University of Tripoli

Faculty of Engineering
Aeronautical Engineering
Department

AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERS
DATA SHEETS
AE 465 Aircraft Design

Mr. Adel Ali Kurban

9/30/2015

Weight Estimation

1.1 Initial Weight Analysis

WTO = WE + WF + WPL + Wcrew + Wtfo

(1.1)

W OE = W E + W crew + W tfo

(1.2)

Wtfo = M tfo WTO

(1.3)

Mtfo- Relationship Wtfo and WTO (usually around 0.005)

WF = WFused + WFres

Mres

WFres = M res WFused

- The ratio of reserve fuel and fuel required for the mission
WTO = WOE + WF + WPL
WE = 10

log (WTO ) A
B

(1.4)
(1.5)
(1.6)
(1.7)

See Table 1.7 for A and B values.

M ff =

W1 i = n Wi +1

WTO i =1 Wi

(1.8)

W Fused = (1 M ff ) WTO

(1.9)

W F = (1 + M res )(1 M ff ) WTO

(1.10)

Piston-Propeller Aircraft
Endurance
1 P L
W
375 ln i
Eltr =
Vltr cP ltr D ltr Wi+1

Wi
=e
Wi +1

Eltr Vltr
P L
375

c P ltr D ltr

(1.11)

(1.12)

Range
W
L
Rcr = 375 P ln i
cP cr D cr Wi +1

Wi
=e
Wi +1

Rcr
P L

375
cP cr D cr

-1-

(1.13)

(1.14)

Jet Aircraft
Endurance
1
E ltr =
c
j

ln Wi
W
D
ltr
i +1
ltr

(1.15)

(c j )ltr Eltr

Wi
=e
Wi +1

L

D ltr

(1.16)

Range
V
Rcr =
c
j

ln Wi
W
D
cr
i +1
cr

(1.17)

Rcr

Wi
=e
Wi +1

cj

L

D cr
cr

(1.18)

Table 1.1 Recommendation Values for WPL and WCrew

Pay load Weight
Short /medium
Long distance
Passenger
Crew member
Passenger
Crew member
Weight per passenger
190 -200 Ibs
190-200 Ibs
190-200 Ibs
190-200 Ibs
Weight per Baggage
30 Ibs
30 Ibs
40 Ibs
40 Ibs
Military
200 Ibs
200 Ibs

Table 1.2Recommendation Values for WTO/WPL

WTO/WPL
Airplane Type
Homebuilt
2-8
Single Engine
3-6
Twin Engine
2-5
Agricultural
2-3
Business Jets
3-5
Regional Turboprops
3-4
Transport Jets
3-5
Military Trainers
Fighters
10-18
Military Patrol, Bombers, and Transports
3-6
Flying Boats, Amphibious and Float Airplanes
2-4
Supersonic Cruise
-

-2-

Table 1.3 Fuel Fraction for several mission phases

Warm-up
Taxi
Take-off
Climb
Descent
Airplane Type
Homebuilt
Single Engine
Twin Engine
Agricultural
Business Jets
Regional Turboprops
Transport Jets
Military Trainers
Fighters
Military Patrol, Bombers, and
Transports
Flying Boats, Amphibious and
Float Airplanes

Supersonic Cruise

Landing, Taxi,
Shutdown

0.998
0.995
0.992
0.996
0.990
0.990
0.990
0.990
0.990
0.990

0.998
0.997
0.996
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.990
0.990
0.990
0.990

0.998
0.998
0.996
0.996
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.990
0.990
0.995

0.995
0.992
0.990
0.998
0.980
0.985
0.980
0.980
0.90-0.96
0.980

0.995
0.993
0.992
0.999
0.990
0.985
0.990
0.990
0.990
0.990

0.995
0.993
0.992
0.998
0.992
0.995
0.992
0.995
0.995
0.992

0.992

0.990

0.996

0.985

0.990

0.990

0.990

0.995

0.995

0.87- 0.92

0.985

0.992

Table 1.4 Suggested values For Cj for jet Engine

Engine Type

Cj ( lbs/lbs/hr)

Cruiser

loiter

Turbojet

0.9

0.8

Low-bypass turbofan

0.8

0.7

High-bypass turbofan

0.5

0.4

Table 1.5 Value for L/D, Cj, p and for Cp for Loiter
Loiter
Aircraft Type:
L/D
Cj
Cp
p
lbs/lbs/hr lbs/lbs/hr
1 Homebuilt
10-12
0.5-0.7
0.6
2 Single Engine
10-12
0.5-0.7
0.7
3 Twin Engine
9-11
0.5-0.7
0.72
4 Agricultural
8-10
0.5-0.7
0.72
5 Business Jets
12-14
0.4 -0.6
6 Regional TBPs
14-16
0.5-0.7
0.77
7 Transport Jets
14 -18
0.4 -0.6
8 Military Trainers
10 _14
0.4-0.6
0.5-0.7
0.77
9 Fighters
6-9
0.6 -0.8
0.5-0.7 0.770
10 Mil.Patrol Bomb. Transport
14-18
0.4 -0.6
0.5-0.7 0.770
11 Flying Boats, Amphibious 13-15
0.4-0.6
0.5-0.7 0.770
Float Airplanes
12 Super Sonic Cruise
7-9
0.6 - 0.8

-3-

Table 1.6Value for L/D, Cj, p and for Cp for Cruise

Cruise
Aircraft Type:
L/D
Cj
Cp
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

Homebuilt
Single Engine
Twin Engine
Agricultural
Business Jets
Regional TBPs
Transport Jets
Military Trainers
Fighters
Mil.Patrol Bomb. Transport
Flying Boats, Amphibious Float
Airplanes
12 Super Sonic Cruise

8-10
8-10
8-11
5-7
10-12
11-13
13-15
8-10
4-7
13-15
10-12

lbs/lbs/hr lbs/lbs/hr
0.6-0.8
0.7
0.5 -0.7
0.8
0.5 -0.7 0.82
0.5 -0.7 0.82
0.5-0.9
0.4 - 0.6 0.85
0.5 -0.9
0.5-1.0
0.4-0.6
0.82
0.4-1.4
0.5-0.7 0.820
0.5-0.9
0.4-0.7 0.820
0.5-0.9
0.5-0.7 0.820

4-6

0.7-1.5

Table 1.7 Regression coefficient off A and B

Airplane Type
Homebuilt:

Personal Fun and

transportation
Scaled fighters
Composites

Single Engine Propeller Driven

Twin Engine Propeller Driven
Twin Engine Composites
Agricultural
Business Jets
Regional Turboprops
Transport Jets

