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[Old NCERT World History ch11] Russian Revolution: Causes, Consequences, Comintern
Conditions in Russia before the Revolution
Growth of Revolutionary Movements in Russia
THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
Beginning of the Revolution
Consequences of the Revolution
Comintern
EXERCISES
UPSC has included World History in General studies (Mains) syllabus from 2013.
Hence Old NCERT, particularly Chapter 9 to 13 from Class 10= becomes necessary
as the foundation/base material for the topics of World History. But for non-Delhi
candidates, it is almost impossible to get that book, because NCERT changed
syllabus, hence book is no longer printed. Therefore Im uploading the chapters one by one. And, just because these chapters are
uploaded, doesnt mean Im stopping my Jack Sparrow series on [World History], it will continue at its own pace.
groups was united into the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in 1898. However, the party was soon split over questions of
organization and policy. One group which was in a minority (hence known as the Mensheviks) favoured a party of the type that existed
in countries like France and Germany and participated in elections to the parliaments of their countries. The majority, known as the
Bolsheviks, were convinced that in a country where no democratic rights existed and where there was no parliament, a party organized
on parliamentary lines would not be effective. They favoured a party of those who would abide by the discipline of the party and work
for revolution.
The leader of the Bolsheviks was Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, popularly known as Lenin. He is regarded as one of the greatest leaders of
the socialist movement after Marx and Engels. He devoted himself to the task of organizing the Bolshevik Party as an instrument for
bringing about revolution. His name has become inseparable from the Revolution of 1917. The Russian socialists, including Plekhanov
and Lenin, had played an important part in the Second International
Besides the Menshevik and the Bloshevik parties, which were the political parties of industrial workers, there was the Socialist
Revolutionary Party which voiced the demands of the peasantry. Then there were parties of the non-Russian nationalities of the
Russian empire which were working to free their lands from colonial oppression.
The revolutionary movement in Russia had been growing when the 1905 Revolution broke out. In 1904, a war had broken out between
Russia and Japan. The Russian armies had suffered reverses in the war. This had further strengthened the revolutionary movement in
Russia. On 9 January 1905, a mass of peaceful workers with their wives and children was fired at in St. Petersburg while on its way to
the Winter Palace to present a petition to the Czar More than a thousand of them were killed and thousands of others were wounded.
This day is known as Bloody Sunday. The news of the killings provoked unprecedented disturbances throughout Russia. Even
sections of the army and the navy revolted. The sailors of the battleship Potemkin joined the revolutionaries. A new form of
organization developed in this revolution which proved decisive in the upheaval of 1917. This was the Soviet, or the council of
workers representatives. Beginning as committees to conduct strikes, they became the instruments of political power Soviets of
peasants were also formed.
In October, the Czar yielded and announced his manifesto granting freedom of speech, press and association, and conferred the power
to make laws upon an elected body called the Duma . The Czars manifesto contained principles which would have made Russia a
constitutional monarchy like England. However, the Czar soon relapsed into his old ways. No longer could one hope for gradual
reform. The 1905 Revolution proved to be a dress rehearsal of the revolution that came in 1917.
them. War raged till 1920. By this time the Red Army of the new state was in control of almost all the lands of the old Czarist empire.
The Red Army was badly equipped and composed mainly of workers and peasants However, it won over better equipped and better
trained forces, just as the citizen armies in the American and French revolutions had won.
Comintern
Soon after the revolution, the Communist International (also known as the Third International or Comintern) was formed for promoting
revolutions on an international scale. The split in the socialist movement at the time of the First World War has been mentioned before.
The leftwing sections in many socialist parties now formed themselves into communist parties and they affiliated themselves to the
Comintern. Communist parties were also formed in other countries, often with the active involvement and support of the Comintern.
Thus the international communist movement arose under one organization which decided on policies to be followed by all communist
parties The Soviet Union was considered the leader of the world communist movement by the communist parties in various countries
and the Communist Party of Soviet Union played a leading role in determining the policies of the Comintern. It is generally agreed that
Comintern was often used by the Soviet Union as an instrument for pursuing its own objectives However, the formation of communist
parties in many countries of the world with the objective of bringing about revolution and following common policies was a major
consequence of the Russian Revolution.
With the formation of the Comintern, the socialist movement was divided into two sections socialist and communist. There were
many differences between them on the methods of bringing about socialism and about the concept of socialism itself. Despite these
differences, socialism became one of the most widely held ideologies within a few decades after its emergence. The spread of the
influence of socialist ideas and movements after the First World War was in no small measure due to the success of the Russian
Revolution.
