#27330-a-DG

2015 S.D. 87
IN THE SUPREME COURT
OF THE
STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA
CHRIS SCHAEFER, et al.,
Petitioners and Residents
of Westwood Valley,

****
Appellants,

v.
TEA AREA SCHOOL DISTRICT 41-5,

Appellee.
****

APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF

THE SECOND JUDICIAL CIRCUIT
MINNEHAHA COUNTY, SOUTH DAKOTA
****
THE HONORABLE DOUGLAS E. HOFFMAN
Judge
****
SAMUEL M. GOODHOPE
LAURA T. BRAHMS of
Kading, Kunstle & Goodhope, LLP
Sioux Falls, South Dakota

Attorneys for appellants.

WILLIAM G. BECK
JOEL E. ENGEL III of
Woods, Fuller, Shultz
& Smith, PC
Sioux Falls, South Dakota

Attorneys for appellee.

****

CONSIDERED ON BRIEFS
ON OCTOBER 5, 2015
OPINION FILED 11/10/15

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GILBERTSON, Chief Justice
[1.]

Chris Schaefer appeals the Tea Area School Boards (the Board) denial

of his request for a minor boundary change. If granted, the change would have
resulted in the detachment of Schaefers and other property from the Tea Area
School District (TASD) and the annexation of the same to the Sioux Falls School
District (SFSD). Schaefer asserts the denial was an abuse of discretion. We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[2.]

The city of Sioux Falls spans at least eight different school districts. 1

The TASD, one of those districts, was created in 2004 by the Lennox School District
41-4 Reorganization Plan. This plan was approved by the Department of Education
in 2003. The TASD covers the city of Tea and includes portions of southwest Sioux
Falls. One such area is the Westwood Valley Addition to Sioux Falls, which is
located in Sioux Falls but is a part of the TASD. On February 7, 2014, four
residents of Westwood ValleyChris and Crystal Schaefer, Kirsten Dunlap, and
Nancy VonHaden (the Petitioners)submitted a petition (the Petition) to the Board
requesting the TASDs boundary be changed to exclude their residences, which
would instead be annexed by the SFSD.
[3.]

The Schaefers moved from the SFSD and into their current home in

the TASD in 2007. They were aware that their new home was located in the TASD
prior to purchase. They have one child, who attended school in the TASD from
kindergarten through sixth grade before transferring to the SFSD for the seventh
1.

In addition to the SFSD and the TASD, portions of Sioux Falls also lie in the
Brandon Valley, Canton, Harrisburg, Lennox, Tri-Valley, and West Central
School Districts
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grade through open enrollment. She will begin high school in the fall of 2016. Prior
to school, she attended daycare in Tea. The Schaefers are members of the Family
Wellness Center, located several blocks from their home, within the TASD. Until
recently, the Schaefers used the services of a veterinarian in Tea. According to the
Schaefers, they otherwise work, worship, and socialize in Sioux Falls but not in Tea.
[4.]

Dunlap moved into the TASD from the SFSD in 2009. She was also

aware that her new home was located in the TASD prior to purchase. She has four
children of ages 10, 9, 8, and 6. All four children attend elementary school in the
SFSD through open enrollment. One of Dunlaps children has special needs and is
on an individualized education program. Like the Schaefers, Dunlap asserts that
she works, worships, and socializes in Sioux Falls but not in Tea.
[5.]

VonHaden moved from the SFSD and into the TASD in 2013. She, too,

was aware that her new home was located in the TASD. She has four children of
ages 11, 10, 8, and 6. All four children attend school in the SFSD through open
enrollment. One of VonHadens children has special needs and is on an
individualized education program. Like the Schaefers and Dunlap, VonHaden
asserts that works, worships, and socializes in Sioux Falls but not in Tea.
[6.]

After the Petitioners submitted the Petition on February 7, 2014, the

Board sent a letter to the Petitioners requesting, among other things, more
information regarding the Petitioners children and employers. The Petitioners did
not provide this additional information to the Board. The Board held a publicly
noticed meeting to consider the Petition on March 25, 2014. None of the Petitioners

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appeared at the hearing either personally or through counsel. The Board
unanimously passed a resolution denying the petition.
[7.]

Schaefer appeals, and we consider the following issues:

1.

Whether the notice of appeal was defective because it

failed to individually name each of the Petitioners.