A
0.3411

B
0.9519

0.5542
0.8222

0.8654
0.8050

-0.1440
0.0966
0.1130
-0.4398
0.2678
0.3774
0.0833

1.1162
1.0298
1.0403
1.1946
0.9979
0.9647
1.0383

Military Trainers:

Jets
Turboprops
Turboprops without item No.2
Piston/Propellers

0.6632
-1.4041
0.1677
0.5627

0.8640
1.4660
0.9978
0.8761

Fighters:

Jets ( + external load )

Jets (clean)
Turboprops (+ external load)

0.5091
0.1362
0.2705

0.9505
1.0116
0.9830

Military Patrol,
Bomber &
Transport:

Jets
Turboprops

-0.2009
-0.4179

1.1037
1.1446

0.1703
0.4221

1.0083
0.9876

Flying boats, Amphibious, Float Airplanes

Supersonic Cruise

-4-

1.2 Weight Analysis methods

1.3 Statistical Weight Estimation Methods
Statistical Aircraft Component Methods

Group

Wwing
WH-tail
WV-tail
WFuselage

Table 1.8 Approximate Empty Weight Build-up

Transports Fighters
General
Group [Ib]
&
aviation
Bombers
10.0
9.0
2.5
SEXPO_Wing[ft2]
5.5
4.0
2.0
SEXPO_H_tail[ft2]
5.5
5.3
2.0
SEXPO_V_tail[ft2]
5.0
4.8
1.4
SEXPO_H_tail[ft2]

CG location of
group

40% MAC
40% MAC
40% MAC
40-50%
Fuselage length

WLand_gear

0.043

.057

WTO[Ib]

0.15

.033
0.045 Navy
0.15

WNose

0.15

WLand_gaer[Ib]

WMain

0.85

0.85

0.85

WLand_gear[Ib]

1.3

1.4

WEngine[Ib]

Winstalled_engine 1.3

At
point
attachment
At
point
attachment

50% of

of
of
engine

length

Wmise

0.17

.17

.10

WTO[Ib]

40-50%
Fuselage length

Table 1.9 Reduction of weight due to use of new materials or new Technology

Secondary Primary
Structure Structure

Structural Component

WEnew / WEold
Composites

Al-Li

0.75-0.85

0.90

Wing, Vertical Tail, Canard or Horizontal Tail

0.75

0.90

Landing Gear

0.88

0.90

Flaps, Slats, Access Panels, Fairings

0.70

0.90

Interior Furnishing

0.50

N.A

Air Induction System

0.70

0.90

Fuselage

-5-

Table 1.10 Mass of Some miscellaneous components

No. Component

Type, description, details

Mass (Ib)

Flight deck civil

53-62

Fighter pilot (ejection seat)

209-243

Passenger economy

29-35

Passenger tourist

44-62

Troop

9-13

ACM, AGM-129

2756

AGM-130

2917

HARM, AGM-88

560

Harpoon, AGM-84A

1169

10

Hell fire, AGM-114A

101

11

Maverick, AGM-65A

463

12

Penguin 2, AGM-119B

849

13

Sea Eagle

1323

14

Sidewinder, AIM-9J

192

15

Sparrow, AIM-7F

501

16

Stinger, FIM-92

35

17

TOW, BGM-71A/B

42

18

Standard, AGM-78

1356

19

SLAM, AGM-84E

1389

Side-stick

0.22

21

Stick

22

Yoke, wheel

Civil

24

Military

18

25

Compass, tachometer, altimeter, airspeed indicator,

clock, rate of climb, bank angle indicator,
accelerometer, GPS, etc.

20

23

Seat

Missile and bomb

Stick, yoke, wheel

Parachute

Instruments

1-2

26

Gyroscope (x, y, z)

1-4

27

Display

2-9

28

Lavatories

Short-range aircraft

0.13 N 1.3

29

Long-range aircraft

0.5N 1.3

0.5 N 1.4

30

Business jet

1.7N 1.3

1.7 N 1.5

-6-

Constraint Analysis

Rearranged Equations
T
The referenced equations are rearranged into a format of: W

TO

= f

S
TO

or

TO

2.1 Stall Speed

FAR 23

Single engine airplane Vs< 61 kt at WTO

FAR 25

Multi engine airplane with WTO <6000 Ibs Vs>61kt ( unless meet climb
gradient criteria Par 23.67
No requirements for min Vs

W

S

1
2
= V S CL max TO
2

(2.1)

TO

2.2 Take-off Distance, FAR 23

Propeller driven
W

P

= TOP 23 CL max TO

TO

W

S

(2.2)

TO

Jet driven:

T

W

1
0.0296STOFL CLmax TO

TO

W

S

(2.3)

TO

Other necessary equations are: @liftoff ( aslo called lift - off speed)
CL TO =

And units on TOP

CL max TO
1 . 21

(2.4)

S TOG = 4 .9TOP 23 + 0 .009 TOP 232

(2.5)

S TO =8 .134 TOP23 + 0 .0149 TOP 232

(2.6)

23

are

lb
ft hp
f

2.3 Take-off distance, FAR 25

Jet driven:

T =
S

W CL S
37.5

(2.7)

TO

max TO

TO

TOFL

Propeller driven:
W

=
TO

CL

S
W

12 .931

S
max TO

TOFL

(2.8)
TO

Using
5750
T =
2000

&

-7-

T 5750
=
= 2 .9
P 2000

(2.9)

2.4 Landing Distance

FAR 23
S LG = 0.265 VSL2

(2.10)

sL = 1.938 sLG

(2.11)

W

S

2.777
@ h
=
L . ISA CL

max L S L
k

L
TO

(2.12)

When W L = k LW TO
Note that units for 0.265 in SLG equation are ft/kt2

FAR 25
S FL = 0.3 V A2 = 0.507VSL2

(2.13)

S L = 0.6 S FL = 0.3042VSL2

(2.14)

W

S

2.8134

CLmaxL S FL
k

TO

(2.15)

Note that units for 0.3 in SFL equation are also ft/kt2

2.5 Climb
FAR 23
Rate-of-Climb (RC) [MAXIMUM not Best],

W

P TO RCP
RCP =

kRC
p
kRC +

W

S TO

RC ( ft/ min ) hp

33,000 lb

(2.16)

(2.17)

define

C 3L/ 2
kRC=19

C D max

In addition, for max RC, i.e.