The growing popularity of socialism and many achievements made by the Soviet Union led to a redefinition of democracy. Most
people who did not believe in socialism also began to recognize that for democracy to be real, political rights without social and
economic rights were not enough. Economic and social affairs could not be left to the capitalists. The idea of the state playing an active
role in regulating the economy and planning the economy to improve the conditions of the people was accepted. The biblical idea,
revived by the socialist movement and the Russian Revolution, He that does not work neither shall he eat, gained widespread
acceptance, adding anew dignity to labour. The popularity of socialism also helped to mitigate discriminations based on race, colour
and sex.
The spread of socialist ideas also helped nip promoting internationalism. The nations, at least in theory, began to accept the idea that
their relations with other nations should go farther than merely promoting their narrow self-interests. Many problems which were
considered national began to be looked upon as concerns of the world as a whole. The universality and internationalism which were
fundamental principles of socialist ideology from the beginning were totally opposed to imperialism. The Russian Revolution served to
hasten the end of imperialism. According to Marx, a nation which enslaves another nation can never be free. Socialists all over the
world organized campaigns for putting an end to imperialism.
The new Soviet state came to be looked upon as a friend of the peoples of the colonies struggling for national independence. Russia
after the Revolution was the first country in Europe to openly support the cause of independence of all nations from foreign rule.
Immediately after the Revolution, the Soviet government had annulled the unequal treaties which the Czar had imposed on China. It also
gave assistance of various kinds to Sun Yat Sen in his struggle for the unification of China. The Russian Revolution also influenced the
movements for independence in so far as the latter gradually broadened the objectives of independence to include social and economic
equality through planned economic development. Writing about the Russian Revolution in his Autobiography, Jawaharlal Nehru said,
It made me think of politics much more in terms of social change.
EXERCISES
1. Explain the following terms: Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, Soviet, February Revolution, October Revolution, Bloody Sunday,
Communist International
2. Describe the social and economic conditions in Russia before the Revolution of 1917. How did Russias participation in the First
World War help create conditions for the fall of the Russian autocracy,
3. What were the main objectives of the Russian revolutionaries?
4. Describe the immediate consequences of the October Revolution on Russias participation in the First World War, the ownership
of land, and position of the non-Russian nationalities of the Russian empire.
5. Explain the attitude of the USSR. towards the movements for independence in Asia.
6. Collect pictures connected with the Russian Revolution for display. Describe the events and the role of personalities shown in the
pictures.
7. Collect documents connected with the Russian Revolution (for example, the text of the Decrees on Land and Peace) and select
statements for a bulletin board display.
8. Discuss the impact of the Russian Revolution on the world.
9. Discuss the view that the Russian Revolution was brought about by a small group of revolutionaries without the support of the
masses.
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[Old NCERT World History ch13] After WW2: Asian Independence, Korean war,
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[Old NCERT World History ch13] After WW2: Cold War, NATO, CENTO, SEATO,
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[Old NCERT World History ch12] (Part 2 of 2): Second World War, events, battles,
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[Old NCERT World History ch12] (Part 1 of 2) Between Two world Wars, Nazism, Fascism, The Great Depression
[Old NCERT World History ch10] First World War: Causes, Consequences, Treaty of Versailles, Triple Alliance
[Old NCERT World History ch9] Imperialism, Colonization of Asia, Africa, Americas
[World History] Imperialism & Colonization: Africa, Scramble for colonies, Paper Partitions, Slave Trade, Boer War
[World History] Imperialism & Colonization: China, Japan, Asia, Boxer Rebellion, Open Door policy, Sphere of influence
6 comments to [Old NCERT World History ch11] Russian Revolution: Causes, Consequences,
Comintern
mayur
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you are totally genius sir hatts off to you sir!!!!!!!!1
ROHIT KUMAR
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dear sir amar ujala safalta apke article are famous
sir some article for indian geography
abhishek
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thanks sir you are amazing
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kumar.s
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Dear Sir,
My optional is geography,
plz suggest from where to start nd where to end.
or if you have already explained ,then provide me the link..
prabhash
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u r a living legend for people lke us sir !!!
Aarav
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Sir i want to read about the fundamentals of telecommunications
Could u plz suggest me a good source for that?