2.

Whether the denial of the petition for minor boundary

change was arbitrary, capricious, or an abuse of
discretion.
Standard of Review

[8.]

Any person aggrieved by a school board decision may appeal that

decision. SDCL 13-46-1. If appealed to the circuit court, [t]he trial . . . shall be de
novo[.] SDCL 13-46-6. However, [s]chool boards are creatures of the
Legislature[,] Onnen v. Sioux Falls Indep. Sch. Dist. No. 49-5, 2011 S.D. 45, 8,
801 N.W.2d 752, 755 (quoting Hicks v. GayvilleVolin Sch. Dist., 2003 S.D. 92, 10,
668 N.W.2d 69, 73), and [t]he creation, enlargement, consolidation, alteration and
dissolution of school districts is a legislative function which authority the
[L]egislature may delegate to county boards of education[,] Warner Indep. Sch.
Dist. No. 230 v. Brown Cty. Bd. of Educ., 85 S.D. 161, 167, 179 N.W.2d 6, 9 (1970)
(emphasis added). The separation of powers required by our constitution prevents a
court from interfering with a school boards decision unless the decision is made
contrary to law. Onnen, 2011 S.D. 45, 8, 801 N.W.2d at 755 (quoting Hicks, 2003
S.D. 92, 10, 668 N.W.2d at 73). Consequently, although SDCL 13-46-6 uses the
term de novo, that statute may not be given a literal construction. Mortweet v.
Ethan Bd. of Educ., Davison Cty., 90 S.D. 368, 372, 241 N.W.2d 580, 582 (1976)
(quoting Dunker v. Brown Cty. Bd. of Educ., 80 S.D. 193, 203, 121 N.W.2d 10, 17
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(1963)). [T]he trial de novo required by SDCL 13-46-6 permits an independent
inquiry into the facts, id. at 373, 241 N.W.2d at 582-83, but [o]nly the legality of
the decision, not the propriety of the decision, may be reviewed by the courts[,]
Onnen, 2011 S.D. 45, 8, 801 N.W.2d at 755 (quoting Hicks, 2003 S.D. 92, 10, 668
N.W.2d at 73). [T]he court may [not] substitute its judgment for that of the board
and need not justify its decision by a preponderance of the evidence received in the
trial de novo. Mortweet, 90 S.D. at 374, 241 N.W.2d at 583. Thus, a school boards
decision will be upheld if it is procedurally regular and is not arbitrary, capricious,
or an abuse of discretion. Onnen, 2011 S.D. 45, 8, 801 N.W.2d at 755. Under this
standard,
[a] reviewing court must consider whether the decision was
based on a consideration of the relevant factors and whether
there has been a clear error of judgment. . . . Although this
inquiry into the facts is to be searching and careful, the ultimate
standard of review is a narrow one. The court is not empowered
to substitute its judgment for that of the [board]. The [board]
must articulate a rational connection between the facts found
and the choice made.
Marshall v. Knutson Constr. Co., 566 F.2d 596, 600-01 (8th Cir. 1977) (quoting
Bowman Transp., Inc. v. Arkansas-Best Freight Sys., Inc., 419 U.S. 281, 285-86, 95
S. Ct. 438, 442, 42 L. Ed. 2d 447 (1974). The proper scope of review for this court is
the same as that of the circuit court. Oelrichs Sch. Dist. 23-3 v. Sides, 1997 S.D.
55, 9, 562 N.W.2d 907, 911.
Analysis and Decision
[9.]

1.

Whether the notice of appeal was defective because

it failed to individually name each of the
Petitioners.

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[10.]

Before addressing the merits, we must first address an issue raised by

the Board. As the Board points out, Chris Schaefer is the only named appellant in
this case. The notice of appeal filed by the original petitioners identifies
Appellants as Chris Schaefer, et al., Petitioners and Residents of Westwood
Valley. The Board asserts that [b]y using the ambiguous term et al., the only
individual who actually timely served and filed a notice of appeal was Chris
Schaefer. Crystal Schaefer, VonHaden, and Dunlap have never filed or served a
notice of appeal, and the deadline to do so has now passed. This is a fatal
jurisdictional defect. . . . As such, the pending appeal must be dismissed, because
this Court cannot grant relief to Chris Schaefer alone. We disagree.
[11.]

