Lecture 6

14.5 Release

Ocean Loading
2012 ANSYS, Inc.

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Overview of Existing Pipe Elements

Various pipe elements have been present in ANSYS Mechanical for many years:

PIPE16: elastic straight pipe

PIPE17: elastic pipe tee
PIPE18: elastic curved pipe (elbow)
PIPE20: plastic straight pipe
PIPE59: immersed pipe (wave loading)
PIPE60: plastic curved pipe (elbow)

The capabilities, namely elastic vs. plastic behavior as well as ocean loading,
were dependent upon the element selection

The user needed to select the pipe element type based on whether plasticity or
hydrodynamic loads were present

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Overview of Existing Pipe Elements

(cont.)
At ANSYS 12.0, three new pipe/elbow elements were introduced:

PIPE288: 2-node finite strain pipe

PIPE289: 3-node finite strain pipe
ELBOW290: 3-node finite strain elbow
With the new pipe elements, the user only needs to decide the topology during
element selection:

New pipe elements are based on Timoshenko beam theory

Ability to model both thin and moderately thick pipes
Thick Pipe

Thin Pipe

Stress state

Full 3D

plane stress

Thickness change

independent variable, directly

solved

recovered from membrane

strains

Both linear and nonlinear material models are supported

Plasticity, hyperelasticity, viscoelasticity, viscoplasticity can be defined
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Overview of Existing Pipe Elements

(cont.)
Hydrodynamic loading is supported for PIPE288/289
Wave loading is defined with OCTYPE, OCTABLE, OCDATA and SOCEAN
commands

In MAPDL use SECTYPE,SECID,PIPE to define cross-section information

No need to use real constants anymore
Section integration points exist to capture nonlinear behavior

Additional section-related items can be defined:

SFLEX allows for definition of flexibility factors
SSIF allows for input of stress intensity factors

Internal, hydrostatic and hydrodynamic loads can be considered

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3D Pipe Element Topology

PIPE288/289

Element Connectivity

PIPE288

PIPE289

Kinematic

Large rotations, finite strains

Shear deformation

1st order approximation (transverse shear strain is constant

through the cross section)

Material

Elasticity, plasticity, viscoelasticity, viscoplasticity,

hyperelasticity, creep, more

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Pipe 288/289 Elements

1. Stiffness matrices are the same for BEAM188 element, specialised to a round cross
section. A twist-tension option is included

2. Mass matrix is also the same as for a BEAM188 element. It is of the consistent form
and it includes the effects of:
-

Pipe wall mass

Internal structural components and fluids

Added mass

3. The load vector includes effects of:

Self weight

Thermal expansion/contraction

Hydrostatic effects

Hydrodynamic effects

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Pipe 288/289 Elements (cont.)

PIPE288 Input Summary
The pipe element is a 1-dimension element in space
capable of capturing ovalization

Nodes

I, J, K (optional orientation node)

Degrees of Freedom (per node)
UX, UY, UZ, ROTX, ROTY, ROTZ
Cross Section Information
Accessed via SECTYPE,SECID,PIPE and SECDATA
commands in MAPDL
Material Properties
EX, EY, ALPX, ALPY, PRXY, DENS,...

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Pipe 288/289 KeyOptions

KEYOPT(3)
Shape functions along the length:
0 -- Linear (default)
2 -- Quadratic
3 -- Cubic
KEYOPT(4)
Hoop strain treatment
1 -- Thin shell theory (Kirchoff)
2 -- Thick shell theory
KEYOPT(6)
End cap loads
0 -- Internal and external pressures cause loads on end caps
1 -- Internal and external pressures do not cause loads on end caps
KEYOPT(8)
Shear stress output
0 -- Output a combined state of the following two types (default)
1 Output only torsion-related shear stress
2 -- Output only flexure-related transverse-shear stress
KEYOPT(12) (n/a with HROCEAN)
Hydrodynamic output
0 -- None (default)
1 -- Additional centroidal hydrodynamic output
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Typical Pipe Cross Section

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Pipe 288/289 Element Section

When SECTYPE,,PIPE --> SECDATA, Do, Tw, Nc, Ss, Nt
Do = Outside diameter of pipe
Tw = Wall thickness
Nc = Number of cells along the circumference. Must be 8 or greater
(Default value is 8)
Ss = Section number of the shell representing the pipe wall
(valid with ELBOW290 only)
Nt = Number of cells through the pipe wall. Valid values are 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9. The
default value is 1. Cells are graded such that they are thinner on the inner and
outer surfaces.

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Pipe 288/289 Element Section (cont.)

