18
Staging; GS18
Gastric Outlet Obstruction; GS16
Gastric Sarcoma; GS18
Gastric Surgery Complications; GS19
Gastric Ulcers; GS16
Gastritis; G10
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD); G6
Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Differential Diagnosis; GS5
Lower GI Bleed; G28
Surgical Management; GS5
Upper GI Bleed; G26
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumour (GIST); GS18
Gastrojejunostomy; GS17
General Anesthesia; A2
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD); PS13
Genetic Testing; ELOAM15
Genioplasty; PL32
Geriatric Pharmacology; GM12
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM); OB12
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease; GY48
Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA); OP38, RH17
Giant Cell Tumours; OR43
Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis (GPC); OP15
Gilberts Syndrome; G45
GI Tract
Blood Supply; GS3
Venous Drainage; GS3
Glasgow Coma Scale; ER4, NS35
Glaucoma; OP27
Congenital; OP42
Medications; OP45
Globe Displacement; OP10
Globe Rupture; OP42
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR); NP3, NP6
Glomerulonephritis; NP25
Pediatric; P79
Glomerulus; NP3
Glossopharyngeal Nerve; N19
Glucose Maintenance
Pediatric; A23
Gonorrhea; D32, GY27
Goodpastures Disease; NP26
Goodsalls Rule; GS39
Gout; RH23
Graves Disease; E23, OP37
Graves Ophthalmopathy; OP37

Greenstick Fracture; OR38

Groin Hernia; GS22, GS23
Growth Hormone (GH); E17
Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS); N31
Gustilo Classification; OR8
Gynecomastia; E50

H1N1 Influenza; ID12

H2-receptor Antagonists; G53
Hair Transplants; PL32
Hallucinogens; PS23
Hallux Valgus; OR37
Hand
Anomalies, Congenital; PL34
Complaints; OR21
Dislocations; PL24
Fractures and Dislocations; PL23
Infections; PL21
Trauma; PL20
Hartmann Procedure; GS31
Hashimotos Thyroiditis; E27
Hawkins-Kennedy Test; OR13
Hay Fever; OT24
HbA1C; E8
HbO2 Saturation Curve; A10
Headache; ER24, FM34, N39
Cluster; N41
Episodic Tension-Type; N41
Migraine; N40
Pediatric; P83
Tension-Type; N41
Head and Neck Malignancies; OT35
Diagnosis and Treatment; OT36
Head Injury; NS30, NS31
Late Complications; NS32
Health Care Expenditure and Delivery in
Canada; ELOAM17
Health Promotion Strategies; PH6
Hearing Impairment; FM35
Hearing Loss; OT7, OT9
Heart Murmurs
Pediatric; P18
Heart Rate; A11
Heat Exhaustion; ER44
Heat Stroke; ER44
Heberdens Nodes; RH5, OR21
Heel Spur Syndrome; OR36
HELLP Syndrome; OB17
Hemangiomas; D10
Hematocele; U27, U28
Hematochezia
Approach to; G29
Hematoma Blocks; A22
Hematuria; NP6, U3
Hemianopsia; N21
Hemochromatosis; G37
Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve; R6
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS); H28, P78
Hemophilia; H29

Toronto Notes 2011

Hemoptysis; R3
Hemorrhagic Retinopathy; OP25
Hemorrhoids; GS38, GS40
Hemostasis; H24
Hemothorax; ER11
Henoch-Schnlein Purpura (HSP); NP26, P98
Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT);
H27
Hepatic Encephalopathy; G42
Hepatitis; G32, ID18
A; G32, G35
B; G32, G35, ID19
C; G33, G35, ID20
D; G33, G35
E; G35
Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer
(HNPCC); G31, GS33
Hereditary Spherocytosis; P50
Hernia; GS13, GS21
Classification; GS22
Complications; GS22
Groin; GS23
Herniation Syndromes; NS6
Herpes Simplex Encephalitis; DM20, ID7
Herpes Simplex Keratitis; OP19
Herpes Simplex Virus; D28, GY28
Herpes Zoster; D29, OP19
Herpes Zoster Oticus; OT23
Herpetic Whitlow; PL21
Heterophoria; OP39
Heterotopic Ossification; OR6
Heterotropia; OP38
Hiatus Hernia
Sliding (Type I); GS12
Paraesophageal Hiatus Hernia (Type II);
GS13
Mixed Hiatus Hernia (Type III); GS13
HIDA scan (hepatobiliary imino-diacetic acid
scan); GS45
High Flow Systems; A10
Highly Active Antiretroviral Treatment
(HAART); ID31
Hill-Sachs Lesion; OR12
Hinchey Staging; GS31
Hip Arthritis; OR27
Hip Dislocation; OR10
Hip Dislocation after THA; OR28
Hip Fracture; OR26
Hirschberg Test; OP38
Hirschsprungs Disease; P40
HIV; ID29, OP34
Pediatric; P61
HIV-Associated Renal Disease; NP26
HIV retinopathy; OP35
Hoarseness; OT8, OT28
Hodgkins Lymphoma; H43
Hollenhorst Plaques; OP37
Holler Test; OP40
Holter Monitor; C9
Hordeolum; OP14
Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT); GY33
Horners Syndrome; N24, OP30, OP31, OP33