Schaefer is permitted to appeal the denial individually. The Boards

argument to the contrary is based on this Courts prior statements that a school
board may not partially approve or partially disapprove a petition. Aman v.
Edmunds Cent. Sch. Dist. No. 22-5, 494 N.W.2d 198, 199 (S.D. 1992). However, the
Board has not directed our attention to any authority requiring all original
petitioners of a request for a minor boundary change to join in an appeal of a school
boards denial of that petition. On the contrary, SDCL 13-6-85 provides that [a]ny
petitioner who is aggrieved by a decision of the school board under this section may
appeal that decision. (Emphasis added.) The word petitioner is written in the
singular form even though the very same paragraph requires that all owners of
land sign the final plan of detachment and annexation that must be appended to
a petition for a minor boundary change. Id. (emphasis added). Thus, SDCL 13-6-85
clearly permits an individual petitioner to appeal the denial of a petition for minor
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boundary change even when his co-petitioners choose not to appeal (or ineffectively
attempt to appeal). As the Board itself notes, Chris Schaefer timely filed a notice of
appeal. Consequently, even if the use of et al. on the notice of appeal would
prevent our consideration of an appeal of the Boards denial of the Petition initiated
by the other original petitioners, Chris Schaefers appeal is still properly before us.
[12.]

2.

[13.]

Turning to the merits, Schaefer asserts that the Boards denial of the

Whether the denial of the petition for minor

boundary change was arbitrary, capricious, or an
abuse of discretion.

Petition was arbitrary, capricious, or an abuse of discretion and was therefore

illegal. 2 A school boards decision must be supported by substantial, competent
evidence to be legal. Kirby v. Hoven Sch. Dist. No. 53-2, 2004 S.D. 100, 7, 686
N.W.2d 905, 907.
Substantive factors we have previously looked to in evaluating
decisions concerning minor boundary changes include: (1)
whether the petitioners are more closely aligned to the
economic, social and religious life of the community into which
they are being transferred; (2) whether there is bus service to
the [petitioners] residence[s]; (3) whether the district line which
places their propert[ies] in the current district was drawn in an
arbitrary fashion; (4) whether [petitioners children have] special
needs best met in the district petitioners are attempting to join;
and (5) whether the petitioners live closer to the school district
they are joining as opposed to the district they are leaving.
OldhamRamona Sch. Dist. No. 39-5 v. Ust, 502 N.W.2d 574, 581 (S.D. 1993) (citing
Shumaker v. Canova Sch. Dist. No. 48-1, 322 N.W.2d 869, 871 (S.D. 1982)). This
list of factors is not exclusive. See Sides, 1997 S.D. 55, 28, 562 N.W.2d at 913
([E]conomic factors, in conjunction with other relevant factors, are a valid
2.

There is no dispute that the Petition met the statutory prerequisites for
consideration by the Board.
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consideration by the school board in considering a petition.); Shumaker, 322
N.W.2d at 871 (enumerating for the first time the above five factors as a subset of a
larger list of relevant facts). We have never held that all five of these factors are
relevant to every petition for a minor boundary change. See ColmanEgan Sch.
Dist. No. 50-5 v. Jones, 520 N.W.2d 890, 893 (S.D. 1994) (declining to consider the
petitioners alignment with the target district after concluding the petitioner
moved into the new school district with full knowledge that a change in schools
would be required unless a minor boundary change could be secured). Rather, the
purpose of our frequent recitation of these five factors is merely to aid our review in
minor boundary change decisions[.] Kirby, 2004 S.D. 100, 7, 686 N.W.2d at 907
(emphasis added). 3
[14.]

a.

[15.]

We first consider whether the petitioners are more closely aligned to

Petitioners community alignment

the economic, social, and religious life of the community into which they are being
transferred. Schaefer asserts the Petitioners are more closely aligned with the
3.

