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(a) (i)
(ii)
(iii)
(b) (i)
(ii)
Enthalpy
2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g)
reactants
2H 2 O(l)
H = ve
products
Reaction coordinate
[3]
(c) No pollutants are produced. [1] This reaction is highly exothermic, thus a large amount of energy
is released for the propulsion of space shuttles. [1]
(a) Since the reaction is exothermic, [1] the enthalpy change is negative. [1]
(b) The reaction is not very rapid as the effect of hand-warmer can last for several hours. [1]
(c) No. [1] The rate of rusting is too slow. [1] He needs some catalyst to speed up the rate of the
exothermic reaction. [1]
(d) (i) This type of hand-warmer can be reused. [1]
(ii) During the generation of heat, the chemical energy is released from the reaction mixture as
heat. [1] During the recharging by heating the warmer, heat energy is stored as chemical
energy prepared to be used next time. [1]
Enthalpy
H = ve
16H 2 O(l) + 3S 8 (s)
products
Reaction coordinate
(a) The above reaction is exothermic [1] because it is a combustion reaction. [1]
(b)
CH 4 (g) + 2O 2 (g)
Enthalpy
[3]
H is negative
CO 2 (g) + 2H 2 O(l)
Reaction coordinate
[3]
(c) The reverse reaction is endothermic. [1]
(a) Endothermic. [1] Energy is needed to overcome the intermolecular forces (hydrogen bonds)
between water molecules. [1]
(b) Endothermic. [1] Energy is needed to break the ionic bond between ammonium nitrate. [1]
(c) Endothermic. [1] Energy is needed to break the covalent bond between hydrogen atoms. [1]
10
(a) In an endothermic reaction, bond-forming processes give out less energy than that is required in
the bond-breaking processes. [1] Then, heat is taken in from the surroundings. [1] The enthalpies
of products are relatively higher than that of reactants. [1] Thus, the above statement is incorrect.
[1]
(b) Dissolving ammonium nitrate in water is an endothermic process. [1]
Enthalpy
NH 4 +(aq) + NO 3 (aq)
H = +ve
NH 4 NO 3 (aq) +
Reaction coordinate
11
[3]
Enthalpy
(ii)
Ca(s) + Cl 2 (g)
H = 80.0 kJ
CaCl 2 (s)
Reaction coordinate
12
(a) (i)
[3]
When the pack is squeezed, the two inner bags are broken. [1] Then ammonium nitrate and
water inside the pack are allowed to mix. [1] The dissolving of ammonium nitrate in water is
an endothermic process which absorbs heat from the surroundings. Thus, it gives a cooling
effect. [1]
surroundings. [1]
13
13
O 2 (g) 4CO 2 (g) + 5H 2 O(l) [1]
2
843.0 kJ mol 1
(12.0 1.0 4 16.0) g mol 1
= 26.34 kJ g1 [1]
Energy released by burning 1.0 g C 2 H 5 OH =
1371 kJ mol 1
(12.0 2 1.0 6 16.0) g mol 1
= 29.80 kJ g1 [1]
Energy released by burning 1.0 g C 3 H 7 OH =
2010 kJ mol 1
(12.0 3 1.0 8 16.0) g mol 1
= 33.50 kJ g1 [1]
Hence, C 3 H 7 OH releases the largest amount of energy per gram of substance burnt. [1]
(b) C 3 H 7 OH is the most appropriate for using as a fuel as it can release the largest amount of energy
when burning the same mass of the alkanols. [2]
15
16
(a) Mass of the reaction mixture = (50.0 + 50.0) cm3 1.0 g cm3 = 100.0 g
Heat released = m c T
= 100.0 g 4.2 J g1 K1 13.0 K
= 5460 J [1]
Number of moles of HCl used =
50.0
dm 3 2.0 mol dm3 = 0.1 mol
1000
50.0
dm 3 2.0 mol dm3 = 0.1 mol
1000
number of moles of H 2 O formed = 0.1 mol [1]
5460 J
= 54 600 J mol1
Heat released per mole of H 2 O formed =
0.1 mol
Number of moles of NaOH used =
= 54.6 kJ mol1
the enthalpy change of neutralization is 54.6 kJ mol1. [1]