Toronto Notes 2011

House-Brackmann Facial Nerve Grading
System; OT22
HPV Vaccine; GY42
H. pylori; G12
Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA); RH2
Human Papillomavirus (HPV); GY27, GY42
Humeral Shaft Fracture; OR16
Hunt and Hess Grade; NS17
Huntingtons Disease; N27
Hutchinsons Sign; N18
Hydatidiform Mole; GY48
Hydatid Liver Cysts; GS42
Hydrocele; U27, U28
Hydrocephalus; NS7
Pediatric; NS37
Hyperandrogenism; E33
Hyperbilirubinema
Neonatal; P70
Hypercalcemia; ER36, E38
Hypercapnia; R26
Hypercarbia; NS32
Hypercholesterolemia; E3, E5
Hypercoagulability; H33
Hyperemesis Gravidarum; OB16
Hyperkalemia; ER36, NP15
ECG Changes; C8
Hyperlipidemia; E4
Hypermagnesemia; E42
Hypernatremia; ER36, NP12
Hyperopia; OP9, OP29
Hyperphosphatemia; E41
Hyperpyrexia; NS32
Hypertension; FM35, NP32
Intraoperative; A13
Pediatric; P80
Pregnancy; OB14
Hypertensive Emergencies; ER37
Hypertensive Nephrosclerosis; NP33
Hypertensive Retinopathy; OP36, OP37
Hypertriglyceridemia; E4, E5
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM); C38
Hypertrophic Scar; PL7
Hyperviscosity; H49
Hyphema; OP42
Hypocalcemia; ER36, E40
Hypochondriasis; PS27
Hypoglossal Nerve; N20
Hypogonadism; E48
Hypokalemia; ER36, NP14
ECG Changes; C8
Hypomagnesemia; E42
Hypomanic Episode; PS8
Hyponatremia; ER36, NP10
Hypophosphatemia; E42
Hypopituitarism; E19
Hypospadias; U37

Hypotension; A12, NS32

Hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular Axis
(HPTA); U34
Hypothermia; ER45
Hypothyroidism; E26
Congenital; P30
Hypotonia
Pediatric; P84
Hypoxemia; NS32, R6, R25
Hysterectomy; GY11
Hysteroscopy; GY10

IADLs; GM4
Ichthyosis Vulgaris; D24
ICP-Volume Curve; NS4
Idiopathic Myelofibrosis; H40
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis; R13
Ileoconduit; GS37
Ileostomy; GS37
Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP);
H26
Immune Transfusion Reactions; A16
Immunization Schedule; P4
Immunosuppression; A15
Impedance Audiometry; OT11
Impingement; OR13
Impotence; U31
Inborn Errors; GS44
Incidentaloma; GS58
Incisional Hernia; GS22
Incontinence
Urinary; GY36, U5
Indirect Inguinal Mass; U27
Induction Agents; A6, A25
Infantile Hemangioma; D11
Infective Endocarditis (IE); C40, ID14, NP27
Inferior Vena Cava Filter; DM28
Infertility
Female Factors; GY21
Male Factors; U34
Workup; U35
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD); G19,
GS28
Inflammatory Breast Carcinoma; GS56
Influenza; ID11
Inguinal Hernia; GS23, U28
Injectable fillers; PL32
Injury Prevention
Pediatrics; P11
Insomnia; N42
Instructional Advance Directives; ELOAM4
Insulin; E9

Index 7
Internal Validity; PH16
Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia; N22
Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD); DM7, R12
Interventions; PH17
Intestinal Ischemia; GS27
Intra-abdominal Abscess; GS11
Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH); NS15, NS19
Intracranial Aneurysms; NS20
Intracranial Hemorrhage; NS17
Intracranial Mass Lesions; NS4
Intracranial Pathology; NS4
Intracranial Pressure (ICP); NS4
Elevated; NS5
Measurement; NS5
Intracranial Space-occupying Lesion; NS5
Intracranial Tumours; NS10
Intradural Intramedullary Lesions; NS28
Intraocular Pressure; OP28
Intraoperative
Bradycardia; A11
Hypertension; A13
Hypotension/Shock; A12
Management; A10
Tachycardia; A11
Intrauterine Device (IUD); GY20
Intrauterine Fetal Death; OB41
Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR); OB27
Intraventricular Catheter; NS5
Intrinsic Sphincter Deficiency (ISD); U5
Intubation; A8
Complications; A9
Intussusception; P41
Iritis; OP20, OP33
Iron Deficiency Anemia; H13
Pediatric; P48
Iron Metabolism; H12
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS); G24
Ischemic Cerebral Infarction; NS17
Ischemic Colitis; GS22
Ischemic Retinopathy; OP25
IV Fluids; A14

Jakarta Declaration on Health Promotion;

PH6
Jaundice; G44, GS6
Neonatal; P70
Jobes Test; OR13
Joint Pain; ER25, FM33, OR4
Approach to; RH3
JVP Waveform; C2

8 Index

Kawasaki Disease; P98

Kayser-Fleischer Ring; G37, OP20
KEEPS Organisms; GS48
Kegel Exercises; GY32
Keloid Scar; PL7
Keratoacanthoma; D8
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca; OP11
Keratoconus; OP19
Keratopathy; OP20
Kernigs Sign; ID6
Ketamine; A25
Klinefelters Syndrome; P45
Klumpkes Palsy; PL26
Knee
Complaints; OR29
Dislocation; OR31
Ligament Tears; OR30
Kussmauls Breathing; R2

Labour; OB31
Analgesia; A22
Induction of; OB35
Labyrinthitis; OT15
Lachmann test; OR29
Lacrimal Apparatus; OP11
Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome; N33
Laparoscopy; GY10
Large Bowel Obstruction (LBO); GS25
Laryngeal Papillomas; OT30
Laryngitis; OT28, OT29
Laryngomalacia; OT46
Laryngoscopy; A8
Complications; A9
Laryngospasm; A17
Laryngotracheobronchitis; P91
Lasegue Maneuver; OR23
Laser Resurfacing; PL32
LASIK (Laser-assisted in-situ
Keratomileusis); OP43
Lateral Ligament Complex; OR35
Lateral Tentorial (Uncal) Herniation
Syndrome; NS6
Lauge-Hansen Classification; OR34
Laxatives; GS59
Lead Poisoning; H15
Left Atrial Enlargement (LAE); C6
Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB); C6
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH); C6
Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease; OR40
Legislation and Public Health in Canada; PH3