Schaefer asserts that two of our more recent cases seem to suggest that a
school board is required to address each of these five factors. See Johnson v.
Lennox Sch. Dist. No. 41-4, 2002 S.D. 89, 11, 649 N.W.2d 617, 621-22 (per
curiam) (Under settled law, the [five] factors must be considered in
reviewing a boundary change petition . . . .); Smith v. Canton Sch. Dist. No.
41-1, 1999 S.D. 111, 9, 599 N.W.2d 637, 640 (The fixed rules or standard,
previously set forth by this Court, to which the Canton School Boards
decision must adhere to avoid a finding of arbitrariness on review includes
the following . . . .). As previously discussed, our other decisions refute the
notion that an analysis of each of these five factors is mandatory in every
case. Johnson cites Smith, which cites Sides for this proposition. However,
in Sides, just as in every other decision prior or subsequent to Johnson and
Smith, we merely indicated that this Court previously has looked to five
substantive factors in reviewing minor boundary change decisions[.] Sides,
1997 S.D. 55, 11, 562 N.W.2d at 911.
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community of Sioux Falls than with the community of Tea because they live, work,
shop, obtain medical and dental treatment, participate in extra-curricular activities,
and socialize in Sioux Falls. In concluding this factor did not favor a boundary
change, the Board said: The board recognizes that many patrons of the [TASD]
probably share, at the very least, an alignment to both Sioux Falls and Tea, but
does not believe that such a shared alignment favors transfer of the property subject
to the . . . [P]etition because of Teas unique status as a suburb (bedroom
community) of Sioux Falls, South Dakotas largest city. Similarly, although the
circuit court concluded that this factor favored the Petitioners, the court
nevertheless determined the factor was inapplicable because of the unique
relationship between Sioux Falls and its surrounding communities. We agree that
this factor is inapplicable because of the unique circumstances of this case as well
as the fact that at least one, if not all, of the Petitioners willingly moved into the
TASD, gambling on receiving a minor boundary change.
[16.]

The analysis on this pointfrom the parties as well as the Board and

the circuit courtrevolves around two of our past decisions on minor-boundarychange petitions that appear to be at odds with one another: Johnson v. Lennox
School District No. 41-4, 2002 S.D. 89, 649 N.W.2d 617 (per curiam), and Oelrichs
School District No. 23-3 v. Sides, 1997 S.D. 55, 562 N.W.2d 907. Similar to the
present case, Johnson involved a petition for minor boundary change for property
that was located in Sioux Falls but was part of the Lennox School District. 4 The

4.

This petition occurred prior to the reorganization of the Lennox School

District that created the TASD.
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Sioux Falls School Board voted to approve the annexation, but the Lennox School
District denied the petition. Although we concluded the board had not adequately
assess[ed] the factor of alignment with the community[,] we noted:
An important fact distinguishing this case from many boundary
change cases is that the Petitioners actually live in the
community to which they are seeking a transfer. Thus, contrary
to the findings of the Board, these Petitioners are not mere
commuters to Sioux Falls, but are actually Sioux Falls residents.
Johnson, 2002 S.D. 89, 13, 649 N.W.2d at 622. Likewise, Schaefer here asserts
that the fact that the Petitioners all reside in the community of Sioux Falls supports
their petition for transfer into the SFSD.
[17.]

Sides also presents a factual scenario analogous to the present case. In

Sides, residents of Smithwick requested their property be transferred from the

Oelrichs School District to the Hot Springs School District. 1997 S.D. 55, 2, 562
N.W.2d at 909. Similar to the present case, the petitioners asserted that they do
their grocery shopping in . . . Hot Springs rather than . . . Oelrichs, and that they
use Hot Springs for legal, medical, and government services. Id. 16, 562 N.W.2d
at 912. However, the circuit court found that
[i]t is not unusual for many Oelrichs School District residents to
go to Hot Springs for county services, health care, legal services,
dental care, accounting services and veterinarian services. In
fact, most residents probably leave the Oelrichs School District
for these and many other things. Oelrichs is not a county seat.
There is not a doctor in Oelrichs. There are no lawyers . . .
dentist . . . accountant . . . veterinarian . . . bank . . . government
offices in Oelrichs.
Id. We rejected the petitioners argument, noting that [i]f we were to adopt [their]
logic, . . . it would appear that no one is closely aligned to the Oelrichs District. Id.
The Board asserts that the greater availability of goods and services in Sioux Falls
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means that residents of the outlying Sioux Falls developments will always have a
stronger alignment with Sioux Falls.
[18.]

The foregoing highlights a problem with the first enumerated factor.