(2.18)

CL RC max = 3CD o Ae

(2.19)

CDRC max = 4CDo

(2.20)

3/ 4
C 3L/ 2
(
Ae )
.
=1.345 1/ 4

C D max
C Do

(2.21)

-8-

Climb Gradient (CGR

1
W 18.97 p C L

P
W

k 3

1
S
CGR +

CL

(2.22)

WHERE W = k WTO so at take-off k = 1 and at landing select kL

Units for 18.97 lb for minimum CGR use CL=CLmax-0.2 or CL@ (CL/CD)max
ft hp
2

FAR 25
If propeller driven or turbo-prop, use FAR 23 CGR in equation 2.18 with appropriate
power, flap and gear settings. If the aircraft is multi-engine, then the power loading
for One Engine Inoperative (OEI) must be increased by multiplying as shown below.
W
W (N 1)

=
P OEI P N

Jet aircraft, One Engine Inoperative (OEI)

T N 1

+CGR
=

W ( N 1 ) L
D

(2.23)

(2.24)

WHERE N = the number of engines

Jet aircraft, All Engines Operating (AEO)

1
+CGR
=
L

D

(2.25)

AND T/W and L/D are for the flight conditions being analyzed! If landing then
substitute W = kL WTO for landing condition to calculate CL (and then CD from
appropriate drag polar) use
2

VS
C=
CL
V

(2.26)

TO

max TO

c lim b spec

Since

C
V
2.6 Time-to-climb
L

FAR 25
RC
1
T
= o+
L
W
60
V

TO

D

RCo in

ft ,
min

V in ft
sec

-9-

(2.27)

2.7 Cruise Speed,

FAR 23,
Propeller Driven Aircraft

=3

P
S

W

W S
=

3
P I P

(2.28)

(2.29)

Conversion from cruise to sea level take-off conditions

None turbocharged
ts W
W
=

3
P TO k cr I P S TO

Wcr = kcr WTO

(2.30)

and ts = throttle setting For turbocharger =1

=

= 0.8 0 .85
For retractable gear, cantilever wing

77.3

(2.31)

2
I P = V
34

(2.32)

2
I P = V
31

(2.33)

For fixed gear, cantilever wing

For biplane, strutted monoplane, with fixed wing

22
IP =
V
3000

NOTEs

(2.34)

(1) in Eqn (2.27-2.30) the velocity is mph!

In Eqn (2.27) the constant should be 77.35 and with units P (hp), W (lbs)
and S (ft2) the velocity, V, will be in (ft/sec).

FAR 25

2 W

k cr
q
= 1 C Do + S TO
ts

q Ae
TO W

S TO

Again since Wcr = kcr WTO and assuming

Tcr = ts TTO
T
T W T
= cr TO
W TO W cr WTO Tcr
Units alert: q must have units of lb/ft2! (i.e. in slugs/ft3)
For turbo-props use the (without turbo) Eqn (2.26) above.

- 10 -

(2.35)

(2.36)

Table 2.1 Typical Values for Maximum Lift Coefficients for Clean, Takeoff and
Landing
Airplane Type
CLmax
CLmaxTO
CLmaxL
Homebuilt
1.2 - 1.8
1.2 - 1.8
1.2 - 2.0
Single Engine
1.3 - 1.9
1.3 - 1.9
1.6 - 2.3
Twin Engine
1.2 - 1.8
1.4 - 2.0
1.6 - 2.5
Agricultural
1.3 - 1.9
1.3 - 1.9
1.3 - 1.9
Business Jets
1.4 - 1.8
1.6 - 2.2
1.6 - 2.6
Regional Turboprops
1.5 - 1.9
1.7 - 2.1
1.9 - 3.3
Transport Jets
1.2 - 1.8
1.6 - 2.2
1.8 - 2.8
Military Trainers
1.2 - 1.8
1.4 - 2.0
1.6 - 2.2
Fighters
1.2 - 1.8
1.4 - 2.0
1.6 - 2.6
Military Patrol, Bombers, and Transports
1.2 - 1.8
1.6 - 2.2
1.8 - 3.0
Flying Boats, Amphibious and Float
Airplanes
1.2 - 1.8
1.6 - 2.2
1.8 - 3.4
Supersonic Cruise
1.2 - 1.8
1.6 - 2.0
1.8 - 2.2

Table 2.2 Typical Values for Landing Weight to Take-Off Weight Ratio
Airplane Type
WL/WTO
minimum Average Maximum
Homebuilt
0.96
1.0
1.0
Single Engine
0.95
0.997
1.0
Twin Engine
0.88
0.99
1.0
Agricultural
0.7
0.94
1.0
Business Jets
0.69
0.88
0.96
Regional Turboprops
0.92
0.98
1.0
Transport Jets
0.65
0.84
1.0
Military Trainers
0.87
0.99
1.1
Fighters (Jets)
0.78
1.0
Fighters (TP's)
0.57
1.0
Military Patrol, Bombers, and Transports
(Jets)
0.68
0.76
0.83
Military Patrol, Bombers, and Transports
(TP's)
0.77
0.84
1.0
Flying Boats, Amphibious and Float Airplanes
(Jets)
0.68
0.76
0.83
Flying Boats, Amphibious and Float Airplanes
(TP's)
0.77
0.84
1.0
Supersonic Cruise
0.63
0.75
0.88

- 11 -

Requirements
Types
Weight
No of pilots
Max No of passenger
Max altitude

AEO
OEI

Altitude (ft)

Climb
speed

Climb Gradient (%)

N=2
N=3
N=4

25.111

Take-off

Retracted

OEI

(35-400) IGE

1.25VTO

1.2%

1.5%

1.7%

25.121

Take-off

Extended

OEI

ground effect

VLFV2

0%+ve

0.3%

0.5%

Take-off

Configuration
Flaps
gear

FAR 25
Transport
WTO No limits
2 pilots
No limits
No limits

25.121

Take-off

Retracted

OEI

Out of ground effect

V21.2VTO

2.4%

2.7%

3.0%

25.121

Retracted

Retracted

OEI

Take-off

V2=1.25VS

1.2%

1.5%

1.7%

Landing

Requirement

FAR 23
Normal Utility Aerobatics
Commuter
WTO < 12,500 Ibs
WTO < 19,000 Ibs
1 pilot
2 pilots
10
11-21
25000ft

25.119

Landing

Extended

AEO

1.3VS

3.2%

3.2%

3.2%

25121

Approach

Extended

OEI

>1.1 VsL>1.5 VsA

1.2%

1.5%

1.7%

CS25 Amendment 15 -21 July 2014

- 12 -

[N-U-A]

[N-U-A]

Requirement

Weight
(Ibs)

Altitude
(ft)
S.L.

Climb
speed
1.2VS1

rate
of
climb fpm

Required climb
gradient (%)

300 fpm
300 fpm

Land 8.3%
Sea 6.7%
4% or 1/25

23.65(a)

6 000

Recip &
Turbine

23.65(b)

>6 000

Take-off

Extended
retracted
<7sec

AEO

S.L.