Leiomyomata; GY16
Lens; OP21
Leopolds Maneuvers; OB6
Leukemia; H38, H41, H46
Leukocoria; OP40
Leukoplakia; D33, OT34
Level of Consciousness; NS35
Altered; ER21
Lewy Body Disease; N13
Lice; D28
Lichen Planus; D18
Lid Carcinoma; OP34
Lid Swelling; OP13
Lift-off Test; OR13
Likelihood Ratio (LR); PH10
Lip Augmentation; PL32
Lipoproteins; E2
Liposuction; PL32
Liver Abscesses; GS42
Liver Anatomy; GS41
Liver Cysts; GS41
Liver Disease
Clinical Features; G41
Liver Mass; GS43
Liver Neoplasms; GS42
Benign
Adenoma; GS43
Focal Nodular Hyperplasia; GS43
Hemangioma; GS42
Malignant; GS43
Liver Spot; D9
Liver Transplantation; GS44
Lobular Carcinoma; GS56
Local Anesthesia; A2, A21, A28
Local Infiltration; A22
Lou Gehrigs disease; N29
Low Anterior Resection (LAR); GS35
Low Back Pain; FM39
Lower Limb Ulcers; PL13
Low Flow Systems; A10
Ludwigs angina; OT46
Lumbar Disc Herniation; OR25
Lumbar Disc Syndrome; NS26
Lumbar Puncture; N7, NS5
Lumbar Radiculopathy/Neuropathy; OR23
Lumbar Spinal Stenosis; NS27
Lund-Browder Diagram; PL16
Lung Cancer; R30
Luteinizing Hormone; E18
Lyme Disease; ID27
Lymphadenopathy
Approach to; H10
Lymphedema; C53
Lymphocytopenia; H9
Lymphocytosis; H9

Toronto Notes 2011

MAC (Minimum Alveolar Concentration); A6

Macrosomia; OB28
Macula; OP23
Macular Edema; OP20
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI); DM3
Maintenance Electrolytes; A13
Maisonneuve Fracture; OR35
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD); NS40, PS8
Major Depressive Episode; PS7
Major Histocompatibility Complex; RH2
Malabsorption; G16
Malaria; ID40
Maldigestion; G16
Malignant Hyperthermia (MH); A24
Malignant Melanoma of Anal Canal; GS41
Malignant Melanoma, Ocular; OP34
Malignant Melanoma, Skin; D34
Malignant (Necrotizing) Otitis Externa; OT17
Mallampati Classification; A3
Mallory-Weiss Tear; G28, GS13
Malnutrition; GM7
Mammary Duct Ectasia; GS54
Mammography; DM29, GS54
Mandibular Fractures; PL27
Manic Episode; PS8
Marcus Gunn Pupil; OP33
See also, Relative Afferent Pupillary
Defect (RAPD)
Marrow Stimulation Techniques; OR44
Mastectomy; GS57
Mastitis; OB50
Mastoiditis; OT18
Mastopexy; PL32
Maternal-Fetal Conflict of Rights; ELOAM14
Maxillary Fractures; PL28
McBurneys Sign; GS27
McMurrays Test; OR30
MCP Dislocations; PL24
Measles; P59
Mechanical Ventilation; R27
Meckels Diverticulum; GS20
Meconium; OB42
Medial Ligament Complex; OR35
Mediastinal Mass; DM9, R21
Mediastinum; GS15
Medical Error; ELOAM10
Medical Records
Privacy of; ELOAM5
Medullary Sponge Kidney; NP37, U18
Menires Disease; OT14
Meningioma; NS12
Meningitis; ID6
Pediatric; P53
Meningocele (Spina Bifida Aperta); NS36

Toronto Notes 2011

Meniscal Tears; OR30
Menopause; FM41, GY32
Menstrual Cycle; GY4
Mental Status Exam (MSE); PS2
Mercedes-Benz Sign; OR12
Meta-Analysis; PH14
Metabolic Acidosis; NP17
Metabolic Alkalosis; NP18
Metabolic Disease
Pediatric; P47
Metabolic Syndrome; E15
Metacarpal Fractures; PL23
Metastases (Intraocular); OP34
Metatarsal Fracture; OR37
Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia; H21
Migraine Headaches; N40
Milium; D6
Milk Caries; P10
Milk Protein Allergy; P40
Miosis; OP33
Mitral Regurgitation; C41
Mitral Stenosis; C41
Mitral Valve Prolapse; C42
Mixed Hearing Loss; OT9
Mixed Incontinence; U5
Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD);
GS44
Molluscum Contagiosum; D30
Mongolian Spot; D9
Monoclonal Gammopathy of Unknown
Significance (MGUS); H49
Mononucleosis; P57
Monro-Kellie Hypothesis; NS4
Monteggia Fracture; OR18
Montgomery Tubercle; GS54
Mood Stabilizers; PS47
Movement Disorders; NS40
MRC Muscle Strength Scale; N3
MRCP (Magnetic Resonance
Cholangiopancreatography); GS45
Mucous fistula; GS37
Multiaxial Assessment
Psychiatric; PS4
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasm (MEN); E36
Multiple Gestation; OB26
Multiple Myeloma; H47, NP34, OR43
Multiple Sclerosis (MS); DM19, N49, OP37
Muscle Relaxants; A7, A27, A28
Muscular Dystrophy; P46
Myasthenia Gravis; N32
Mycology; ID5
Mycotic Aneurysms; NS20
Mydriasis; OP31, OP32
Mydriatics; OP45
Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS); H36
Myelomeningocele; NS37
Myelopathy; OR22
Myocardial Infarction (MI); C25, GS11
Myocarditis; C36
Myopia; OP9
Myotomes; NS24
Myringotomy Tubes; OT39
Myxedema Coma; E27