With the exception of Johnson, our other decisions regarding SDCL 13-6-85 have
primarily dealt with more rural areas. In such a setting, a community is usually
fully surrounded by its applicable school districte.g., the community of Tea is
located entirely within the boundaries of the Tea school district. In such a case, an
alignment to a community fully contained within a school district is almost
synonymous with a connection to the school district itself. A problem arises,
however, when a community is not fully contained within a single school district
i.e., when more than one school district exists within a community. Such is the
present case: the Petitioners all live within the community of Sioux Falls but in an
area that is a part of the TASD. In such a case, we have declined to consider a
petitioners alignment to the multi-district community as supporting a connection
with one of the districts but not the other. See Sides, 1997 S.D. 55, 17, 562
N.W.2d at 912 (While these activities may occur in the Hot Springs District, they
actually are conducted at Smithwick, which by the [petitioners] own admission is
divided between the two School Districts.). The Petitioners, who claim an
alignment to Sioux Falls by virtue of working, shopping, socializing, etc., at various
locations across the community, can hardly disclaim an alignment to the subset of
that community in which they residei.e., that area of Sioux Falls that happens to
fall within the geographic limits of the TASD. As in Sides, because the community
of Sioux Falls exists in both the TASD and the SFSD, the Petitioners alignment
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with the community of Sioux Falls does not weigh in favor of transfer to one district
over the other.
[19.]

Even if we applied this factor and concluded that the Petitioners are

more closely aligned with the SFSD, this factor would not support the conclusion
that the Boards decision was arbitrary, capricious, or an abuse of discretion in this
case. As noted above, we have previously declined to consider this factor when a
petitioner has willingly moved into a school district and gambled that he or she
would be granted a minor boundary change. In Jones, the petitioners had lived in
Flandreau, which is located within the Flandreau School District, for approximately
11 years before moving to a new home within the neighboring ColmanEgan School
District. 520 N.W.2d at 891. Just like each of the Petitioners in the present case,
the petitioners in Jones were fully aware at the time they purchased their new
home that it was located in a different school district. Id. In rejecting the
petitioners ties with the Flandreau community, we said:
[The petitioners] purchased their new property with full
knowledge of its location in the ColmanEgan School District.
Thus, this is not a case like many others before this court where
school district reorganization has thrust a family into the
position of changing schools but a case where the petitioners
voluntarily moved into the new school district with full
knowledge that a change in schools would be required unless a
minor boundary change could be secured. In short, [the
petitioners] gambled on the possibility of changing school
district boundaries and lost. Thus, it is difficult to place any
significant degree of emphasis on the ties [the petitioners] might
have in Flandreau given their voluntary gamble with those ties.
Id. at 893. Here, each of the Petitioners knew that his or her current home was
located within the TASD prior to purchasing the home. In particular, VonHaden

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signed her first petition for minor boundary change a mere eight days after closing
on her home. Such is as much a gamble as it was in Jones.
[20.]

The Petitioners alignment to the community of Sioux Falls establishes

their connection to the TASD as well as to the SFSD. Additionally, it appears as if

at least one of the Petitioners consciously chose to move into the TASD, gambling
that the Board would grant a petition for a minor boundary change. Therefore, the
community-alignment factor does not suggest the Boards decision was arbitrary,
capricious, or an abuse of discretion.
[21.]

b.

[22.]

The TASD currently provides bus service to the area identified in the

Bus service

Petition for all students as well as free parking to any students who drive to school.
In contrast, the SFSD does not provide bus service to the same area for students
attending high school. Public bus service is also not available in the area.
Additionally, students wishing to park their vehicles at Roosevelt High School are
required to purchase a permit. For each of the last two academic years, the number
of students has exceeded the number of available permits. 5 The SFSD currently
provides bus service to the Petitioners children even though that districts official
policy makes the parents of an open-enrolled student responsible for transporting
the student. Although Schaefer asserts in his brief that bus service to the SFSD
would be shorter and safer as the routes are on residential streets[,] such

5.

In his brief, Schaefer asserts [t]he Sioux Falls School District has
anticipated very substantial growth on the west side of Sioux Falls. If true,
the disparity between the number of students and available permits can be
expected to increase.
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argumentseven if supported 6are aimed at the wisdom of the Boards decision,
not its legality. [U]nder the narrow standard of review, this Court finds there was
sufficient evidence to show the evidentiary advantage was with the [Tea] District
See Sides, 1997 S.D. 55, 20, 562 N.W.2d at 912 (rejecting assertion that bus
service that is more convenient, takes less time[,] and is on better roads rendered
school boards denial of petition for minor boundary change illegal where
transportation arrangements in current district were otherwise superior to target
district). Therefore, this factor does not suggest the denial of the Petition was
arbitrary, capricious, or an abuse of discretion.
[23.]

c.