1.2VS1

Recip

23.67 (a)(1)
23.67 (a)(2)
23.67(b)(1)
23.67(b)(2)
23.67(c)(1)

6 000
6 000
>6 000
>6 000

Retracted
Retracted
Take-off
Retracted
Take-off

Retracted
Retracted
Retracted
Retracted

5000
5000
400
1500

Extended

OEI
OEI
OEI
OEI
OEI

Take-off

1.2VS1
1.2VS1
V@50ft
1.2VS1
V2

23.67(c)(2)

Take-off

Retracted

OEI

400

V2

23.67(c)(3)

Retracted

Retracted

OEI

1500

1.2VS1

23.67(c)(4)

Landing

Retracted

OEI

400

Take off

Recip

Recip &
Turbine

VSO
(kt)

AEO
OEI
AEO

Configuration
Flaps
gear
Take-off
Retracted

61
< 61

1.1VS1
1.5VS1

Landing

Commuter [C]

Normal , Utility,
Aerobatic [N-U-A]

Category

23.77(c)
23.77(a)

6 000

Landing
Landing

Extended
Extended

AEO
AEO

1.3VSO
VREF

Extended

AEO

1.3VSO

1.5%
>0 (+ve)
0.75%
2 Eng
>0+ve
3 Eng
1.5%
4 Eng
1.7%
2 Eng
2.0%
3 Eng
2.3%
4 Eng
2.6%
2 Eng
1.2%
3 Eng
1.5%
4 Eng
1.7%
2 Eng
2.1%
3 Eng
2.4%
4 Eng
2.7%
3.2%
3.3%

retracted<2s
ec

23.77(b)

>6000

Landing

2.5%
CS-23 Amendment 3 20 July 2012

- 13 -

Drag Polar

3.1 The Rapid Drag Estimation Method (First Class)

Drag Polar assumed to be parabolic, i.e., equation of the form
2
C
CD = F
CD
+ CD + L
OEI
o
Ae
clean

Where:

F
OEI

= Factor accounting for one engine Inoperative OEI

Propulsion
All-Engines-Operating
Fixed Pitch Propeller
Variable Pitch Propeller
Low Bypass Ratio Turbofan
High Bypass Ratio Turbofan

FOEI
1.00
1.25
1.10
1.15
1.25

log10 S wet = c + d log10 WTO

(3.1)

S wet = WTO d 10c

(3.2)

log10 f = a + b log10 S wet

(3.3)

f = S wet 10a

(3.4)

C D 0 clean =

f
S

CD0 = CD0clean + CD
Table 3.1 First Estimation for CDo and e with flaps and gear down
Configuration
CD0
e
Clean
0
0.80 - 0.85
Take-off Flaps
0.010 - 0.020
0.75 - 0.80
Landing Flaps
0.055 - 0.075
0.70 - 0.75
Landing Gear
0.015 - 0.025
No Effect
Propeller Wind milling
0.015-0.018
No Effect
Table 3.2 Frist Estimation of Cf
Aircraft Type
Cf
Bomber and civil Transport
0.003
Military cargo ( high wing)
0.0035
Fighter
0.0035

- 14 -

(3.5)
(3.6)

Aircraft Type
Navy Fighter
Clean supersonic cruise
Light aircraft single engine
Light aircraft twin engine
Prop seaplane
Jet seaplane

Cf
0.0040
0.0025
0.0055
0.0045
0.0065
0.0040

Table 3.3 Correlation coefficients for Parasite area versus wetted area

Cf
0.016
0.015
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002

A
-1.7993
-1.8062
-1.8633
-1.9243
-1.9961
-2.0458
-2.0969
-2.1549
-2.2218
-2.3010
-2.3979
-2.5229
-2.6990

b
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0

Table 3.4 Regression Line Coefficients for take-off Weight Versus Wetted Area
Airplane Type
c
d
Homebuilt
1.2362
0.4319
Single Engine
1.0892
0.5147
Twin Engine
0.8635
0.5632
Agricultural
1.0447
0.5326
Business Jets
0.2263
0.6977
Regional Turboprops
-0.0866
0.8099
Transport Jets
0.0199
0.7531
Military Trainers
0.8565
0.5423
Fighters
-0.1289
0.7506
Military Patrol, Bombers, and Transports
0.1628
0.7316
Flying Boats, Amphibious and Float Airplanes
0.6295
0.6708
Supersonic Cruise
-1.1868
0.9609
* For these airplanes, wetted areas were correlated with "clean" maximum take-off
weight. No stores were accounted for.

- 15 -

Drag due to Mach number

0.005

Zero Lift Drag Rise

0.004

0.003

0.002

0.001

0
0.4

0.45

0.5

0.55

0.6

0.65 0.7 0.75

Mach Number M

0.8

0.85

0.9

0.95

3.2 Component Drag Build up (second Class)

Reynolds number

U l

Standard formulation to estimate Friction Coefficient

Complete laminar flow
1.328
C flam =
Re
Complete turbulent flow
0.455
C ftrb =
(Log10 Re )2.58
Accounts for compressibility
Re =

C ftrbcomp =

(3.7)

(3.8)

(3.9)

0.455

(Log10 Re )2.58 (1 + 0.144M 2 )0.65

(3.10)

Mixed laminar turbulent flow

X0
X
= 36.96 tr
C
C

C f mix

0.625

1

Re

0.375

0.074 X X 0
= 0.2 1 tr

Re
C

Wing

- 16 -

(3.11)

0. 8

(3.12)

(CDo )w

4
Rwf RLs
t
t
=
1+ L +100 Cf w (S wet ) wingExpo
S w
C
C

(3.13)

4
RLs
t
t
=
1 + L +100 CfH (Swet )H tailExpo
Sw
C
C

(3.14)

Horizontal Tail

(CDo )H
Vertical Tail

CfV (Swet )V tailExpo

C

(CDo )V = RLs 1+ L t +100 t

Sw
C
L = 1.2 for maximum t/c located at x 0.3c
L = 2.0 for maximum t/c located at x < 0.3c
Fuselage

(CDo )B = (CD f )B + CDb

(CD )
f

(3.16)

60

= Rwf Cf fus 1 +
+ 0.0025
lf 3

df

( )

(3.15)

S wet fus
S

( )
lf
df

(3.17)

1.1
M

0.25

1.05

M= 0.6 -0.9

R wf

0.4
1

0.4

0.6
0.7

0.95

0.25

0.8
0.85

0.9

0.9
0.85

0.8
1.0E+07

1.0E+08

1.0E+09

Fuselage Reynolds Number Rl Fus

Figure 3.1 Wing Fuselage Interference Correlation factor

- 17 -

1.0E+10

1.35

M=0.9

1.30

M=0.8

1.25
1.20

M=0.6

RLS

1.15
1.10

M0.25
1.05
1.00
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.50

0.55

0.60

0.65

0.70

0.75

cos

0.80

0.85

0.90

0.95

(tc)max

Figure 3.2 Lifting surface correlation factor for wing subsonic

- 18 -

1.00

0.029 d b

d
f
CDb =
(CD f )
B

Cf
CD flap =
C

A( f )B

(3.18)