Narcolepsy; N43, PS28

Nasal Canula (prong); A10
Nasal Discharge; OT24
Nasal Fractures; PL29
Nasal Obstruction; OT8
Nasal Sprays; OT47
Nasogastric Tube (NG Tube); DM10
Nasolacrimal System Defects; OP41
Naso-orbital Ethmoid (NOE)Fractures; PL29
Neck Mass; OT9, OT32
Necrotizing Enterocolitis; P73
Necrotizing Fasciitis; PL13
Necrotizing Retinitis; OP35
Needle Aspiration; GS55
Neer Classification; OR15
Neers Test; OR13
Negligence; ELOAM6
Neonatology; P62
Nephritic Syndrome; NP23
Pediatric; P79
Nephroblastoma; U38
Nephron; NP2
Nephrotic Syndrome; NP24
Pediatric; P79
Nerve Entrapment; GS22
Neural Tube Defects; OB5
Neuroblastoma; P89
Neurofibromatosis; D24, P86
Neurogenic Bladder; U8
Neurogenic Claudication; NS27
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS);
PS44
Neurologic Voiding Dysfunction
Classification; U9
Neuropathic Pain; N37, NS29
Neuropathy; N30
Neuropsychiatric Disorders; NS40
Neurosensory Retina; OP23
Neurotrauma; NS29
Neuro-Urologic Evaluation; U9
Neurysmal Bone Cyst; OR43
Neutropenia; H8, ID44
Neutrophilia; H8
Nevomelanocytic Nevi (NMN); D9
NG decompression; GS17, GS26
Nightstick Fracture; OR19
Noise-Induced Sensorineural Hearing Loss;
OT21
Non-Accommodative Esotropia; OP40
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD);
G39
Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma; H44
Nonimmune Transfusions Reactions; A15
Non-Ischemic Retinopathy; OP24
Non-Obstructive (Communicating)
Hydrocephalus; NS7
Non-Paralytic Strabismus; OP39
Non ST Elevation MI; C25
Non-Stress Test (NST)
Fetal; OB6
Noonan Syndrome; P45

Index 9
Normal Pressure Glaucoma; OP29
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH); NS7
Nosocomial Infections; ID46
NSAIDs; A18
Nuclear Sclerosis Cataracts; OP21
Number Needed to Treat (NNT); PH17
Nutrition; FM4
Enteral; G51
Parenteral; G52

Obesity; FM5
Pediatric; P9
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD);
NS40, PS15
Obstetrical Anesthesia; A22
Obstructive Jaundice; GS49
Obstructive (Non-Communicating)
Hydrocephalus; NS7
Obstructive Shock; A12
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA); FM46
Occupational Hazards; PH26
Ocular Diagnostic Drugs; OP44
Ocular Discharge; OP15
Ocular Drug Toxicity; OP44
Ocular Emergencies; OP5
Ocular Examination; OP5
Ocular Manifestations of Systemic Disease;
OP34
Ocular Pain; OP4
Ocular Therapeutic Drugs; OP46
Ocular Trauma; OP42
Oculomotor Nerve; N17
Odds Ratio (OR); PH10
Odontoid Process Fracture; NS34
Ogilvies Syndrome; GS26
Olecranon Fracture; OR17
Oligohydramnios; OB29
Omental (Graham) Patch; GS16
Ongoing Losses; A14
Open Fractures; OR7
Open Reduction
Indications; OR5, OR6
Complications; OR6
Ophthalmia Neonatorum; OP41
Ophthalmoscopy; OP8
Opioids; A18, A26, CP14
Opioid Equivalent Doses; CP14, GM12
Opioid Abuse; PS22
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD); PS38
Optic Disc; OP23
Optic Disc Edema; N21
Optic Nerve; N17
Optic Neuritis; N21
Optic Neuropathy; OP36
Optics; OP8
Oral Contraceptive Pill (OCP); GY18
Ora Serrata; OP23
Orbit; OP10
Orbital Apex Syndrome; PL30

10 Index

Orbital Cellulitis; OP10

Orbital Floor Fractures; PL30
Orchitis; U13, U27
Organization of Health Care in Canada;
ELOAM16
Orthopaedic Emergencies; OR7
Ortolanis Test; OR39
Osgood-Schlatter Disease; OR40
Osmolar Diuresis; NS7
Osmolar Gap; NP17
Osteoarthritis (OA); FM41, RH4
Osteoblastoma; OR43
Osteochondral Grafts; OR44
Osteochondroma; OR42
Osteoid Osteoma; OR42
Osteomalacia; DM24, E45
Osteomyelitis; DM23, OR8
Osteoporosis; DM23, E43, FM42
Osteosarcoma; OR43
Osteotomy; OR28
Ostial Obstruction; OT25
Ostomies; GS37
Otalgia; ER26, OT6
Otic Drops; OT47
Otitis Externa (OE); OT16
Otitis Media with Effusion; OT17, OT39
Otoacoustic Emissions; OT12
Otoplasty; PL32
Otosclerosis; OT19
Ottawa Ankle Rules; ER17, OR34
Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion; PH6
Ottawa Knee Rules; ER17
Outerbridge Classification; OR44
Outflow Obstruction; U6
Ovarian Ablation; GS57
Ovarian Cancer; GY38
Overflow Incontinence; U5
Oversew Ulcer; GS16
Oxygenation Monitoring; A5
Oxygen Therapy; A10

Pacemaker; C21
Pagets Disease; E47, GS56
Pain
Acute; A17
Management; A17
Pharmacological; A18
Pain Disorder; PS27
Painful Arc Test; OR13
Painful Bladder Syndrome; U11
Palliative Care; ELOAM20, GM11
Palpitations; C4
Pancreas; GS49
Pancreatic Cancer; GS50
Pancreatitis
Acute; G48, GS49
Chronic; G50, GS50
Pancytopenia; H7
Panic Disorder; PS13