[24.]

The current district lines largely resulted from the Lennox School

District line

District 41-4 Reorganization Plan. Unlike the western edge of the TASD, where
individual property owners were permitted to choose between the Lennox and Tea
school districts after the formation of the latter, the area involved in this dispute
features a relatively straight division between the SFSD and the TASD. However,
there is a small peninsula of the SFSD that extends into the TASD as a result of
prior minor boundary changes. In this case, granting the Petition would serve to
further blur the otherwise clean boundary between the two school districts.
Further, the previous changes were approved prior to the TASDs decision to
construct a new elementary school in Sioux Falls. Although district boundaries
may become arbitrary with the passage of time, see Johnson, 2002 S.D. 89, 22, 649
N.W.2d at 623-24, the same reasoning suggests that previously arbitrary
6.

Schaefer does not cite to the record to support this assertion.

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boundaries can be restored to reasonable by virtue of additional planning. Thus,
either because the original district lines have always been reasonable or because
the Tea School Board has a strategic plan for the existing boundaries, this factor
does not suggest the denial of the Petition was arbitrary, capricious, or an abuse of
discretion.
[25.]

d.

[26.]

Dunlap and VonHaden each asserted she has a child with special

Special needs of the children

needs. The circuit court concluded the Petitioners waived this argument by
fail[ing] to provide the [TASD] with information regarding the special needs of two
of the [Petitioners] children, even after the [Board] requested such information
prior to making its decision. We agree with the circuit court. As noted above, the
appellate function of the courts must not intrude upon the legislative authority
delegated to school boards by the Legislature. Warner Indep. Sch. Dist. No. 230, 85
S.D. at 167, 179 N.W.2d at 9. When evidence of new facts is first presented to the
circuit court and not to the school board, the board is deprived of the opportunity to
weigh that evidence. Any resulting appellate decision based in part on such
evidence necessarily bypassesto some degreethe decision-making authority
delegated by the Legislature to the school board. Although the de novo trial
authorized by SDCL 13-46-1 and -6 permits an independent inquiry into the facts,
it does so only for the purpose of passing on the legality of the boards decision.
Mortweet, 90 S.D. at 373-74, 241 N.W.2d at 582-83. If the Petitioners did not offer
proof to the Board that their children had special needs, then such proof is not
relevant on appeal to determine whether the Board examine[d] the relevant data
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and articulate[d] a satisfactory explanation for its action including a rational
connection between the facts found and the choice made. Motor Vehicle Mfrs.
Assoc. of the U.S., Inc. v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43, 103 S. Ct.
2856, 2866 (quoting Burlington Truck Lines v. United States, 371 U.S. 156, 168, 83
S. Ct. 239, 245-46, 9 L. Ed. 2d 207 (1962)). In other words, on appeal to the circuit
court, the parties may present evidence to prove which facts were presented to the
school board; the parties may not present evidence to prove facts not presented to
the school board.
[27.]

Even if the circuit court had considered this new evidence, the evidence

does not support application of the special-needs factor in favor of the Petition.
Dunlap testified that her son has a cognitive impairment and that she is very
satisfied with the educational assistance provided to her son by the SFSD.
Likewise, VonHaden testified that she was pleased with the special instruction her
son receives in the SFSD. However, we have remarked before that [p]ersonal
preference is not a sufficient basis for granting a boundary change petition. Sides,
1997 S.D. 55, 27, 562 N.W.2d at 913. The relevant factor examines whether the
childs needs are best met by the target district. Kirby, 2004 S.D. 100, 7, 686
N.W.2d at 907. When asked about her knowledge of the TASDs ability to meet her
sons needs, Dunlap was unable to provide any information. The following exchange
occurred during the cross-examination of Dunlap during trial:
[The Boards Attorney]: Do you have any firsthand
knowledge about the ability of the [TASD] to provide
[individualized education plans] to any child?
[Dunlap]: I actually dont, and I asked.