(3.19)

Table 3.5Correlation Coefficients for flap Drag

Flap type
A
B
Split flap
0.0014
1.5
Plain flap
0.0016
1.5
Single slotted flap
0.00018
2
Double slotted flap 0.0011
1
Fowler
0.00015
1.5
Drag Due to Wind milling Propellers
CD prop =

2
0.00125 N blades D prop

CDwm =

33 SHP
qS U

(3.20)

(3.21)

Drag Due to Turbojet Engine

CD wm = 0.0785

Vnoz

=
U

0.25
0.42
0.12
0.92

2
d inl
2
+
S
1 + 0.16M 2

S noz
Vnoz Vnoz
V

1
+ BPR1 noz

U core
U bypass S
U core

(3.22)

Table 3.6 Velocity Ratio

for turbojets (no bypass)
for low by-pass ratio jet engines (BPR < 2.0)
for the primary airflow of high by-pass jet engines (BPR > 2.0)
for the fan airflow of high by-pass jet engines (BPR > 2.0)

- 19 -

Landing Gear Drag

Table 3.7 Drag of Tire Only

Tire Type
CDS
Referance Aera
Corresponds to

Tire A
0.18
d w
Three Part
Type (GA)

Tire B
0.25
d w
Type III

Tire C
0.23
d w
Type III high
floatation
tundra

Tire D
0.31-0.35
d w
Old fashioned
disc wheel type

d w
CDS
CDtire =
Sw

(3.23)

Cf
A( f )B
CD flap =
C

(3.24)

Table 3.8 Drag of Tires with wheel Fairings

Fairing Type
Tire Type
CDS (H W)
CDS (d w)

A1
TypeIII (B)
0.13
0.143

A2
TypeIII (B)
0.090
0.119

A3
TypeIII (B)
0.044
0.070

H W
CD fairing =
Sw

B
TypeIII (B)
0.117
0.217

CDS

C
TypeIII (B)
0.129
0.188

(3.25)

Table 3.9 Drag of fixed Landing Gear Struts with Tires

Type
CDS
Ref. Aera

C
See Table
d w

B
1.112
d w

- 20 -

A
1.204
d w

Type
CDS
Ref. Aera

Type
CDS
Ref. Aera

Type
CDS
Ref. Aera

Type
CDS
Ref. Aera

Type
CDS
Ref. Aera

D
See Table
d w

I
See Table
d w

E
1.125
d w

F
See Table
d w

H
0.994
d w

L
0.992
d w

G
See Table
d w

K
See Table
d w

J
See Table
d w

N
0.315
d w

M
See Table
d w

O
See Table
d w

Q
1.85 2.1
d w

P
0.45-0.6
d w

- 21 -

Table 3.10 Drag of Landing Gear Struts with and without Fairings

CDS

Strut Type

Tire Type

A
B
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
D1
D2
E
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
G1
G2
H
I1
I2
I4
I5
J1
J2
J3
K1
K2
L
M1
M2
N

8.5-10
8.5-10
8.5-10 + streamline wire
8.5-10 + tubular support
27 inch streamline + tube
25x11-4 X-low press + tube
30x5 disk wheel hi-press + tube
32x6 disk wheel hi-press + tube
8.5-10
8.5-10
8.5-10
8.5-10
8.5-10 + Fairing C
27 inch streamline tube
25x11-4 X-low press + tube
30x5 disk wheel hi-press + tube
8.5-10
8.5-10+Fairing A2
8.5-10
8.5-10 + Fairing B
8.5-10 + Fairing C
27 inch streamline + tube
27 inch streamline+ tube
8.5-10
8.5-10 + Fairing A1
27 inch streamline
8.5-10
8.5-10 + Fairing C
8.5-10
8.5-10 + Fairing A1
8.5-10 + Fairing A1 + Expanding fillet
8.5-10

B
B
B
B
A
C
D1
D2
B
B
B
B
B
A
C
D1
B
B
B
B
B
A
A
B
B
A
B
B
B
B
B
B

Drag due to external fuel tanks

Figure 3.3 Drag due to external fuel tanks

- 22 -

1.112
1.204
1.151
1.178
1.082
0.940
1.779
1.373
1.230
1.191
1.125
1.138
0.877
1.014
0.858
1.628
1.151
0.733
0.994
0.536
0.484
0.564
0.496
0.615
0.458
0.485
0.981
0.641
0.992
0.484
0.315
0.315

CDEB =

CDDS S EB
Sw

(3.26)

Drag of Streamlined Struts and Landing Gear Pant Fairings

t t
CDS = 2C f 1 + +

c c

Ss

Sw

(3.27)

Figure 3.4 Geometric definition of small wing like surface and standard cross sections

Drag of Canopies

Figure 3.5 Canopy styles denoted by A through I

Figure 3.6 Drag of blunt and undercut cockpit windows

- 23 -

Figure 3.7 Drag coefficients for the canopy styles

CDcan =

C DS
S max
Sw

(3.28)

Drag of Blisters

Figure 3.8 Drag contribution of typical blisters (bumps)

CDBlis =

C DS
S max
Sw

(3.29)

Figure 3.9 Dimensions for the applications of the cross-flow principle.

CDwire =

CDS
(l d ) Sin3
Sw

- 24 -

(3.30)

Figure 3.10Two-dimensional drag coefficients of several cross-sections. Valid only

for 104 < Re < 105.

Drag Due to Wing Washout

CDi washout = 0.00004 (iw )

(3.31)

Ground Effect
per IGE

= 1

1 1.32(h b )
1.05 + 7.4(h b )

(3.32)

Lift induced drag

(CDi )IGE = (CDi )OGE

(3.33)

Maximum lift to drag ratio

(L D )IGE =

(L D )OGE

(3.34)

The span (Oswald) efficiency factor is found from

Method 1: Empirical Estimation
For straight wing

e = 1.78 1 0.045 A 0.68 6.4

Swept Wing

e = 4.61 1 0.045 A 0.68 (cos LE )

0 .15

(3.35)
3 .1

(3.36)

Where LE> 30 o
Correction of aspect ratio due to winglets
1 .9 h
Acorr = A1 +

(3.37)

Method 2: USAF DATCOM

CL
1.1
AR
e=
CL
+ (1 R )
R

AR

RLER =

Ul LER

- 25 -

(3.38)

(3.39)

P1 =

AR
cos LE

(3.40)

P2 = R LER cot LE 1 M 2 cos 2 LE

If P21.3x105 determine R from calculate from the following expression:

P
2
R = 4.728 + 2.185 log 10 (P2 ) 0.213 log 10 (P2 ) + 0.095 sin 1
20

(3.41)

(3.42)

If P2>1.3x105 determine R from calculate from the following expression:

1

P 18+ P1
R = 0.86 + 0.1119 1
10

- 26 -

(3.43)

Miscellaneous

4.1 Conversion Factors

Length
1ft
1 ft
1 in
1m
1 mi (statute mile)
1 mi (statute mile)
1 mi (statute mile)
1 nm (nautical mile)
Speed
1 knot
1 knot
1 knot
1mph
1mph
1mph
Power
1 BHP
1 BHP
1 BHP

Mass
1 slug
14. 59kg
1kg (mass)
2.205 Ib (weight)
Pressure
1 Pa
0.00015 psi
1 atm
101325 Pa
1 atm
14.7 psi
Angle
1 rad
180/ deg
Fuel specific weight
Gasoline
44.9 Ib/ft3 (0.72)
JP1
49.7 Ib/ft3 (0.80)
JP3
48.2 Ib/ft3 (0.775)
JP4
49.0 Ib/ft3 (0.785)
Kerosene
51.2 Ib/ft3 (0.82)
Temperature
R
=1.8 K
R
=F + 459.69

12 in
0.3045 m
2.54 cm
3.28084 ft
5280 ft
1.609 km
0.868976 nm
6078 ft
1.689 ft/s
1.151 mph
1.852 km/hr
1.457 ft/s
1.609 km/hr
0.8684 knot
33000
ft
Ib/min
550 ft Ib /sec
745.7 W

F
K

=1.8 C + 32
=C + 273.16

4.2 Atmosphere properties

The standard atmosphere is mathematically defined in two layers from sea level to 20
km
h = altitude above sea level in feet or meters.
T0 = Absolute temperature at sea level = 288.15 K = 518.67 R (or 15 C = 59 F)
0 = Density of air at sea level= 1.225 kg/m3 = 0.07648 lb/ft3 = 0.0023769 slug/ft3
P0= air pressure at sea level=1Atm=101325 N/m2=2116.2 lb/ft2=14.696 lb/in2=29.921
in of Hg
a = Speed of Sound =340.3 m/s = 1116.4 ft/s
#

Altitudes
up to

h is measured in:
1 11 km

20 km

English Units
Temperature
(R)
Density
(slug/ft3)
Pressure (lb/ft2)
Feet
T = T0 (1 h / 145442 ft)
= 0 (1 h / 145442 ft)4.255876
P = P0 (1 h / 145442 ft) 5.255876
T = T0 (0.751865)
= 0 (0.297076)e((36089-h)/20806)
P = P0 (0.223361)e((36089-h)/20806)

- 27 -

Metric Units
(K)
(kg/m3)
(N/m2)
meters
T = T0 (1 h / 44329 m)
= 0 (1 h / 44329 m) 4.255876
P = P0 (1 h / 44329 m) 5.255876
T = T0 (0.751865)
= 0 (0.297076)e((10999-h)/6341.4)
P = P0 (0.223361)e((10999-h)/6341.4)

Altitude
[ft]
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
11000
12000
13000
14000
15000
16000
17000
18000
19000
20000
21000
22000
23000
24000
25000
26000
27000
28000
29000
30000
31000
32000
33000
34000
35000
36000
37000
38000
39000
40000

Table 4.1 Atmosphere properties

Temperature Pressure
Density
Speed of sound
3
[Kelvin]
[pascal]
[slug/ft ]
[ft/s]
288.150
101325
0.00237717
1116.45
286.169
97716.6
0.00230839
1112.61
284.188
94212.9
0.00224114
1108.75
282.206
90811.7
0.00217539
1104.88
280.225
87510.5
0.00211114
1100.99
278.244
84307.3
0.00204834
1097.09
276.263
81199.6
0.00198698
1093.18
274.282
78185.4
0.00192704
1089.25
272.300
75262.4
0.00186850
1085.31
270.319
72428.5
0.00181132
1081.36
268.338
69681.7
0.00175549
1077.39
266.357
67019.8
0.00170099
1073.40
264.376
64440.9
0.00164779
1069.40
262.394
61942.9
0.00159588
1065.39
260.413
59523.9
0.00154522
1061.36
258.432
57182.0
0.00149581
1057.31
256.451
54915.2
0.00144761
1053.25
254.470
52721.8
0.00140061
1049.18
252.488
50599.8
0.00135479
1045.08
250.507
48547.6
0.00131012
1040.97
248.526
46563.3
0.00126659
1036.85
246.545
44645.1
0.00122417
1032.71
244.564
42791.5
0.00118285
1028.55
242.582
41000.7
0.00114260
1024.38
240.601
39271.0
0.00110341
1020.19
238.620
37600.9
0.00106526
1015.98
236.639
35988.8
0.00102812
1011.75
234.658
34433.1
0.000991984
1007.51
232.676
32932.4
0.000956827
1003.24
230.695
31485.0
0.000922631
998.963
228.714
30089.6
0.000889378
994.664
226.733
28744.7
0.000857050
990.347
224.752
27448.9
0.000825628
986.010
222.770
26200.8
0.000795096
981.655
220.789
24999.0
0.000765434
977.280
218.808
23842.3
0.000736627
972.885
216.827
22729.3
0.000708657
968.471
216.650
21662.7
0.000675954
968.076
216.650
20646.2
0.000644234
968.076
216.650
19677.3
0.000614002
968.076
216.650
18753.9
0.000585189
968.076

- 28 -

Viscosity
[lb.sec/ft2]
3.78456x107
3.76386 x107
3.74310 x107
3.72228 107
3.70138107
3.68041107
3.65938107
3.63828107
3.61710107
3.59586107
3.57454107
3.55316107
3.53170107
3.51016107
3.48856107
3.46688107
3.44513107
3.42330107
3.40139107
3.37941107
3.35735107
3.33522107
3.31300107
3.29071107
3.26834107
3.24588107
3.22335107
3.20074107
3.17804107
3.15526107
3.13240107
3.10945107
3.08642107
3.06330107
3.04010107
3.01681107
2.99344107
2.99135107
2.99135107
2.99135107
2.99135107

4.3 The Geometric Properties of Aircraft

Geometry of Lifting Surface

Formulation for the Simple Trapezoidal Planform
Approximation of an Airfoil Cross-Sectional Area
(k + 3) C t
Aairfoil =
6
Where:

(4.1)

C = Airfoil chord, in ft or m
k = Location of the airfoils maximum thickness as a fraction of C.
t = Airfoil thickness, in ft or m.

