Module 6

Lecture 3: Derivation of momentum

equation

Velocity Distribution in an Open Channel Flow

Isovels
100
80
60
60
40
(a)

(b)

Diagrammatic representation of (a) Isovels and (b) Velocity profile in an open

channel flow

Module 6

Gradually Varied Flow

Hydrostatic pressure distribution in a curved surface is,
Convex Curvi-linear flow

Convex surface

For horizontal surface

an
y

For curved surface

(h-anh/g)

anh/g)

an : acceleration component
acting normal to the streamlines
Module 6

Gradually Varied Flow

Concave Curvi-linear flow

(Contd..)
Concave surface

For horizontal surface

h

For curved surface

y
an

anh/g)

Module 6

Gradually Varied Flow

(Contd..)

Note: y=y(x,t), Depth of flow varies with distance and time

A = A (x,y) , Area of flow

I, Q

y1

Information can be known

about:
1) Critical inflow hydrograph
2) How much area may be
flooded for critical cases

y2
t

From Reynolds transport theorem, we have

For mass (m)

d ( m)
=1
=
dm
Module 6

Consider B to be mass.
Now, as per law of conservation of mass,
dBsys
dt

d (mass )
=0
dt
d

dt

d + V .dA = 0
c .v .

c.s.

This is the equation of var iable density unsteady flow,

and is cons tan t

d + V .dA = 0
t c .v .
c.s.

indicates that all the var iables are function of x & t

t
Module 6

 ( . A.dx )
or 0 =
+ V .dA + V .dA
t
inlet
outlet

-Longitudinal Section of the Channel

(6.21)

Control volume
(A.dx)
Module 6

q/2

Component in xdirection

-Cross-sectional view of a
compound channel

q/2
Total contribution is q.dx

dx
1

-Top view of the open channel section

Module 6

Equation (6.21) can be re written as,

( . A.dx )

Q
(Q + qdx ) + Q +
dx
t
x

( . A.dx )
Q
=
qdx +
dx
t
x

0=

( . A.dx )

Q
qdx
dx ,
t
x

Dividing both sides by ' dx' ,

A
Q
0=
q

t
x
or

A Q
q=
+
t
x

Basic equation or Conservative form of

continuity equation (Applicable for kinematic &
non-prismatic channels)
Module 6

A ( A.V )
+
t
x
A
V
A
+A
+V
or q =
t
x
x
Here A = f ( y, t ); y = y ( x, t )
Now, q =

A y
or q = +
y t

A y
V
A + V
x
y x
A
For prismatic channel ,
=0
x
B
dy

y-
y

Module 6

dA = B ' dy
A
So,
B'
y
y
y
V

0
'
, for prismatic channel
or q = B ' + A
V
B
+
+

x
t
x

Now, hydraulic depth ( D) = A / B ' A = B '.D

Here A = f ( y, t ); y = y ( x, t )
y
V
y
.
'
or q = B ' + B '.D
V
B
+
x
t
x
Assu min g , q = 0 & B ' = 1 (unit width of the channel )
or 0 =

y
V
y
V
+ D
+
x
t
x

Module 6

If depth is same (uniform) throughout the channel length,

i.e., D = A
or

B'

= B '.y / B ' = y

y
V
y
0=
+ y
+V

t
x
x

Valley
storage

Prism
storage

Now, from Reynolds transport theorem:

From conservation law of momentum
(Newtons 2nd law of motion)

momentum

( mv )

Non-conservative
form of continuity
equation

Wedge
storage

dB
= d + V .dA
dt t c .v .
c.s.

dB
= F
dt
d ( mv )
=
=v
dm
Module 6


F =
t

V d + V V .dA
c .v .

c.s.

Steady Non-uniform
flow
Unsteady Non-uniform
flow

For steady uniform flow,

F =0

Module 6

Forces acting on the C.V.

-Elevation View

-Plan View
Module 6

Forces acting on the C.V.

(Contd..)

Fg = Gravity force due to weight of water in the C.V.