Pap Test; GY43

Paralytic Ileus; GS23, GS26
Paralytic Strabismus; OP39
Paraneoplastic Syndromes; N32, R31
Parapharyngeal Space Infection; OT42
Paraphilias; PS28
Paraphimosis; U30
Parasitology; ID5
Parasomnias; N43
Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS);
CP13
Parasympathetic Pathway; N6
Parasympathetic Understimulation; OP32
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH); E38
Parenchymal Disease; GS44
Parkinsons Disease; N27, NS40
Paronychia; PL21
Parotid Gland Neoplasms; OT31
Patellar Dislocation; OR32
Patellar Fracture; OR32
Patellar Tendon Rupture; OR31
Patellofemoral Syndrome; OR33
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA); P20, P21
Pelvic Fracture; OR10
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID); GY29
Pelvic Mass, Approach to; GY7
Pelvic Pain; ER20
Approach to; GY7
Pelvic Pain Syndrome, Chronic; U13
Pemphigus Vulgaris; D21
Penile Complaints; U29
Penile Tumours; U26
Peptic Stricture; G9
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD); G11, G27, GS16
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI); C30
Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy; U16
Perforated Ulcer; GS16
Perianal Abscesses; GS39
Pericardial Effusion; C44
Pericarditis; C44
Peripheral Arterial Disease; C46
Peripheral Nerve Blocks; A21
Contraindications; A21
Peripheral Nerve Lesions; NS4
Peripheral Nerves; NS29
Peripheral Neuropathies; N30
Peritonsillar Abscess; OT42
Persistent Vegetative State; NS36
Personality Disorders; PS31
Pertussis; P58
Peyronies Disease; U29
P-glycoprotein (Pgp); CP4
Phacoemulsification; OP22, OP43
Pharyngitis; FM47
Pediatric; P56
Phenylketonuria; P47
Pheochromocytoma; E35
Phimosis; U30
Phobic Disorder; PS14
Photophobia; OP4
Photopsia; OP4
Physician-Assisted Suicide; ELOAM14

Toronto Notes 2011

Physician-Industry Relations; ELOAM12
Pigment Stones; GS44
Pilar Cyst; D6
Pilonidal Disease; GS40
Pinguecula; OP15
PIP and DIP Dislocations; PL24
Pituitary Adenoma; E19, NS13
Pituitary Apoplexy; E19
Pituitary Gland; E16
Pivot Shift Sign; OR29
Placenta Previa; OB23
Plantar Fasciitis; OR36
Plastic Surgery
Pediatric; PL33
Pleomorphic Adenoma; OT31
Pleura; GS15
Pleural Effusion; DM8, R22
Pneumatic Retinopexy; OP43
Pneumocystis jiroveci; ID36
Pneumonia; ID9
Fine Criteria; ID10
Pediatric; P91
Pneumothorax; DM8, ER11, R24
Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN); RH17
Polycystic Kidney Disease; NP36, U18
Polycystic Liver Disease; GS41
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS); GY23
Polycythemia; H5
Polycythemia Rubra Vera (PRV); H38
Polyhydramnios; OB29
Polymyalgia Rheumatica; RH25
Polymyositis; RH13
Polypharmacy; GM13
Polyuria; U9
Ponseti Technique; OR41
Population Health; PH2
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda; D22
Portal Hypertension; G41
Posterior Cord Lesion; NS28
Posterior-cuff Test; OR13
Posterior Sag Sign; OR29
Posterior Subcapsular Cataracts; OP21
Posterior Triangle; OT5
Posterior Urethral Valves (PUV); U36
Posterior Vitreous Detachment (PVD); OP22
Postherpetic Neuralgia; N37
Post Obstructive Diuresis (POD); U9
Post-Operative Confusion and Agitation; A17
Postoperative Fever; GS7
Post-Operative Nausea and Vomiting
(PONV); A17
Postpartum Depression (PPD); OB51, PS10
Postpartum Hemorrhage (PPH); OB48
Postpartum Thyroiditis; E24
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD); PS15
Postvagotomy Diarrhea; GS19
Power of Attorney (POA); ELOAM4
Pre and Post-Op Orders; GS6
Pre-Anesthetic Checklist; A5
Precocious Puberty; P33
Preeclampsia; OB14

Toronto Notes 2011

Pregnancy
Labour; OB31
Physiologic Changes; A22
Prolonged; OB41
Termination of; OB11
Prehns Sign; U14
Premature Ejaculation; U32
Premature Rupture of Membranes (PROM);
OB39
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD);
PS11
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS); GY5
Prenatal Care; OB4
Prenatal Screening; OB7
Pre-Operative
Assessment; A2
Investigations; A3
Medications; A4
Optimization; A4
Presbycusis; OT20
Presbyopia; OP9
Preseptal Cellulitis; OP10
Pressure Ulcers; PL14
Preterm Labour (PTL); OB37
Prevalence Study; PH12
Priapism; U29
Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma; OP29
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC); G46
Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG); OP28
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis; G45
Primary Survey; ER2
Primitive Reflexes; N3, P4
Prolactin (PRL); E18
Prolapse, Pelvic; GY34
Propofol; A25
Proptosis; OP10
Prostatectomy; U7
Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA); U24
Prostatic Carcinoma (CaP); U22
Medications; U43
Staging; U23
Prostatitis; U13
Proteinuria; NP5
Pediatric; P78
Proton Pump Inhibitors; G53
Proximal and Middle Phalanx Fractures; PL23
Proximal Humeral Fracture; OR15
Pruritus; D42
Pseudodementia of Depression; PS19
Pseudogout; RH24
Pseudo-Obstruction; GS25
Pseudotumour Cerebri; NS9
Psoriasis; D18
Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA); RH21
Psychiatry
Pediatric; PS33
Psychogenic Polydipsia; NP10
Psychosis; PS4
PTC (Percutaneous Transhepatic
Cholangiography); GS45
Pterygium; OP15
Ptosis; OP13
Public Health; PH2