Approximation of an Airfoil Perimeter

S airfoil =

t2
2
2
+ 4(k C ) + t 2 + 4C 2 (1 k )
4

(4.2)

Wing area
S=

b
(C r + Ct )
2

(4.3)

b2
b
=
S
C

(4.4)

Aspect ratio
AR =

Taper ratio
=

Ct
Cr

(4.5)

Mean Aerodynamic Chord (MAC)

The MAC is computed from
b

2 2
MAC = C 2 dy
S 0

2 C r 1 + + 2

3
(1 + )
Y coordinates for straight tapered wing
b 1 + 2
y= =
2 3(1 + )
Sweep Angle
MAC =

(4.6)

4
(n m ) 1

AR
1 +
th
th
Where n or m is sweep angle of the n or m constant fraction chord line.
1 1
tan LE = tan c / 4 +

AR 1 +
tan n = tan m

tan LE = tan c / 2 +

- 29 -

2 1

AR 1 +

(4.7)

(4.8)

(4.9)

(4.10)

(4.11)

2
S2
(t / c )r 1 + +2
b
(1 + )

VFw = 0.54

(4.12)

.25( Ct )(1 + )
S wet = 2S exp o 1 +
(1 + )

(4.13)

S exp = S w (w f C r )

(4.14)

=
Volume of pyramid

(t c )r
(t c )t

(4.15)

l
S1 + S 2 + S1 + S 2
3

Volume =

(4.16)

Cg Location

l cg =

1 S 1 + 3S 2 + 2 S 1 S 2
4 S1 + S 2 + S1 S 2

(4.17)

Volume of obelisk
a b + a 2 b1
l
Volume = S1 + S 2 + 1 2

3
2

(4.18)

b2
S2

a2
S2

a1

S1
S1
b1

Wing wet area

0.25( Ct )(1 + )
S wet = 2 S exp o 1 +
4(1 + )

Engine wet area

- 30 -

(4.19)

lg

ln

lp

ln

Fan Cowling
Gas-generator
Cowling

Dn Dh

Plug

Dp

Deg

Max. Diameter

Wetted area of fan cowling

Def

D
= l n Dn 2 + 0.35 + 0.8 h + 1.15(1 + )

Dn
Dn

(4.20)

Wetted area of gas generator

1 Deg
= l g D g 1 1
Dg
3

D g
1

l g

5
3

(4.21)

Wetted area for plugs

= 0.7 l p D p

(4.22)

Bodies of revolution for >4.5

Volume

2
2
Df l f 1
(l D )
4
f
f

(4.23)

Wetted area for cylindrical mid-section:

2
= D 2f l f 1
(l D )
f
f

23

1
1 +

(l D )2
f
f

(4.24)

Wetted area for streamlined fuselage without cylindrical mid-section

= D 2f l f (0.5 + 0.1351(l f D f

))

- 31 -

23

0. 3
1.015 +

1.5

(l f D f )

(4.25)

Dg

Def

Wetted area of fuselage

Aside + Atop

S F wet =
2

(4.26)

Paraboloid
6444444
474444444
8
644Cone
7448
Cylinder
.
1
5
2
3
2
6
7
8
D
D 2 D 2
D
D
D
2

4 L1 +

=
L3 +
+ {DL2 } +

2
4
8
4
2
4

12 L1

Component

(4.27)

Approximate Wetted Area

= 2.4 2.5
4
S FUS

D/L=0.15to 0.25
=2
DF =

= 2.4
!!
= 2.3 " " "# $ !!

= 2.7
!!
= 2.85 " " "# $ !!

- 32 -

Passenger Seating
The following tables show seating standards and baggage volume allowances
representing a typical airline 1-class high-density configuration. Typical 2-class
short-range seating rules are also included.

%
%
inch
inch
inch
inch
inch
inch
inch

100
28/29
20
18
5
20
40
59

2-Class Short-Range
First
Economy
Class
Class
(FC)
(YC)
8
Remainder
6-10
Remainder
36
32
22
20
22
18
8
5
28.5
22
57
42
n/a
62

inch

19

23

23

1-Class
High
Density
Seat Ratio Nominal
- Allowable
Seat Pitch
Seat Depth
Minimum legroom for first row behind a wall
Minimum recline for last row in front of a wall
Seat Width Single
- Double
- Triple
Maximum number of excuse-me seats to get
to an aisle
Minimum Aisle Width

Passenger Baggage
The following tables show seating standards and baggage volume allowances
representing a typical airline 1-class high-density configuration. Typical 2-class
short-range seating rules are also included.
2-Class Short-Range
1-Class
First
Economy
High
Class
Class
Density
(FC)
(YC)
Carry-on baggage volume
ft/pax
2
1.5
5.5 (Note 1)
Checked-in baggage volume
ft/pax
5
4
Notes:
1)

The 1-class high-density rules do not differentiate passenger baggage as carry-on or

checked-in. Instead, the specified total baggage volume must be provided as any
combination of carry-on and checked-in baggage.

Catering
The following table shows the rules used to determine the number of food trays
required.
2-Class Short-Range
1-Class
Economy
High
First Class
Class
Density
(FC)
(YC)
Trays per Passenger
1.0
3.0
1.5

- 33 -

The following table shows the rules used to determine the number of trolleys required
along with key trolley/galley parameters.
Whole Half
Galley
trolley trolley unit
Trays per Trolley
28
14
Trolley length
inch 31.7
15.8
Trolley width
inch 12.7
12.7
Overall galley depth, including rear structure
inch 34
17.4
Galley end structure
inch
1.35
Galley intermediate structure (3)
inch
1.1
Minimum aisle width between galley units
inch
26
Minimum space required in front of galley for inch 36
20
manoeuvring trolleys
Notes:
1) First class and economy class meals must be stored in separate trolleys.
2) It is a requirement that no economy trolleys need to be moved through the first class
section during the flight. It is preferable that no first class trolleys need to be moved
through the economy section during the flight.
3) Galley units more than four trolleys wide require sub-dividing with a hard partition in
such a way that there are no more than three trolleys per compartment.
4) The following drawings show examples of full-, half- and mixed-trolley galley
arrangements.
15.4

28.1

40.8

53.5

67.3

15.4

28.1

40.8

53.5

67.3

34.0

17.4

53.5

28.1

29.5

34.0
14.1

- 34 -

Lavatories
The following table shows the rules used to determine the number lavatories required.
2-Class Short-Range
1-Class
Economy
High
First Class
Class
Density
(FC)
(YC)
Passengers per Lavatory
75
20
75
The following table shows some key lavatory parameters.