(b) Mass of the reaction mixture = (100.0 + 100.0) cm3 1.0 g cm3 = 200.0 g [1]
Number of moles of HCl used =
100.0 3
dm 2.0 mol dm3 = 0.2 mol
1000
100.0 3
dm 2.0 mol dm3 = 0.2 mol
1000
number of moles of H 2 O formed = 0.2 mol [1]
(a) (i)
The volume of NaOH needed to neutralize the acid completely is 20.0 cm3. [1]
20.0
dm 3 3.0 mol dm3 = 0.06 mol
1000
20.0
dm 3 3.0 mol dm3 = 0.06 mol
1000
= 50.4 kJ mol1
the enthalpy change of neutralization is 50.4 kJ mol1. [1]
(e) It was due to the heat loss to the environment in the course of reaction. [1] In addition, the
specific heat capacity of the reaction mixture was not the same as that of water. [1]
(f) Replace the expanded polystyrene cup with a vacuum flask. [1] The specific heat capacity of the
reaction mixture should be pre-determined. [1]
18
1218 kJ
= 365.8 kJ mol1
3.33 mol
the enthalpy change for the fermentation of glucose is 365.8 kJ mol1. [1]
19
50.0
dm 3 0.5 mol dm3 = 0.025 mol
1000
50.0
dm 3 0.5 mol dm3 = 0.025 mol
1000
number of moles of H 2 O formed = 0.025 mol [1]
1470 J
= 58 800 J mol1
Heat released per mole of H 2 O formed =
0.025 mol
Number of moles of NaOH used =
= 58.8 kJ mol1
the enthalpy change of reaction is 58.8 kJ mol1. [1]
(e) The experiment was carried out in a glass beaker which caused a large amount of heat loss to the
surroundings. [1]
Surrounding the glass beaker with the insulating material e.g. cotton wool. [1]/
Use an expanded polystyrene cup with a lid instead of the glass beaker. [1]
(f) The temperature change would be more or less the same, and the temperature rise would be
around 3.5C. [1] Although the amount of HCl was increased, the amount of NaOH reacted was
limited. [1] The number of moles of water formed would be the same. Therefore, the temperature
change would be the same. [1]
20
(a) (i)
The experimental value is smaller that the theoretical value as some heat energy from the
surroundings is absorbed during the reaction. [1] Therefore, lower temperature drop of the
solution will be observed. [1]
(ii) The experiment should be carried out in an expanded polystyrene cup with a lid. [1] The
polystyrene cup should be surrounded by cotton wool. [1]
(b) Mass of water = density volume
= 1.0 g cm3 50.0 cm3
= 50.0 g [1]
Heat released = m c T
= 50.0 g 4.2 J g1 K1 [(273 + 25.4) (273 + 21.1)] K
= 903.0 J [1]
Number of moles of AgNO 3 = 0.1 mol dm3 0.050 dm3 = 0.005 mol
903.0 J
the enthalpy change of the reaction =
= 180 600 J mol1
0.005 mol
= 180.6 kJ mol1 [1]
21
42 000 J
= 840 000 J mol1
0.05 mol
22
(c) 2HNO 3 (aq) + Ba(OH) 2 (aq) Ba(NO 3 ) 2 (aq) + 2H 2 O(l) H neut = 56.0 kJ mol1 [2]
(d) The calculated value would be less negative than the theoretical value. [1] There was heat loss to
the surroundings. [1] The specific heat capacities of the calorimeter and the thermometer were
not taken into account. [1]
23
25
(a) The experiment should be carried out in an expanded polystyrene cup with a lid. [1] The
polystyrene cup should be surrounded by cotton wool. [1]
(b) Mass of the reaction mixture = (30.0 + 40.0) cm3 1.0 g cm3 = 70.0 g [1]
Heat released = m c T
= 70.0 g 4.2 J g1 K1 4.3 K
= 1264.2 J [1]
Number of moles of NaOH = 0.6 mol dm3 0.040 dm3 = 0.024 mol
1264.2 J
= 52 675 J mol1
Heat released per mole of H 2 O formed =
0.024 mol
the enthalpy change of neutralization = 52.7 kJ mol1. [1]
(c) The temperature would decrease, as no further exothermic neutralization occurs. [1]
26
= 34.5 kJ [1]
Molar mass of ethanal = 12.0 2 + 1.0 4 + 16.0 g mol1 = 44.0 g mol1