Pulmonary Edema; C34

Pulmonary Embolism; DM8, ER34, R18
Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs); R3
Pulmonary Hypertension; R16
Pulmonary Nodule; DM7
Approach to; R28
Pulmonary Stenosis, Pediatric; P22
Pulse Oximeter; A5
Pupil Abnormalities; OP31
Pupil Denervation Hypersensitivity; OP31
Pupillary Light Reflex; OP31
Pupils; OP6, OP30
Pure Tone Audiometry; OT10
Puritan Mask; A10
Pus, Cerebral; NS14
Pyelonephritis; ID21, U15
Acute; U12
Pyloric Stenosis; P36

Q-angle; OR32
Qualitative Studies; PH14
Quinsy; OT42

Rabies; ID8
Radial Head Fracture; OR17
Radical Prostatectomy; U41
Radiculopathy; OR22
Radioactive Iodine Uptake; DM25
Radius Fracture; OR18
Ramsay-Hunt Syndrome; OT23
Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT); PH13
Ransons Criteria; GS49
Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis;
NP25
Rapid Sequence Induction (RSI); A9
Raynauds Phenomenon; RH10
Reactive Arthritis (ReA); RH22
Reconstruction; PL9
Rectal Prolapse; GS40
Red Eye; OP3
Reflexes; NS35
Refractive Eye Surgery; OP9
Regional Anesthesia; A2, A19
Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect (RAPD);
N23, OP33
Relative Risk Reduction (RRR); PH17
Relative Risk (RR); PH10
Reliability; PH16
Relocation Test; OR11
REM Sleep Behaviour Disorder; N43
Renal Adenocarcinoma; U19
Renal Adenoma; U19
Renal Artery Occlusion; NP30
Renal Artery Stenosis; NP31
Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC); U19
Renal Colic; ER41, U15

Index 11
Renal Cysts; U18
Renal Failure; NP19
Renal Hamartoma; U19
Renal Mass; U18
Renal Neoplasms
Benign; U18
Malignant; U19
Renal Oncocytoma; U19
Renal Osteodystrophy; E46
Renal Pelvis Carcinoma; U20
Renal Stone
Approach to; U16
Classification; U17
Renal Transplantation; NP23
Renal Trauma; U32
Renal Tubules; NP3
Renal Vein Thrombosis; NP31
Reportable Diseases; PH27
Reporting Requirements; ELOAM5
Research Ethics; ELOAM12
Reservoir Systems; A10
Resource Allocation; ELOAM11
Respiratory Acidosis; R5
Respiratory Alkalosis; R5
Respiratory Distress in the Newborn; P66
Respiratory Distress
Signs and Symptoms; OT44
Respiratory Failure; R25
Respiratory System
Pediatric; A23
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy (RCM); C39
Resuscitation; A13
Retina; OP23
Retinal Detachment (RD); OP25
Retinitis Pigmentosa; OP26
Retinoblastoma; OP41
Retinopathy; OP24
Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP); OP41, P75
Retroperitoneum; DM11
Retrospective Study; PH12
Reverse Colles Fracture; OR20
Reye Syndrome; P61
Reynolds Pentad; GS47
Rheumatic Fever; P57
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA); RH6
Rheumatoid Hand; PL25
Rhinitis; FM11, FM18, OT23
Rhinitis Medicamentosa; OT23
Rhinoplasty; PL32
Rhinorrhea; FM43
Rhinoscopy; OT26
Rhytidectomy; PL32
Rickets; E45
Right Atrial Enlargement (RAE); C6
Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB); C6
Right Ventricular Hypertrophy (RVH); C6
Ring Enhancing Lesion; NS9
Ring Principle; OR35
Rinne Test; OT9
Risk Reduction Strategies; PH7
Rochester Method; OR10
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever; ID28
Romberg Test; N4

12 Index

Root Compression; NS24

Rosacea; D13
Rose Bengal Stain; OP44
Roseola; P59
Rotator Cuff Disease; OR13
Rubella; P60
Rule of 9s for Total Body Surface Area
(TBSA); PL16

Saccular (berry) Aneurysm; NS20

Salicylates; OT21
Salivary Gland Neoplasms; OT31
Salter-Harris Classification; OR38
Sarcoidosis; OP38, R14
Scabies; D27
Scalp Injury; NS31
Scaphoid Fracture; OR20
Scarlet Fever; P56
Schatzker Classification; OR33
Schatzkis Ring; G10
Schilling Test; G17
Schistosomiasis; ID41
Schizophrenia; PS4
Schwachman-Diamond Syndrome; P40
Sclera; OP16
Scleral Buckle; OP43
Scleritis; OP17
Scleroderma; G8, RH11
Sclerotherapy; PL32
Scoliosis; OR41
Scrotal Hematoma; GS22
Scrotal Mass; U27
Benign; U28
Scrotal Tumour; U27
Seborrheic Dermatitis; D17
Seborrheic Keratosis; D7
Secondary Angle Closure Glaucoma; OP30
Secondary Open Angle Glaucoma; OP29
Secondary Survey; ER5
Sedation; A2
Sedatives; GS59
Seizures; ER26, N8
Pediatric; P81
Semenalysis; U35
Sensitivity; PH10
Sensorineural Hearing Loss; OT9
Sentinel Hemorrhage; NS21
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy (SLNB); GS57
Separation Anxiety; PS35
Sepsis; ID24, R35
Septal Hematomas; PL29
Septic Arthritis; ID22
Septic Joint; OR8
Septic Shock; A12
Seroma; GS8
Serotonin Syndrome; ER54, PS47
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS);
ID13
Sexual Differentiation Disorders; U39