Ff = friction force due to shear stress along the bottom and sides of the C.V.
Fe = contraction/expansion force due to abrupt changes in the channel crosssection

Fw = wind shear force due to frictional resistance of wind at the water surface
Fp = unbalanced pressure forces due to hydrostatic forces on the left and
right hand side of the C.V. and pressure force exerted by banks

Module 6

a) Hydrostatic Force

dy
b

y-
y

.(y-)

Area of the Elemental strip=b.d

Force=area*hydrostatic
pressure
=
F1
or dF=(b.d )*.(y-)

( b.d ) ( y ) d

=0

Module 6

a) Hydrostatic Force

Contd

F1
&F=
F
+
2
1

dx
x

&F
=
( F1 F2 )
p
F
F1 + 1 dx
x

F
F
F1
F1 ( F1 + 1 dx ) =
=
1 dx
x
x
y =
Fp =

( b.d ) ( y ) dx

x 0

and y = y( x,t )
(u sin g Leibnitz rule )
1

[ General rule :
b( t )

F (t ) =

( x ,t )dx

a( t )

d
dt

{F ( t )}

d b( t )
=

dt
a( t )

( x ,t )dx

Module 6

 b( t ) d ( x,t )
db( t )
da( t )

dx
b(
t
),t
.
a(
t
),t
.
=
+

(
)
(
)



dt
dt
dt
a( t )

Therefore,
d ( )
d (0 )
= y

Fp =
b ( y ) d b ( y y )
b
y
0

+

(
)
dx
dx
=0 x

( b )
= y

d
=
b
(y ) + (y )
dx

x
x

b
y

y
d

= b
(
) dx

x
0
x x

y
y
b
y

d + ( y )
d dx
= b
x
x
0
0

b
y y

(
)
=

b
d
dx
y
d
dx

0
0

x
x

b
y
y

=
A dx ( y )
d dx
x
x
0

Module 6

b) Boundary Reaction
Elementary area = b.d = Aelement at sec tion (1) (1)
Aelement

dx + Aelement = Elemental area at sec tion (2) (2)

x
Change in elemental area,
b
A

(b.d )
= element dx =
dx
=
d .dx

x
x
x
Change in the hydrostatic pressure distribution also.

y-

(y-)
y

y
Module 6

b) Boundary Reaction

Contd

( bd ) ( y )

In similar way ,

q/2

0 x ( bd )dx. . ( y ) ,
additional hydrostatic force
y

b1

for change in width of the channel.

d
q/2
dx

Module 6

c) Body Force

w.sin

Let area ( A) be cons tan t ,

Weight , W = A. .dx
Fg = W . sin
Module 6

c) Body Force

Contd

For very small values of , sin tan and tan = S 0

or Fg = . A.dx.S 0
Shear force for channel bottom and sides is,

P.dx. 0 = . A.dx.S 0 where P = wetted perimeter , 0 = shear stress

( Assumptions : These two

forces are entirely balanced )

A
or 0 = . .S 0 = .R.S 0 ,
P
where R = hydraulic radius or hydraulic mean depth
For steady uniform flow, S 0 = S f
However , we need to consider unsteady uniform flow here.
Module 6

d) Frictional Force

0 = .R.S f
Shear force = P.dx. 0

= P.dx.( .R.S f )

or F f = . A.dx.S f
e) Wind Force

Let wind shear stress be w

Fw = windforce = B.dx. w ( If top width is B and it is uniform
throughout the length of the channel )

w =

.C f .Vr .Vr
2

= W f
Module 6

If Vr is + ve Vr is + ve, so w is ve.
If Vr is ve Vr is ve, so w is + ve.

C f = wind shear stress coefficient

W f = wind shear stress factor
Fw = B.dx( W f ) = B.dx. .W f

V(=Q/A)

V.cos

f) Eddy Losses:

Eddy loss Slope of the energy gradient line( S e )

v2
S e
x 2 g
v2
or S e = K e
x 2 g
Ke 2
Ke Q
Se =
(v ) =

2 g x
2 g x A

Module 6

Drag force cau sin g the eddy loss : Fe = . A.dx.S e

Here K e = contraction or exp ansion coefficient
Obviously V2 >> V1
Ensure that K e is always (+ ve) in all the cases.
Now, momentum equation,

d
F = V . .d + V . .V .d A
dt cv
c.s
as =

F =

d ( mv )
=v
dm

d
.V . A.dx + V . .V .d A + V . .V .d A
dt
inlet
outlet

Module 6

Forces acting on the C.V.

(Contd..)

