Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ChE 472/572
Table of contents
Front Matter Tables, conversion factors and abbreviations
Part 1
Chapter 1 - Introduction
Chapter 2 - Composition of Petroleum
Chapter 3 - Significance of lab tests in petroleum refining
Chapter 4 - Characterization & properties estimation of crude oil and petroleum products
Chapter 5 - Refinery Feeds and Products
Chapter 6 - Modern Refinery Layout
Part 2
Chapter 7 - Separation Processes (CDU, VRU)
Chapter 8 - Desulfurization Processes (HTU, ARDS, Isomax, Merox)
Chapter 9 - Conversion Processes (FCC, HCR)
Chapter 10 - Heavy Oil Processing / Residue Upgrading (Coker, H-Oil)
Chapter 11 - Finishing Processes (Reforming, Alkylation)
Chapter 12 - Supporting Processes (H2 Production, H2 Recovery, Sulfur)
Chapter 13 - Product Blending
Part 3
Chapter 14 - Optimization
Chapter 15 - Economics
Chapter 16 - Environmental
Chapter 17 Combustion
Chapter 18 Safety
Chapter 19 Future
Chapter 20 - Catalysis
Appendix A
Common Abbreviations Used in Petroleum Refining
API
ARD or ARDS
ASTM
ATK
Atm. Resid.
BPA
BPSD
BS&W
C3
C3=
CABP
Cat Cracker
CCR
CCR
CDU
CN
D
DHTU
DPK
EGO
EOR
FBP
FUP
GO
GPH
GPM
GPSA
HFO
H-Oil unit
HP
HP Diesel
HRI
HSD
HSR
IBP
IFP
IK
JGC
K
KDC
KHTU
KNG
KOC
KPC
LCR
LCR
LFO
LGO
LNG
LP
LPG
LSFO
Lub Oil
MAA
MAB
MABP
MDO
MeABP
MOGAS
MON
MOR
MPA
MTBE
N
NGPSA
NHTU
NPSH
O/H
PBD
PCN
PON
PSA
RMP
RON
SCFH
SHU
SOR
SR
SRU
SRU
SW
SWT
TBP
TEL
TGT
TPA
UOP
VABP
VRU
WABP
Low Pressure
Liquefied petroleum gas
Low Sulfur Fuel Oil
Lubricating oil.
Mina Al-Ahmadi Refinery.
Mina Abdulla Refinery.
Molal average boiling point
Marine Diesel Oil
Mean average boiling point
Motor Gasoline
Motor Octane Number
Middle of run
Middle pump-around
Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether
Naphtha
National Gas Processors Sellers Association
Naphtha Hydrotreating Unit.
Net positive suction head
Overhead
Barrels per day
Petrochemical Naphtha
Posted Octane number
Pressure Swing Adsorption Unit.
Refinery Modernization Project
research octane number
Standard cubic foot per hour
Shuaiba Refinery.
Start of run
Straight Run
Sulfur Recovery Unit
Sulfur Recovery Unit.
Sour Water
Sour Water Treating Unit
True Boiling Point
Tetra Ethyl Lead
Tail Gas Treating Unit
Top pump-around
Universal Oil Company
Volumetric average boiling point
Vaccum Rerun Unit.
Weight average boiling point
Appendix B
Conversion Factors
Length
1 in. = 25.4 mm
1 ft = 12 in.
= 304.8 mm
1 mi = 5280 ft
= 1.6093 km
Volume
1 ft = 1728 cu in.
= 7.4805 gal
= 28.317 liters
= 62.30 1b H2O@60F in air
= 62.38 1b H2O@60F in vacuum
1 gal = 231 in.
= 3785.41 milliliters
= 8.328 1b H2O @ 60F in air
= 8.338 1b H2O @ 60F in vacuum
1bbl
= 42 US Gal
= 5.6146 cu ft
= 349.8 lb H2O @60F in air
Weight
1 lb = 453.59 gm
Pressure
1 atm = 14.696 1b/in.
= 760 mmHg @ 0C
= 33.93 ft H2O @ 60F
2
1 kg/cm = 14.223343 psi (lb/in2)
1 lb/in. = 51.71 mm Hg @ 0C
= 27.70 in. H2O @ 60F
= 2.309 ft H2O @ 60F
= 0.13456 Kg/cm
= 1 psi
1 Kg/m = 7.432 psi
1 ft H2O @ 60F = 0.4332 lb/in.