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[The Boards Attorney]: When you say you, asked, you
asked a question about IEPs at the bond meeting; is that
correct?
[Dunlap]: Correct.
[The Boards Attorney]: So you stood up at a public meeting
and asked a representative of the [TASD] a very general
question about individual education plans?
[Dunlap]: Right.
[The Boards Attorney]: You didnt ask about your specific
son. Correct?
[Dunlap]: No, I didnt.
[The Boards Attorney]: Lets talk about that meeting. . . .
That meeting took place in 2013. Correct?
[Dunlap]: Right.
[The Boards Attorney]: And your petition was submitted in
2014?
[Dunlap]: Correct.
VonHaden similarly testified during cross-examination at trial.
[The Boards Attorney]: Is it fair to say that you know
nothing about the [TASDs] abilities or inability to deal with
children with special needs?
[VonHaden]: Correct.
Without an assessment of the TASDs ability to meet the special needs of a student,
it is necessarily impossible to determine that the SFSD can better meet those needs.
The circuit court found that the TASD offers all services required by federal and
state law to children with special needs residing in the district. It further found
that TASD Superintendent Lowery testified that the TASD could provide its own
team of individuals to provide a comparable individualized education plan for
Dunlaps and VonHadens children. Therefore, this factor does not suggest the
denial of the Petition was arbitrary, capricious, or an abuse of discretion.
[28.]

e.

Distance to the districts

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[29.]

The new Tea Area North Elementary School is being constructed closer

to the Petitioners residences than any other school in the Sioux Falls School
District. Roosevelt High School and Memorial Middle School are both less than two
miles away from Schaefers residence, while the Tea Area Middle School and the
Tea Area High School are between five and six miles away. Although this could
result in up to an extra five miles of travel distance for a student in middle or high
school, we have previously held that even a twelve mile difference is not so
significant as to result in much longer bus rides[.] Ust, 502 N.W.2d at 584. Given
the deferential standard of review in a case like this, a minor, mathematical
decrease in mileage does not support the conclusion that a petition has been
improperly denied. In order to so conclude, there must be a clear disparity in travel
time between the subject property and the two districts. Therefore, this factor does
not suggest the denial of the Petition was arbitrary, capricious, or an abuse of
discretion.
[30.]

f.

[31.]

Schaefer asserts that the Board was primarily preoccupied with its

Economic factors

own economic concerns. According to Schaefer, the Board . . . wrongfully relied on

the hypothetical financial impact that the boundary change may have on the
district. It is true that [w]e have previously criticized a school boards excessive
reliance on economic factors as a basis for denial of a boundary change petition. Id.
at 582 (emphasis added). Here, the Board did express some concern that granting
the Petition would invite further petitions from other residents. However, we have
never held that a school districts economic interests are irrelevant in considering a
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boundary change petition. Id. On the contrary, economic factors, in conjunction
with the other relevant factors, are a valid consideration for a school board in ruling
on a petition for a minor boundary change. Id.
[32.]

Nevertheless, Schaefer argues that the Boards economic concerns

must be disregarded because of our decision in McLaughlin School District 15-2 v.

Kosters, 441 N.W.2d 682 (S.D. 1989). In that case, petitioners appealed the denial
of a petition for minor boundary change to the State Superintendent of Education
(the predecessor position to the current secretary of the Department of Education).
Id. at 683. The superintendent rejected the school boards argument that the
boundary change would create a domino effect and that the schools financial
situation would be damaged by the change. Id. at 686. We affirmed on appeal. Id.
However, our decision reflected the conclusion that the denial of the petition was
not arbitrary, capricious, or an abuse of discretion, not that a school district can
never be concerned with a domino effect. Notably, Kosters dealt with rural
properties and, therefore, few dominoes. When dealing with an urban setting
where more properties are coterminous with a boundary between school districts,
the potential for a domino effect increases.
[33.]

Similarly, Schaefer asserts that [t]he economic effect, if any, of this

minor boundary change is already taken into account by the statutory limitations of
SDCL 13-6-85[.] We do not agree. SDCL 13-6-85 prohibits boundary changes
affecting more than two percent of the assessed valuation of the current school
district. The assessed value of the properties involved in the Petition is $472,160,
which is two percent of $23,608,000. Consequently, under Schaefers theory,
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economic concerns could not factor into the Boards decision to deny the Petition as
long as the TASDs total assessed value is greater than $23,608,000. Therefore,
Schaefer essentially argues that the TASDs total assessed value would have to be
reduced from its current value of $401,971,695 to $23,608,000 before the Board
could consider economic factors in its decision to deny the Petition.
[34.]