Minimum cubicle footprint

inch
Minimum cubicle dimension in length inch
or width
Minimum aisle width between lavatory inch
cubicles

Lavatory
Cubicle
1650
29
26

Notes:
1) First- and economy passengers must be provided with separate lavatories.
2)
First class lavatories must be directly accessible from the first class section.
Economy class lavatories must be directly accessible from the economy class section.
3)
It is preferable that no passenger has a direct view into a lavatory when in their
seat.
The following drawings show examples of outer wall lavatories cubicles. Different
shape cubicles of equivalent area are permissible.
45.7

36.6

Floor Line
Outer Wall

Inner Wall

The following drawings show examples of centre cabin lavatories cubicles. Different
shape cubicles of equivalent area are permissible.
44

57

38

29

- 35 -

The following drawings show examples of centre cabin lavatory blocks.

44

26

44

57

58

76

Attendants
The number of attendants is determined by the number required for passengers
services or by the manning of emergency exits (see Exits section), whichever is the
greater. The following table shows the required passenger servicing requirements:

1-Class
High
Density
Passengers per Attendant

50

2-Class Short-Range
Economy
First Class
Class
(FC)
(YC)
16
50

The following drawings show standard attendant seat sizes, usually positioned near
exits.
Floor Mounted:

Wall Mounted:

8.4

5
35

35

17.3

17.3
22

25.8

25.8

18.2

The following drawings show minimum attendant to passenger spacing.

Wall Mounted Opposite Economy Seats:

Floor Mounted Opposite Economy Seats:

54.8

56.2

20.9

22
5

22

21.9
60

60

43.8

42.8

8.4

- 36 -

(attendant-passenger spacing, continued)

Wall Mounted Opposite Business Class Seats:
55.2

Floor Mounted Opposite Business Class Seats:

56.6

18.2

22
8

19.2

22

60

60

42.8

41.8

8.4

Cross-Section
The following rules apply as minimum standards when determining the aircraft crosssection:

Minimum distance to sidewall for window seat

passenger
- at head
(A) mm
- at shoulder
(B) mm
- at armrest
(C) mm
- at foot
(D) mm
Minimum standing height
mm
- in aisle
mm
- under side bins
mm
- under centre bins
mm

1-Class
High
Density

2-Class Short-Range
Economy
First Class
Class
(FC)
(YC)

60
30
20
40

100
60
20
40

60
30
20
40

2100
1700
1700

2100
1700
1700

2100
1700
1700

The following table lists the approximate anthropometric dimensions

for the reference person seated naturally on a 400mm high seat.

Floor to top of head

Upper head radius
Floor to shoulder
Width across shoulders
Floor to elbow (armrest)
Width across feet

(E)
(F)
(G)
(H)
(I)
(J)

mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm

2020 95%
US Male
1380
80
1030
530
590
350

E
C
G
I

D
J

- 37 -

Exits
CS-25 (25.803 & Appendix. J) States that the aircraft must be capable of being
evacuated in 90 seconds using only half the side exits on the aircraft.
The following table lists key parameters for standard floor-level exit sizes.

Passenger exit rating

Number of attendants
Clear opening height
Clear opening width

inch
inch

Type
A
110
2
72
42

Type
B
75
2
72
32

Type
C
55
1
48
30

Type
I
45
1
48
24

Type
II
40
1
44
20

The following table lists key parameters for standard over wing exit sizes.

Passenger exit rating

Number of attendants
Clear opening height
Clear opening width
Maximum step-up from cabin
floor
Maximum step-down onto wing

inch
inch
inch

Type
II
40
1
44
20
10

Type
III
35
0
36
20
20

2x
Type
III
65
0
20

inch

17

27

27

Type
IV
9
0
36
19
29
36

The following drawings show acceptable minimum assist space, passageway and
cross-aisle for Type A and B exits:
Type A/B - Assist Space & Passageway

Type A/B Cross-Aisle (End of Cabin)

Type A/B Cross-Aisle (Mid-Cabin)

20

36

Overlap
minimum 50%
cross-aisle
width

60

Floor
Line

Cross-aisle must
be within 36
passageway
(100% overlap)
20

The following drawings show acceptable minimum assist space, passageway and
cross-aisle for Type C, I and II exits:
Type C/I/II - Assist Space & Passageway

Type C/I/II Cross-Aisle

20

Passageway
must be within
door opening
(100% overlap)

32
20

Minimum 1
(5% crossaisle width)
20

Floor
Line Assist space can be forward
or aft of the passageway

- 38 -

20

The following drawings show various acceptable options for the minimum
passageway and cross-aisle for a single Type III over wing exit:
Single Type III Over wing (Option 1) - Passageway

Hatch width
= Door width
+ 2 per side
(= 24)

Single Type III Over wing (Option 1) Cross-Aisle

Permissible
20 range for
cross-aisle

12
Maximum
aft location

Single Type III Over wing (Option 2) - Passageway

Single Type III Over wing (Option 2) Cross-Aisle

6
Hatch width
= Door width
+ 2 per side
(= 24)

Permissible
20 range for
cross-aisle

= No Recline

The following drawings show various acceptable options for the minimum assist
space, passageway and cross-aisle for a two adjacent Type III over wing exits:
Double Type III Over wing (Option 1) - Passageway

Hatch widths
= Door widths
+ 2 per side
(= 24)

Double Type III Over wing (Option 1) Cross-Aisle

13
Maximum
aft location

20

Permissible
range for
cross-aisle

13

= No Recline
Double Type III Over wing (Option 2) - Passageway

Hatch widths
= Door widths
+ 2 per side
(= 24)

Double Type III Over wing (Option 2) Cross-Aisle

13
20

Permissible
range for
cross-aisle

13
Maximum
aft location
= No Recline

- 39 -

(Adjacent Type III over wing exit options, continued)

Double Type III Over wing (Option 3) - Passageway

Single Type III Over wing (Option 3) Cross-Aisle

Hatch widths
= Door widths
+ 2 per side
(= 24)

20

Permissible
range for
cross-aisle

= No Recline

Under floor Cargo

The following table lists commonly used under floor cargo containers.
Common name
ULD convention name
Examples of current aircraft applicability

LD1
AKC
B747

Container Type
Volume
Tare Weight
Max. Gross Weight

Half width
5.2
70
1588

m
kg
kg

LD2
APA
B767

Half width
3.4
60
1225

LD3
AKE
A330/340
A380
B777
Half width
4.53
70
1588

LD3-45W
AKH
A320

fits
etc.)

Full width
3.5
82
1588

The following drawings show simplified dimensions of these containers:

LD1 Container

LD3 Container

LD2 Container

92

79

61.5

64

64

64

60.4

60.4

60.4

61.5

47

61.5
LD3-45W Container

LD3-46 Container
79

96.2

45
45

60.4

60.4
61.5

61.5

- 40 -

LD3-46
AKG
A320 (also
A330

Half width
3.10
No data
1588