Flow rate
1 bbl/day (BPD) = 1.75 gal/hr (GPH)
= 0.2339 ft/hr
5
= 0.02917 gal/min
1 GPM = BPD / 34.3
1 m/hr = 150.95 bbl/day
1 ft/sec = 448.8 gal/min (GPM)
1 lb mol/hr = 9108 ft/day @ 60F, 1atm
1 gal H2O/min @ 60F = 499.7 lb/hr in air
BPD
lb/hr
,
sp.gr. (14.59)
GPM
lb/hr
,
sp.gr. (500)
GPH
lb/hr
sp.gr. (8.33)
Energy
1 Btu = 778.2 ft. 1bf
1 Kwh = 3412 Btu
1 hp = 550 ft.1bf/sec
= 2544 Btu/hr
= 745.7 watts
Viscosity
1 cp = 0.000672 lbm/sec.ft
= 0.00002089 lbf.sec./ft
= 2.419 1bm/hr.ft
1 dyne/cm = 28,570 lbm/hr
Standard gravity
g = 32.174 ft/sec
= 4.17X10 8 ft/hr
Temperature
R = F + 459.67
K = C + 273.134
R = 1.8 K
F = 1.8 C + 32
multiply C with 2 , remove 10% , then add 32
Ideal gas volume
V = 379.49 ft/lb mol @ 60F, 1atm (14.696 psia)
= 22.414 liters @ 32F, 1atm (14.696 psia)
Gas constant
R = 1.986 Btu/lbmol.R
= 10.73 psi.ft/lbmol.R
= 555 mm Hg.ft/lbmol.R
Density
1 sp.gr.60/60F = 1 gm/cm3
= 8.34 lb/gal
= 62.3 lb/ft3
= 350 lb/bbl
= 1000 Kg/m3
Density of water @60F = 8.3372 lb/gal (weight in vacuum)
= 0.99902 g/cc (weight in vacuum)
Density of water @60F (g/cc) = 0.999015 (sp.gr.)@60/60F
API
H2 flow
H2 flow
H2 flow
141.5
131.5
(sp.gr.) @60 F/60 F
APPENDIX - C
Useful Properties
H = 1.008
N = 14.0067
O = 15.9994
S = 32.06
Appendix - D
Table A6-1 Properties of Hydrocarbons and Common Gases. Source: GPSA Engineering Data Book, 10th Ed., 1987
Boiling Point Vapor Press
Critical
Liquid
o
Compound
Formula Mol Wt F (1 atm)
@ 100 F
Press
Temp.
Spec.
Psia
Psia
Degr F
Grav.
60/60 F
Methane
CH4
16.043
-258.73
(5000)a
666.4
-116.67
(0.3)a
Ethane
C2H6
30.070
-127.49
(800)a
706.5
89.92
0.35619c
Propane
C3H8
44.097
-43.75
188.64
616.0
206.06
0.50699c
Iso- Butane
C4H10
58.123
10.78
72.581
527.9
274.46
0.56287c
Normal Butane
C4H10
58.123
31.08
51.706
550.6
305.62
0.58401c
Iso- Pentane
C5H12
72.150
82.12
20.445
490.4
369.10
0.62470
Normal Pentane
C5H12
72.150
96.92
15.574
488.6
385.8
0.63112
n- Hexane
C6H14
86.177
155.72
4.960
436.9
453.6
0.66383
n- Heptane
C7H16 100.204
209.16
1.620
396.8
512.7
0.68820
n- Octane
C8H18 114.231
258.21
0.537
360.7
564.2
0.70696
n- Decane
C10H22 142.285
345.48
0.061
305.2
652.0
0.73421
Nitrogen
N2
28.013
-320.45
493.1
-232.51
0.80940d
Oxygen
O2
31.999
-297.33
731.4
-181.43
1.1421d
b
Carbon Dioxide
CO2
44.010
-109.26
1071
87.91
0.81802c
Hydrogen Sulfide
H2S
34.08
-76.50
394.59
1300
212.45
0.80144c
Water
H2O
18.0153
212.00
0.950
3198.8
705.16
1.00000d
Air
Mixture 28.9625
-317.8
546.9
-221.31
0.87476d
Volume
Ratio
Scf gas/
gal liq.
(59.135)a
37.476c
36.375c
30.639c
31.790c
27.393
27.674
24.371
21.729
19.580
16.326
91.413c
112.93c
58.807c
74.401c
175.62c
95.557c
0.0104
0.0979
0.1522
0.1852
0.1995
0.2280
0.2514
0.2994
0.3494
0.3977
0.4898
0.0372
0.0216
0.2667
0.0948
0.3443
-
Flammability Limits,
vol% in Air Mixt.