2.0 g
= 0.0455 mol [1]
Number of moles of 2.0 g ethanal =
44.0 g mol 1
heat released when burning 2.0 g ethanal = 1063.5 kJ mol1 0.0455 mol
= 48.4 kJ [1]
Molar mass of methanol = 12.0 + 1.0 4 + 16.0 g mol1 = 32.0 g mol1
2.0 g
= 0.0625 mol [1]
Number of moles of 2.0 g methanol =
32.0 g mol 1
heat released when burning 2.0 g methanol = 715.0 kJ mol1 0.0625 mol
= 44.7 kJ [1]
Molar mass of ethanol = 12.0 2+ 1.0 6 + 16.0 g mol1 = 46.0 g mol1
2.0 g
Number of moles of 2.0 g ethanol =
= 0.0435 mol [1]
46.0 g mol 1
heat released when burning 2.0 g ethanol = 1371.0 kJ mol1 0.0435 mol
= 59.6 kJ [1]
Therefore, the organic compound is ethanol. [1]
(c) Ethanol is the best for use as fuel in motor cars as it can release the largest amount of energy for
the same mass of fuel carried. [2]
27
(a) CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 OH(l) +
9
O 2 (g) 3CO 2 (g) + 4H 2 O(l) [1]
2
(b) Placing cotton wool around the beaker./Covering the beaker with a lid. [1]
(c) Heat transferred to water = m c T
= 500.0 cm3 1.0 g cm3 4.2 J g1 K1 46.0 K
= 96 600 J [1]
2.88 g
Number of moles of propan-1-ol burnt =
(12.0 3 1.0 8 16.0) g mol 1
= 0.048 mol
96 600 J
= 2012.5 kJ mol1
Heat released per mole of propan-1-ol burnt =
0.048 mol
the enthalpy change of combustion of propan-1-ol is 2012.5 kJ mol1. [1]
90 090 J
Number of moles of propanol
2 010 000 J =
90 090 J
Number of moles of propanol
(a) Neutralization. [1] The standard enthalpy change of neutralization is the enthalpy change when
one mole of water is formed from neutralization between an acid and an alkali under standard
conditions. [2]
(b) There was no heat loss to the surroundings. [1]
(c) Mass of the reaction mixture = (40.0 + 50.0) cm3 1.0 g cm3 = 90.0 g [1]
Heat released = m c T
= 90.0 g 4.2 J g1 K1 [(50.0 + 273) (25.0 + 273)] K
= 9450 J [1]
H 2 SO 4 (aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na 2 SO 4 (aq) + 2H 2 O(l)
Number of moles of sulphuric acid =
40.0
dm 3 0.55 mol dm3
1000
= 0.022 mol
Number of moles of sodium hydroxide =
50.0
dm 3 1.2 mol dm3
1000
= 0.06 mol
number of moles of water formed = 0.022 mol 2 = 0.044 mol [1]
9450 J
= 214 772.7 J mol1
Heat released per mole of water formed =
0.044 mol
the standard enthalpy change of the reaction is 214.77 kJ mol1. [1]
31
(a) Standard enthalpy change of combustion is the enthalpy change when one mole of the substance
is completely burnt in oxygen under standard conditions. [2]
(b) C 6 H 12 O 6 (s) + 6O 2 (g) 6CO 2 (g) + 6H 2 O(l) [1]
(c)
C 6 H 12 O 6 (s) + 6O 2 (g)
+6O 2 (g
H) 2
+9O 2 (g)
H 1
+3O 2 (g
H 3 )
6C(s) + 6H 2 (g)
[3]
+ 3O 2 (g)
H 2
3C(s) + 3H 2 (g)
H 3
3
+ O 2 (g)
2
[3]
(a) Reaction I involves breaking NN bond and OO bond and forming 2 NO bonds. [1] Since the
NN bond and OO bond are very strong covalent bonds, a large amount of energy is needed to
break these bonds. [1] The bond-forming process gives out less energy than that is needed for the
bond-breaking process. [1] Therefore, reaction I is endothermic in nature.
(b)
N 2 (g) +
5
O 2 (g)
2
N 2 O 5 (g)
H 1 O 2 (g)
2NO(g)
H 2 O 2 (g)
H 3
1
+ O 2 (g)
2
2NO 2 (g)
[3]
(a) The standard enthalpy change of combustion of a substance is the heat given out when one mole
of that substance under its standard state is completely burned in oxygen. [1] Thus, the correct
equation should be C 4 H 10 (g) +
13
O 2 (g) 4CO 2 (g) + 5H 2 O(l). [1]
2
(b) His suggestion is correct. During the combustion process, heat will be lost to the surroundings.