When SECTYPE,,PIPE --> SECDATA, ..., Mint, Mins, Tins
Mint = Material number of fluid inside of the pipe. The default value is 0 (no fluid)
Mins = Material number of material external to the pipe (such as insulation, biofouling,
or armoring). The default value is 0 (no external material).
Tins = Thickness of material external to the pipe, such as insulation. The default value is
0 (no external material)
External material (Mins) adds mass and increases hydraulic diameter, but does not add
to stiffness

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Pipe288/289 Ocean Loads

Hydrostatic Effects
1. Internal pressure due to uniform internal pressure
2. Internal pressure due to hydrostatic effects of internal fluid
3. External pressure due to hydrostatic effects of external fluid
4. Buoyancy

{F / L}b Cb w

De2{g}

where: {F/L}b is the vector of loads per unit length due to buoyancy
Cb = coefficient of buoyancy
{g} = acceleration vector

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Pipe288/289 Ocean Loads (cont.)

The hydrodynamic effects are computed from a generalized Morisons Eq.
De
2
F

|
u
|
u

De vn

n n
D w
M w
L
2
4

d
De
CT w
| ut | ut
2

where:
{F/L}d = vector of loads per unit length due to hydrodynamic effects
CD = coefficient of normal drag
w = water density (mass/length3)
De = effective diameter of the pipe with insulation (length)

{u n }= normal relative particle velocity vector (length/time)

CM = coefficient of inertia

{v n } = normal particle acceleration vector (length/time2)

CT = coefficient of tangential drag

= tangential
relative
particle velocity vector
(length/time)
{ut }2012
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Pipe288/289 Ocean Loads (cont.)

1. The relative particle velocities include the effects of water motion due to current and
waves, as well as motion of the pipe itself
2. Two integration points along the element length are used to generate the load vector
3. Ocean loading is nonlinear based on the square of the relative velocity between the
structure and the water

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Marine Growth Definition

Marine growth has a number of effects on loading:
a. increase in structural diameter and displace volume
b. increase in force coefficients
c. increase in structural weight
d. Increase in mass and hydrodynamic added mass* --> decrease natural
freq.
e. increase flow stability
CD and CM will be affected in Morisons Eq as a result of the above
Marine growth is specified as a thickness (average) addition to selected line
bodies characterized by its density. Named selections are implemented in
order to define marine growth
*added mass acts only normal to axis of element
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Ocean Commands Overview

Syntax:
OCTYPE,OCID,BASIC,OCNAME,IDCUR,IDWAV (compulsory)
OCDATA,DEPTH,MATOC
OCTABLE,RE,CDy,CDz,CT,CMy,CMz
where
RE = Reynolds number for coefficients for this command. Input these values in
ascending order from one command to the next.
CDy = Drag coefficient in the element y direction (normal).
CDz = Drag coefficient in the element z direction (normal). Defaults to CDy.
CT = Drag coefficient in the element x direction (tangential).
CMy = Coefficient of inertia in the element y direction.
CMz = Coefficent of inertia in the element z direction. Defaults to CMy.
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Ocean Commands Overview (cont.)

Syntax:
OCTYPE,,CURRENT (optional)
OCTABLE,DEPTH,CURVEL,CURDIR,T
OCTABLE,-DEPTH,CURVEL,CURDIR,T
where
DEPTH = Coordinate location of the drift current. Input these values in descending
order from one command to the next. (The first Z value must be zero and the
last one must be -Depth.)* If the current is constant, only one OCTABLE value is
required
CURVEL = Velocity of the drift current
CURDIR = Angle of the drift current
T = Temperature at this location
*up to eight different vertical stations can be defined
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Ocean Commands Overview (cont.)

Syntax:
OCTYPE,,WAVE (optional)
OCDATA,KWAVE,WAVEDIR,...
OCTABLE,HGT,PERIOD,Ps,L (dependent on KWAVE)
where
KWAVE = wave theory (Airy=0, Wheeler=1, Stokes=2,...)
WAVEDIR = Wave direction
HGT = wave height
PERIOD= wave period
Ps = phase shift*
L = wavelength (optional)
* the phase shift is measured in degrees. It determines the wave position, i.e. the point
at which the load
is applied.
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Ocean Commands Overview (cont.)

Syntax:
OCTYPE,,WAVE (optional)
OCDATA,KWAVE,WAVEDIR,WAVELOC,KCRC,KMF
where
WAVELOC = wave location type (valid when KWAVE = 0~3)
KCRC = wave-current interaction (see next slide)
KMF= MacCamy-Fuchs adjustment key (valid when KWAVE = 0~3)

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Wave-current interaction option

Syntax:
OCTYPE,,WAVE (optional)
OCDATA,WAVETHEORY,WAVEDIR,WAVELOC,KCRC,KMF
This adjustment is usually applicable when the wave amplitude is large relative to the
depth. The options are the following:
KCRC = 0 no stretching, current as defined in OCTABLE,DEPTH,CURVELO
KCRC = 1 linear stretching from seabed to the top of the wave
KCRC = 2 same as KCRC=1 but also adjusts the current profile horizontally
KCRC = 3 nonlinear stretching, valid
only when KWAVE = 5~7
(see API RP 2A Codes of Practice)

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Definition of Wave Loading

How do I define the wave load?
Regular wave definition:
Regular wave theories available are:
Linear Wave Theory (Airy)
Solitary Wave Theory (Cnoidal)
Stokes 5th Order Theory
Stream Function Theory (3 to 9)
User defined wave data

Wave height & period are user-defined.

