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Q)How do El Nino & Southern Oscillatio influenc the monsoon?

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Blowing of strong trade wind have a frctional drag on warm surface ater of ocean away
from it's source environment resulting in divergence caused due to coriolis force.the
removal of light warm water from the surface encourage upwelling of cold Benthos water
to the surface as in for example-the peruvian current(Humbolt current ) off-South
America.Lapse rate steepning,instability & free convection over warm water is now being
replaced by surface temperaure inversion & stability.
The replacement of cold peruvian current in the tropical pacific basin by
incursion at periodic levels by a weak warm ocean current that flows south along the
coast of Equador & Peru.this disruption is called El Nino commonly occuring duing
christmas season.
Southern Oscillation is a climetological term referring to perturbation in the inter tropical
general circulation,espcially in the Indian Ocean & south pacific.The term was introduced
by G.Walker who noted that when pressure over pacific is high,it tends to be lower over
Indian ocean resulting in movement of surface Easterlies from the region of south pacific
to over India,Fiji,& east Australia to feed the low level cyclonic convergence.this is the
result of a 'normal' atmospheric-oceanic circulation mode with a distinct west ti east
longitudinal cell across pacific resulting in the exsistence of typical trans-ocean low
pressure gradient at sea level of 5mb-10mb between low pressure in west & high pressure
in the east.However,it should be pointed out that El nino normally takes 3-6 months to
reach local peak intensity after onset.At about 200mb level in troposphere there is
distinctive westerly counter flow feding upper air convergence (due to low atmospheric
pressure in upper roposphere due to high presure at the surface) over north-western
S.America.the associated subsidence & low level cyclonic divergence over Peru &
Equador accentuates the aridity of these desert coasts.
weak Hadley's cell activity which controls the trade wind notion results in disruption of
normal El Nino-Southern Oscillation circulation.It results in replacement of cold water by
warm equatorial current as El Nino which flows southwards to about 6(degrees)S along
Peruvian coast which results in sudden rise of coastal water's temperature by about
4(degrees) elcius.this periodical disturbance brings torrential precipitation & floods to
coastal desrts of northern Preu & Equador.Thus,the intensity of surface winds,preventing
warm water from flwing across the pacific eventually terminating El Nino.the high pressure
susidence in south-west Pacific introduce droughts & failure of Indian summer monsoon
through a weakening of land-sea circulation system.

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