1 ( .V .Q)

F =

1 ( .V .Q +

d
.V . A.dx + V . .V .d A + V . .V .d A
dt
inlet
outlet

.V .Q dx)
x

(1)

Here 1 = momentum correction factor

Consider Vx to be component of velocity along (+ve) direction
and Q = q.dx, 1. .V .Q = 1. .Vx .(q.dx )
Module 6

Now, equation (1),

( .V . A.dx ) (1 . .V .Q + 1 . .Vx .(q.dx )) + 1 .V .Q + ( .V .Q )dx

x
dt

= (V . . A.dx ) 1 .Vx .q.dx + ( .V .Q )dx

x

t
Now, combining all the exp ansions to find out the total force :
y
y
b
Adx ( y ) ddx
gAdxS 0 gAdxS f gAdxS e W f Bdx
x
x
0
y
b
+ ( y ) ddx
x
0

Body
force

Friction
force

Contraction/
Expansion
force

Wind
force

Hydrostatic
force

Boundary
Reaction
Module 6

Now, dividing L.H .S & R.H .S by " dx":

y

or gAS 0 gAS f gAS e W f B g

x

= (V . A) 1 Vx .q + (V .Q )dx
x

=
1Vx .q + 1 (V .Q )
x
t

Q
Q 2
=
1Vx .q + 1
x A
t
Assu min g W f = 0 & S e = 0,
y Q
Q2
gA(S 0 S f ) gA =
1Vx .q + 1
x t
x A
Now, dividing L.H .S & R.H .S by " gA":
y 1 Q 1Vx .q 1 Q 2
or (S 0 S f )
=
+

gA
gA
gA x A
x
t
Module 6

Conservation form of momentum equation ( for prismatic channels) :

2

Q
Q
1

1
+
If q = 0 and 1 = 1,
(S 0 S f ) = 0
gA t gA x A x
Multiplying L.H .S & R.H .S by " g " ,

1 Q 1 Q
y
+
g (So S f ) = 0

+ g
A t
A x A
x
2

Local
acceleration
term

Convective
acceleration
term

Pressure
force term

Gravity
force
term

Friction
force term

Module 6

Conservation form of Momentum Equation :

y
1 Q 1 Q 2
+
+
g (So S f ) = 0
g

x
A t A x A
Taking , Q = A.V
y
1 ( A.V ) 1 A2 .V 2
g (So S f ) = 0
+
or
+ g

x
A t
A x A
A 1
V 1 2 A
1 V
1 2 A y
+
+
+
+
.
.
2
.
.
.
A
V
A
V
V
V

t A
x A x y =cons tan t A y x
A t
y
+g
g (So S f ) = 0
x
2
y
V V A y
A y
V V A
+
g (So S f ) = 0
+ . + 2V +
.
or
g
+

x
t A y t
x A x y =cons tan t y x
or

Now, for prismatic channel ,

A
=0
x y =cons tan t

2
V V A y
V V
+ 2V +
+
or
.
t A y t
x A

A y
y
y . x + g x g ( S o S f ) = 0

Module 6

 A y
y
+
g (So S f ) = 0
g
.
y x
x

2
V V y
y
V
V V y
+ +V +V +
or
+ g g (So S f ) = 0

t
y t
x
x
x y x
2
V V y
V
V V
+ B. + V + V +
or
t A t
x
x A

V V y
V
y
y
V
+ + y.
+ V . + V + g g (So S f ) = 0
t
x
x
y t
x
x
Continuity Equation for
Non-Conservation form(=0)

V
V
y
+V
+ g g (So S f ) = 0
t
x
x
Kinematic Wave
Diffusion Wave
Dynamic Wave
Module 6

1 V V V
y

+ So = S f
g t
g x
x
Steady, uniform flow
Steady, non-uniform flow
Unsteady, non-uniform flow

But if there is int ernal flow,

1Vx q
V
V
y
+V
+ g g (So S f ) =
t
x
x
A
Dividing L.H .S & R.H .S by " g " ,
V q
1 V V V y
+
+ (So S f ) = 1 x
gA
g t g x x
Module 6

V
local acceleration term ( for steady flow = 0)
Here
t
V
convective acceleration term ( for uniform flow = 0)
x

For steady uniform flow,

(So S f ) =

1Vx q

gA
1Vx q
=0
or ( S o S f ) +
gA
For steady non uniform flow,

V q
V V y
+ (So S f ) = 1 x
gA
g x x
For unsteady non uniform flow,
1Vx q
1 V V V y
+
+ (So S f ) =
g t g x x
gA

(6.22)

(6.23)

(6.24)
Module 6