User defined waves require:
Grid of velocities & accelerations
A free surface profile

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Definition of Wave Loading (cont.)

From experiments Re can be
approached as a function of
(deep) wave height

For example a 4m dia. cylinder

experiences:
reflection, diffraction, inertia,
viscous-dominant drag forces as
the wave height increases.

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Pipe288/289 Assumptions & Restrictions

Geometry in Mechanical should have Model type set to Pipe

so that the ocean load can be applied

Command objects are needed to define the ocean environment

(OCxxxx commands, SOCEAN, marine growth, added mass etc)

Pipes cannot have zero length

KEYOPT(12) is not available in analyses that include HROCEAN

The global origin must be at the mean sea level, with the global Z-axis
pointing away from the seabed

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Ocean Loading

Jacket structures can be solved in the following ways:

Static, with a single loadstep.

Static, with multiple load steps to track a wave through a structure.
Transient, to include mass and inertia effects.
Frequency Domain Static Harmonic (to calculate the effect of a wave passing
through the structure via real and imaginary components).
Frequency Domain Dynamic Harmonic (to calculate the effect of a wave passing
through the structure via real and imaginary components including mass and
inertia effects).

For the Harmonic solution methods, the command HROCEAN is used. Discussed in
Lecture 11 (Fatigue Checking)

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Ocean Loading with multiple Cd and Cm

values

Most certainly a structure has elements with different Cd and Cm values.

To define different Cd and Cm carry out the following:
1. Define a named selection (out of edges) with the members that have the
different Cd and Cm. Rename it to say, BracesCD1
2. Create a command object and define the ocean environment:
octype,OCENV2,BASIC,ocean2,...
ocdata,depth,matdem,...
octable,ReyNum,arg1,arg1,,arg2,arg2
where arg1 and arg2 are the Cd and Cm values

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Ocean Loading with multiple Cd and Cm

values (cont.)
3. Create a command object for the braces included in BracesCD1. Paste the
following in:
FINI
/PREP7
*GET,AR22,ETYPE,,NUM,MAX! max elem type #
AR24=1200
! marine growth density (kg/m^3)
AR25=0.1
! marine growth thickness (m)

Optional, if not needed comment out

by putting ! at the beginning of the line

*DO,AR21,1,AR22,1
CMSEL,S,BracesCd1
ESLN,,1,ACTIVE
ESEL,R,TYPE,,AR21
! reselect from current set, elem type #
*GET,AR23,ELEM,,COUNT
*IF,AR23,GT,0,THEN
*GET,AR31,PIPE,AR21,DATA,1
! get 1st location of SECDATA for SECID, Do
*GET,AR32,PIPE,AR21,DATA,2
! get 2nd location of SECDATA for SECID, Thk
MP,DENS,AR21+AR22,AR24
! marine growth density
SECTYPE,AR21+AR22,PIPE
SOCEAN,OCENV2
! associate ocenv2 w/ element selection
SECDATA,AR31,AR32,,,,,AR21+AR22,AR25! 7th location of SECDATA,
! mat dens external to pipe
EMODIF,ALL,SECNUM,AR21+AR22
*ENDIF
*ENDDO
ALLSEL
FINI
/SOLU

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Ocean Loading
HROCEAN
HROCEAN, Type, NPHASE
Program calculates forces on each load component of each element at NPHASE solutions. Min
and Max forces are then returned
Type Specifies how to include ocean wave information in a harmonic analysis:
HARMONIC Performs a harmonic analysis using both real and imaginary load vectors (default).
This option works by performing a harmonic analysis running at a frequency determined by
the wave period (specified via OCDATA & OCTABLE).
STATIC Performs a static analysis using both real and imaginary load vectors (calculated via
HOWP). This option works by performing a harmonic analysis running at a frequency of 0.0Hz.
OFF Deactivates a previously activated harmonic ocean wave procedure (HOWP) and performs
a standard harmonic analysis.
NPHASE Positive number specifying the number of phases to calculate forces. This value must be at
least 8 (Defaults to 20).
Note: Only one ocean loading is supported at a time. Irregular wave types are not supported
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Workshop 4 Ocean Loading

Workshop 4 Ocean Loading
Goal:
Use command objects & become acquainted with MAPDL
Use local parameters in command objects
Define marine growth
Promote design variables
Post process results and study the effects of the parameters

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Further Reading
McCormick, M.E. (1973) Ocean Engineering Wave Mechanics. Wiley & Sons
Hallam M.G., Heaf, N.J., Wooton, L.R. (1977) Dynamics of Marine Structures:
Methods of calculating the dynamics response of fixed structures subject to wave
and current action. CIRIA Underwater Engineering Group Report UR8

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