Schaefers theory would actually completely remove the consideration

of economic factors from any school boards decision on a minor-boundary-change

petition. As discussed in the preceding paragraph, Schaefer asserts that economic
factors should not be considered when the property that is the subject of a petition
has an assessed value of two percent or less of the assessed value of its current
school district. However, when a petition affects more than two percent of the
current districts value, the school board has no discretion to grant the petition.
SDCL 13-6-85. Consequently, if we were to accept Schaefers argument, then
economic factors would be entirely removed from consideration in minor-boundarychange cases. As indicated above, we have explicitly held that a boards
consideration of economic factors is proper. Ust, 502 N.W.2d at 584.
[35.]

Economic factors can play a particularly important role in an urban

setting. In a rural area, the number of minor-boundary-change petitions is

necessarily limited by the nature of rural propertiesrelatively large properties
owned by relatively few individuals. When two school districts share a boundary
inside an urban setting, however, properties tend to be smaller and more numerous.
The proportionally higher number of property owners gives rise to a much greater
potential for minor-boundary-change petitions. Additionally, every time a petition
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is granted, the boundary between school districts shifts, likely creating new
potential petitioners. In the context of the other factors considered by the Board, we
do not think the Boards consideration of the potential economic consequences of the
prospective transfer crossed over from legitimate to excessive in this case.
[36.]

g.

[37.]

The circuit court found that the primary motivation behind the

Other factors

Petitioners petition for minor boundary change is their personal preference and
that the driving force behind the petition was the Petitioners fears regarding the
potential revocation of their childrens open enrollment[.] The Petitioners own
witness, Sue Simons, the Assistant Superintendent for Human Resources and Legal
Services for the SFSD, testified that revocation of open enrollment is rare and only
occurs when a student fails to attend school on a regular basis. Simons testified
that as long as the Petitioners ensure their children attend school regularly, there is
no danger of having their open enrollment revoked. The Petitioners testified that
they would make sure their children attended regularly. Thus, through the
testimony of the Petitioners witnesses alone, the main motivation behind the
Petition is rendered nugatory.
[38.]

Schaefer also testified that the SFSD offered better educational

opportunities in the form of advanced placement courses and others offering college
credit. However, the Petitioners did not specifically identify any courses offered by
the SFSD, nor did any SFSD witness testify regarding such courses offered in the
SFSD. In contrast, the Board offered testimony from Collin Knudson, the principal
of the Tea Area High School, who stated that the Tea Area High School offers
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nearly 20 advanced-placement courses and numerous other courses that
simultaneously provide high school and college credit.
[39.]

Finally, we again note that the Petitioners did not respond to the

Boards legitimate requests for additional information. None of the Petitioners

supported the Petition by attending the March 25, 2014 hearing. In doing so, the
Petitioners missed their first, best opportunity to advocate for their petition. The
purpose of the appeal authorized by SDCL 13-46-1 and -6 is not to permit a party to
lay in the weeds and refuse to participate in the petition process prior to an appeal
before the circuit court. Petitioners who fail to support their own petition at the
public hearing can hardly be surprised that a school board concludes the petition is
not worth approving.
Conclusion
[40.]

This appeal is properly before us even if Chris Schaefer is the only

original petitioner to successfully enter an appeal. The factors that we have

routinely examined in past minor-boundary-change cases do not support the
assertion that the denial of the Petition was arbitrary, capricious, or an abuse of
discretion. The community-alignment factor breaks down when applied to a
community spanning more than one school district, and none of the other factors
weigh in favor of granting the Petition. The Petitioners conscious choice to move
into the TASD discounts their claimed connection to the SFSD. Additionally, the
Petitioners primary concern in requesting the boundary change is essentially a
nonissue because all of the children that would be affected by the boundary change
have already been accepted into the SFSD through open enrollment. Thus, the
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record presents substantial evidence such that the denial was not arbitrary,
capricious, or an abuse of discretion. Consequently, we affirm.
[41.]

ZINTER, SEVERSON, and KERN, Justices, and PALMER PERCY,

Circuit Court Judge, concur.

[42.]

PALMER PERCY, Circuit Court Judge, sitting for WILBUR, Justice,

disqualified.

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