Lower
Upper
5.0
15.0
2.9
13.0
2.0
9.5
1.8
8.5
1.5
9.0
1.3
8.0
1.4
8.3
1.1
7.7
1.0
7.0
0.8
6.5
0.7
5.4
4.3
45.5
-
Compound
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Iso- Butane
Normal Butane
Iso- Pentane
Normal Pentane
n- Hexane
n- Heptane
n- Octane
n- Decane
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
Hydrogen
Sulfide
Water
Air
a. Above critical point, extrapolated or estimated.
b. Sublimation point.
c. At saturation pressure, 60oF.
d. At normal boiling point.
e. Gas at 60oF, liquid at normal boiling point.
f. At the triple point pressure.
Heating Value
60oF, 1 atm (Btu/ scf)
Net
Gross
909.4
1010.0
1618.7
1769.6
2314.9
2516.1
3000.4
3251.9
3010.8
3262.3
3699.0
4000.9
3706.9
4008.9
4403.8
4755.9
5100.8
5502.5
5796.1
6248.9
7189.6
7742.9
586.8
637.1
-
10
-296.44f
-297.04f
-305.73f
-255.28
-217.05
-255.82
-217.05
-139.58
-131.05
-70.18
-21.36
-346.00f
-361.82f
-69.83
-121.88f
32.00
-
219.45
211.14
183.01
157.23
165.93
147.12
153.57
143.94
136.00
129.52
119.65
85.59
91.59
246.47
235.63
970.18
88.20
Appendix - E
Properties of Hydrocarbons
Tb
(F)
Tc
(R)
Pc
(psia)
ppg
(lb/gal)
as
liquid
API
as
liquid
BPD/
(mol/hr)
as liquid
18.02
212
1165
3206
8.334
10
1.235
O2
32
-297
278
731
2.92
Nitrogen
N2
28.02
-320
227
478
2.92
Air
Carbon
monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Air
28.98
-318
239
547
CO
28.01
-313
242
514
2.92
CO2
44.01
-109
548
1072
3.71
Hydrogen sulfide
H2S
34.08
-77
H2
2.016
-423
Methane
C1
16.04
-259
1306
188(3
06
673
2.91
Hydrogen
672
60(7
4)
343
2.19
407
4.19
-4120
21
ethene
= C2
28.05
-155
510
742
3.44
211
4.66
-1090
18.1
ethane
C2
30.07
-128
550
708
3.42
213
5.03
-720
18.62
propene
= C3
42.08
-54
657
667
4.352
140
5.525
224
14.18
propane
C3
44.09
-44
666
617
4.233
147
5.953
189
14.7
1-butene
= nC4-1
56.1
21
755
583
5.013
104
6.395
62.4
13.03
2-butene
= nC4-2
56.1
36
771
600
5.229
97
6.131
48
12.64
i-butene
= iC4
56.1
20
752
580
5.004
104
6.407
63.7
13.04
i-butane
iC4
58.12
11
735
529
4.695
120
7.074
71.9
13.81
n-butane
nC4
58.12
31
765
551
4.872
111
6.817
51.5
13.5
pentene?
= C5
70.13
86
854
586
5.384
87.6
7.443
19.1
12.65
i-pentane
iC5
72.15
82
830
483
5.209
95
7.914
20.4
13.05
n-pentane
nC5
72.15
97
846
490
5.262
92.7
7.835
15.6
13.03
cyclopentane
CP
70.13
121
922
655
6.257
57.1
6.405
9.91
11.11
i-hexane
iC6
86.17
140
897
440
5.485
83.6
8.977
6.77
12.82
n-hexane
nC6
86.17
156
914
440
5.536
81.6
8.895
4.96
12.81
cyclohexane
CH
84.16
177
996
590
6.532
49.1
7.362
3.26
10.98
benzene
78.11
176
1013
714
7.375
28.5
6.052
3.22
9.73
toluene
92.13
231
1070
590
7.269
30.8
7.243
1.03
10.14
o-xylene
o-X
106.16
292
1138
530
7.377
28.4
8.223
0.26
10.28
m-xylene
m-X
106.16
282
1115
510
7.243
31.4
8.375
0.33
10.42
p-xylene
p-X
106.16
281
1113
500
7.218
32
8.404
0.34
10.45
ethylbenzene
EB
106.16
277
1116
540
7.268
30.8
8.347
0.37
10.36
n-heptane
nC7
100.2
209
973
397
5.738
74.1
9.978
1.62
12.71
n-octane
nC8
114.22
258
1025
362
5.893
68.7
11.076
0.54
12.67
n-nonane
nC9
128.25
303
1071
331
6.017
64.6
12.18
0.18
Formul
a
MW
Water
H2O
Oxygen
Name
105
P@
100 F
(psia)
Kw
1.1
12.66
PD462