Platform Tech

1. Electron Microscope
Invented in 1926
2 types scanning and transmission
Tunnelling electron microscope can magnify up to 5 Million times to
the atomic level, when atoms are visible
2. Microelectronics
Invention of the transistor 1947
Heart and lung assisted devices
Implantable devices

Biomedical Mechanical
3. Hip Replacement
Invented in 1962
Originally Metal on metal ball joint
4. The everlasting ceramic hip
ZTA Zirconia Toughened Alumina

5. Bioactive Ceramics
Discovered in 1960-70s
hydroxyapatite and bioglass
Hydroxyapatite bonds to bone like the real thing
Bioglass bonds to soft tissue. Also bioglass doped polymers could
form a bioactive bond with soft tissue
i. Bioglass bonds 6 times faster than hydroxyapatite and
normal bone
ii. Used as synthetic bone graft for non-union fractures bone
tumor filling and most bone grafts
6. Dental Implants
Invented in 1965
Plates, wires, screws, crown
Bioglass bone fillers in jaw gum cavities
7. Bio Hydrogels for Opthalmic Implants
Invented in 1959
IT is soft contact lens
Hydrogel intraocular lenses followed in 1970
8. Prosthetic Heart Valve
Invented 1952
Mechanical/rubber ball valve
Tissue valve (pigs heart)
9. Vascular Stent
Invented in 1986
Revolutionised coronary surgery and led to many vascular implants
Pre-invention, required open heart surgery
i. Blood Interfacing Implants
1. Heart lung machines
2. Kidne dialysers
3. Tubes catheders

10.LVAD (Left Ventricle Assist Device)

Heart assist pump
Invented in 1988
Assists in pumping blood in very week hearts
Affects 10% of people over 65
LVAD is only option for late stage heart failure
11.Sleep Apnea Device
Keeps throat pressurised to prevent back of the throat closing while
sleeping
12.Catheter Artery Ablation
By disrupting the nerves around the renal artery, it relaxes the
artery to reduce blood pressure
Done by burning the nerves
13.Advanced Catheter Navigation System

BIONICS and BIOELECTRONICS

14.Heart Pacemaker
Developed from the implantable pulse generator
Developments
i. Pacemaker defib unit
ii. Deep brain stimulator
1. Treats
a. Parkinsons
b. Depression
c. Tremor
d. Dystonica
2. Made possible through MRI brain mapping
iii. Vagal Nerve stimulator (epilepsy or depression)
1. Vagal nerve
a. Main function is sensing and reporting to the
brain
b. Afferent nerve fibres from the lung , pharynx,
aorta, hearts and gastrointestinal tract, thoracic
and abdominal organs terminate in the brain
stem
iv. Spinal Cord Stimulator
1. 2nd most popular to heart pacemaker
v. Functional Electric Stimulator (limb control)
15.Cochlear Bionic ear implant
Invented in 1978, Graeme Clark, Australia
2 Parts
i. External hearing aid with inducer
ii. Artificial cochlear electrodes with inducer receiver.
1. Artificial cochlear nerves only have 22 nodes

16.Advanced Bionics
Artificail kidneys, Wearable exoskeletons, thought control limbs
etc

Artificial Kidney
Artificial Pancreas
Mind Control or Myoelectrical Prosthetics
Bionic Eye
i. External cameras and implanted retinal stimulators
Synthetic Telepathy
17.Robotic Exeskeleton
Just on the market now
Bionic walking
18.Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES)
Electrode stimulated muscles, with complex computer control,
muscles and be coordinated into movement
Disadv
i. Inferior motor selectivity
ii. Recruits closest nerves first

CHEMICAL
19.Monoclonal Antibodies
Antibodies used to detect antigens (cancer, virus, bacteria)
Research into antibody bomb antibody attaches onto antigen and
destroys it.
Advanced chemotherapy
20.DNA sequencing machines
Invented 1980
Mapping the human genome revolutionised:
i. Drug design, hereditary disease diagnosis,
pharmacogenomics
RetroVirus can splice the DNA to input missing genes
21.Biotechnology: GM Microbes
1978, first produced human insulin from GM e-coli bacteria
Pharmaceuticals, GM tech, Bioreactors making bio compounds,
Antibody diagnostics, Advanced cancer treatments, Tissue
engineering.
22.Anti-Bacterials: Antibiotics
1928 Alexander Flemming (pencillin)
Developing Macrophages (destroys bacteria, virus, antigens)
23.Drug Deliver Implants
First Slow release pills eg antihistamine
Intravenous drip (not Portable)
Artificial glucose regulator
Anti cogulating drugs for arterial stents

Tissue Engineering

24.Stem Cells
Stem Cells from Zygote can turn into any bodily stem cell
Potential for Organ and Tissue regeneration, and tissue engineering
Tissue engineered from own body will not be rejected
25.2006 Stem Cell Synthesis by Shinya Yamanaka froun adult cels can be
programmed to become pluripotent stem cells.
26.Cloning
1996 Dolly the sheep
Therapeutic Cloning: Cloning yourself to obtain organs
i. Stem cells from umbiblical cord
ii. Organ harvested from later age

Biotech
Tissue Eng
IT and Computational Biomed