Sexuality; PS28
Sexually Transmitted Infections; FM43
Shaken Baby Syndrome; OP42
Sheehans syndrome; E19
Shingles; D29
Shock; A12, ER3, R34
Short Stature; P34
Shoulder Dislocation; OR11
Shoulder Dystocia; OB44
Shoulder Joints; OR11
Shunt Complications; NS8
Shunt Nephritis; NP27
Sialadenitis; OT30
Sialolithiasis; OT31
Sick Euthyroid Syndrome; E27
Sickle Cell Disease; H19, P49
Sick Sinus Syndrome (SSS); C14
Sideroblastic Anemia; H15
Sigmoidoscopy; GS34
Sinusitis; FM45, OT25
Chronic; OT26
Sipples Syndrome; E36
Sjgrens Syndrome (SS); RH14
Skin
Anatomy; D2
Function; D2
Grafts; PL9
Phototypes; D3
Tags; D7
Skull Base Osteomyelitis; OT17
Skull Fractures; NS31
Sleep Apnea; R32
Sleep-Disorders Breathing in Children; OT41
Sleep Disorders; FM45, N42
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis; OR39
Slit-Lamp; OP7
Small Bowel Obstruction (SBO); GS24
Small Intestine; GS20
Tumours; GS20
Adenocarcinoma; GS20
Carcinoid; GS21
Lymphoma; GS21
Smiths Fracture; OR20
Smoking Cessation; FM8
Snuff Box; OR20
Soft Tissue Infections; PL12
Solar Lentigo; D9
Somatization Disorder; PS26
Specificity; PH10
Speech Audiometry; OT11
Spermatic Cord; GS23
Spermatocele; U27, U28
Spetzler-Martin AVM Grading Scale; NS22
Spherocytosis; H21, P50
Spider Angioma; D11
Spina Bifida Occulta; NS36
Spinal Anesthesia; A19
Contraindications; A20
Spinal Cord Injury (SCI); NS28, NS33
Spinal Cord Lesion; NS28
Spinal Dysraphism; NS36
Spinal/Neurogenic Shock; A12
Spinal Stenosis; OR24

Toronto Notes 2011

Spine CT; NS30
Spine Disorders; NS4
Spine Fractures; NS34, OR22
Spleen; GS52
Trauma; GS52
Splenectomy; GS52
Splenomegaly
Approach to; H11
Spondyloarthropathies; RH19
Spondylolisthesis; OR26
Spondylolysis; OR26
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis (SBP); G43
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) of Anal
Canal; GS41
Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Skin; D35
Standard of Care; ELOAM6
Status Epilepticus; ER27, N9
Steady State; CP7
Stenosing Tenosynovitis; PL23
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS); D23
Stomach and Duodenum; GS16
Stone Disease; U15
Strabismus; OP38, OP40
Straight Leg Raise Test; OR23
Strangulating Bowel Obstruction; GS24
Stress Fractures; OR38
Stress Incontinence; U5
Stress Testing; C10
Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI); U5
Stridor; OT44
Stroke; N44
Treatment; N46
Struvite Stone; U17
Stye; OP14
Subacute Thyroiditis; E24
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH); NS15,
NS17
Subconjunctival Hemorrhage; OP15
Subdural Empyema; NS14
Subdural Hematoma; NS15, NS16
Subfalcine Herniation Syndrome; NS6
Subglottic Stenosis; OT45
Substance
Abuse; PS20
Dependence; PS20
Substitute Decision Makers (SDMs);
ELOAM3
Succinylcholine; A27
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS); P11
Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss; OT20
Suicide; PS24
Sunburn; D43
Superficial Thrombophlebitis; C51
Superior Orbital Fissure (SOF) Syndrome;
PL30
Suppurative Sinusitis; OT26
Supracondylar Fracture; OR16
Supraventricular Tachyarrhythmias; C16
Surgical Complications; GS7
Cardiac; GS11
Renal; GS9
Respiratory; GS9
Urinary; GS9

Toronto Notes 2011

Surgical Endocrinology; GS58
Surgical Ophthalmology; OP43
Swimmers View; OR23
Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS); CP13
Sympathetic Pathway; N6
Sympathetic Stimulation; OP32
Symphisis Fundal Height (SFH); OB5
Syncope; C4, ER28
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic
Hormone Secretion (SIADH); E19, NP10,
NP12
Synechiae; OP20, OP31
Synovial Fluid Analysis; RH24
Syphilis; D32, ID26, GY28
Syringomyelia; NS28
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
(SIRS); R35
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE); NP26,
RH9
Systemic Toxicity; A21

Tachycardia, Intraoperative; A11

Talar Fracture; OR35
Talar Tilt Test; OR34
Tall Stature; P35
Tamoxifen; GS57
Tamponade, Cardiac; C45, ER12
Tanner Staging; P17
TB Skin Test; P5
Telemetry; A5
Temperature; A11
Monitoring; A5
Temperature Regulation
Pediatric; A23
Temporal Arteritis; OP38, RH17
Temporal Bone Fractures; OT22, OT23
Tendonitis; OR13
Testicular Appendix Torsion; U28
Testicular Cancer, Management; U26
Testicular Torsion; U28
Testicular Tumours; U25
Tetanus; ID8
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF); P20, P23
Thalamic Pain; N38
Thalassemia; H18
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM); CP10
Therapeutic Index (TI); CP10
Thiopental; A25
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome; GS15
Thoracic Surgery; GS12
Thrombocytopenia; H6
Thrombocytosis; H7
Thrombolysis; N46
Thrombophlebitis; C51

Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

(TTP); H28
Thyroglossal Duct Cysts; OT34
Thyroid Carcinoma; OT37
Thyroid Hormones; E20
Thyroid Nodule; E28, OT37
Thyroid Storm; E25
Thyrotoxicosis; E22
TIA (Transient Ischemic Attack); OP37
Tibial Plateau Fracture; OR33
Tibial Shaft Fracture; OR34
Tic Disorders; N28
Tics; N26
Tile Classification; OR11
TIMI Risk Score; C25
Tinnitus; OT7, OT15
Tocolysis; OB38
Toilet Training; P12
Tonometry; OP8
Tonsillar Herniation Syndrome; NS6
Tonsillectomy; OT43
Tonsillitis; OT41
Topical Anesthetics; A22
Topical Steroids; D44
Torsades de Pointes; C20
Torsion; U27
Torus Fracture; OR38
Total Body Water
Distribution; CP4
Tourettes Syndrome; N29, NS40
Toxic Adenoma; E25
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN); D23
Toxic Megacolon; GS25
Toxic Multinodular Goitre; E25
Toxic Shock Syndrome; ID27
Toxoplasmosis; OP35
Trabeculectomy; OP43
Tracheal Intubation; A8
Tracheoesophageal Fistula; P36
Trachoma; OP16
Transfusion; A16
Transfusion Reactions; A15
Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury
(TRALI); H52
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA); OP37
Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA);
P20, P23
Transurethral Resection of the Prostate
(TURP); U7, U41
Travellers Diarrhea; ID18
Travel Medicine; ID47
Tremor; N26, NS40
Trichiasis; OP13
Trichomonas vaginalis; ID39
Trigeminal Distribution; OP19
Trigeminal Nerve; N18
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Surgical Therapy; NS42

Index 13
Trimalleolar Fractures; OR35
Trismus; OT41
Trisomy; P44
Trochlear Nerve; N18
Trousseau sign; E42
Truth Telling; ELOAM10
Tuberculosis; ID24
Tube Thoracostomy; GS15
Tubulointerstitial Nephritis
Acute; NP27
Chronic; NP28
Tumour Lysis Syndrome; H50
Tuning Fork Tests; OT10
Turner Syndrome; P45
Tympanogram; OT11
Tympanostomy Tubes; OT39

Ulcerative Colitis (UC); G22, GS29

Ulcers, Skin; D43, PL13
Ulna Fracture; OR18
Ulnar Collateral Ligament (UCL) Injury; PL24
Ultrasound; DM2
Umbilical Cord Prolapse; OB43
Unstable Angina; C25
UPJ Obstruction; U36
Upward Herniation Syndrome; NS6
Ureter Carcinoma; U20
Urethral Dilatation; U8
Urethral Hypermobility; U5
Urethral Injuries; U33
Urethral Stricture; U8
Urethral Syndrome; U14
Urethritis; U14
Urge Incontinence; U5
Urgent Operation
Indications; GS5
Uric Acid Stone; U17
Urinalysis; NP7
Urinary Incontinence; GM9, U5
Urinary Obstruction; U15
Urinary Retention; U6
Urinary Tract Infections (UTI); U10
Pediatric; P55
Urine Electrolytes; NP9
Urine Microscopy; NP8
Urine Storage Phase; U5
Urine Voiding Phase; U5
Urological Neoplasms; U18
Urticaria; D41
US Health Care System; ELOAM18
Uterine Rupture; OB44
Uterine Sarcoma; GY37
Uveitis; OP20

14 Index

VACTERL; P47
Vaginal Discharge; GY6
Vagotomy; GS17
Vagus Nerve; N19
Validity; PH16
Varicella; P58
Varicocele; U27, U28
Varicose Veins; C52
Vasa Previa; OB25
Vascular Claudication; NS27
Vascular Malformations; NS22
Skin; D11
Vasculitis; RH15
Vasomotor Rhinitis; OT24
Venous Stasis Retinopathy; OP24
Venous Ulcers; D43, PL13
Ventilation; A10
Ventilation Monitoring; A5
Ventricular Fibrillation (VFib); C21
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD); P21
Ventricular Tachycardia (VT); C20
Ventriculostomy; NS5
Venturi Mask; A10
Vernal Conjunctivitis; OP16
Vertigo; OT12
Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR); U37
Vestibular Neuronitis; OT14
Vestibular Schwannoma; NS12, OT15
Vestibulocochlear Nerve; N19
Virchows Triad; H31, R18
Virilization; E33
Virology; ID3
Virtual Colonoscopy (CT colonography);
GS34

Visual Acuity; OP5

Visual Fields; OP6
Visual Internal Urethrotomy (VIU); U8
Visual Loss; N20
Vitamin B12 Deficiency; H22
Vitiligo; D25
Vitrectomy; OP43
Vitreous; OP22
Vitreous Hemorrhage; OP23
Vitritis; OP23
Vocal Cord
Nodules; OT29
Paralysis; OT28
Polyps; OT29
Volatile Inhalational Agents; A6, A26
Volvulus; GS36
Vomiting, pediatric; P36
von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome; U18
von Willebrand Disease (vWD); H28, P51
V/Q Scan; DM25
Vulnerable Populations; PH5
Vulvar Cancer; GY45
Vulvovaginitis; GY24

Waldenstroms Macroglobulinemia; H49

Warfarin Overdose; ER54
Warts; D30
Water Deficit; NP13
Weber Test; OT9
Wegeners Granulomatosis; NP26, R20,
RH16
Weiss Ring; OP22

Toronto Notes 2011

Wermers Syndrome; E36
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome; PS21
West Nile Virus; ER47, ID28
Whipple Procedure; GS51
Whipples Triad; E15
Whitmans Sign; OR39
Wilms Tumour; P88, U38
Wilsons Disease; G37
Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) Syndrome;
C19
Womens Health Initiative (WHI); GY34
Wound; GS7
Chronic; PL7
Closure; PL7
Complications; GS7
Contaminated; PL8
Dehiscence; GS8
Healing; PL6
Abnormal; PL7
Hemorrhage/Hematoma; GS8
Infection; GS7
Management; ER17
Wrist Fractures, Complications; OR20

Xanthelasma; OP14
X-Ray, Plain Film; DM2

Zygomatic Fractures; PL29