[1] If the beaker is not covered with a lid, the temperature rise of water will be less than the
actual value. [1]
(c) Mass of water = 500.0 cm3 1.0 g cm3 = 500.0 g
Energy released = m c T
= 500.0 g 4.2 J g1 K1 40 K = 84.0 kJ [1]
Molar mass of butane = 12.0 4 + 1.0 10 g mol1 = 58.0 g mol1
4.1 g
= 0.0707 mol [1]
Number of moles of butane =
58.0 g mol 1
the standard enthalpy change of combustion of butane =
84.0 kJ
0.0707 mol
(a)
(b)
1
Cl 2 (g) + O 2 (g) ClO 2 (g)
2
H 2
[3]
25
O 2 (g) 8CO 2 (g) + 9H 2 O(l) [1]
2
(a) C 8 H 18 (l) +
(b)
C 8 H 18 (l) +
+
25
O 2 (g)
2
25
O 2 (g)
2
H 1
H
+8O 2 (g
H) 2
H 3
9
+ O 2 (g)
2
8C(s) + 9H 2 (g)
[3]
37
(a) SO 2 (g) +
(b)
1
O 2 (g) SO 3 (g) [1]
2
SO 2 (g) +
1
O 2 (g)
2
SO 3 (g)
H f [SO 2 (g)]
H f [SO 3 (g)]
S(s) +
3
O 2 (g)
2
[3]
H f [SO 3 (g)] + H f
H 2 SO 4 (l)
H f [H 2 SO 4 (l)]
[3]
(a) Fe 2 O 3 (s) +
3
3
C(s) 2Fe(s) + CO 2 (g) [1]
2
2
(b)
Fe 2 O 3 (s) +
3
C(s)
2
1
H 2
2
3
CO 2 (g)
2
3
H 1
2
2Fe(s) +
3
3
C(s) + O 2 (g)
2
2
2Fe(s) +
3
1
H 1 H 2 [1]
2
2
[3]
3
1
(393.5) (1648) kJ mol1
2
2
(a)
2Al(s) + Fe 2 O 3 (s)
Al 2 O 3 (s) + 2Fe(s)
H f [Al 2 O 3 (s)]
H f [Fe 2 O 3 (s)]
2Al(s) + 2Fe(s) +
3
O 2 (g)
2
[3]
(d) The heat released by the thermite reaction is capable of heating its products far above the melting
point of iron. Since iron is a major component of steel, steel can be welded. [1]
40
CaO(s) + CO 2 (g)
+2HCl(aq)
H 1
CaCl 2 (aq) + H 2 O(l) +
By applying Hesss Law,
+2HCl(aq)
H 2
[3]
H = H 1 H 2 [1]
= 364.0 (192.0) kJ mol1
= 172.0 kJ mol1
The standard enthalpy change of decomposition of calcium carbonate is 172.0 kJ mol1. [1]
41
(a) The standard enthalpy change of formation of a substance is the enthalpy change when one mole
of it is formed from its elements in their standard states under standard conditions. [2]
(b) CS 2 (l) + 3O 2 (g) CO 2 (g) + 2SO 2 (g) [2]
(c)
H
C(s) + 2S(s)
+O 2 (g)
H 1
CS 2 (l)
+2O 2 (g)
H 2
+3O 2 (g)
H 3
[3]
(a) The standard enthalpy change of formation of a substance is the enthalpy change when one mole
of it is formed from its elements in their standard states under standard conditions. [2]
(b) The overall enthalpy change of a chemical reaction is the same, regardless of the route by which
the reaction takes place. [2]
(c) (i)
H
2C(s) + 2H 2 (g)
+2O 2 (g)
2H 1
C 2 H 4 (g)
+O 2 (g)
2H 2
+3O 2 (g)
H 3
[3]
= 47.0 kJ mol1
The standard enthalpy change of formation of ethylene is +47.0 kJ mol1. [1]
43
(a) Standard enthalpy change of combustion of a substance is the enthalpy change when one mole of
it is completely burnt in oxygen under standard conditions. [2]
(b) C 12 H 22 O 11 (s) + 12O 2 (g) 12CO 2 (g) + 11H 2 O(l) [1]
(c) Heat transferred to water
= 550.0 g 4.2 J g1 K1 [(273 + 41.2) (273 + 25.5)] K
= 36 267 J [1]
2.2 g
Number of moles of sucrose burnt =
(12.0 12 1.0 22 16.0 11) g mol 1
= 0.00643 mol [1]
36 267 J
= 5640 kJ mol1
Heat released per mole of sucrose burnt =
0.00643 mol
the standard enthalpy change of combustion of sucrose is 5640 kJ mol1. [1]
11
O 2 (g) C 12 H 22 O 11 (s) [1]
2
(e)
12C(s) + 11H 2 (g) +
11
O 2 (g)
2
+12O 2 (g)
H f
C 12 H 22 O 11 (s)
+12O 2 (g)
11H f [H 2 O(l)]
H c [C 12 H 22 O 11 (s)]
[3]
H r
1
H 2
2
C 6 H 4 O 2 (aq) + 2H 2 O(l)
H 3
1
O 2 (g)
2
[3]
H r = H 1 +
1
H 2 + H 3 [1]
2
= 177.0 +
1
(190.0) + (286.0) kJ mol1
2
= 204.0 kJ mol1
the standard enthalpy change of reaction is 204.0 kJ mol1. [1]
(c) The origin of hot spray is the reaction between hydroquinone and hydrogen peroxide. [1] It is an
exothermic reaction. [1] The heat generated from the reaction is used to boil the liquid or water
inside the abdomen of the beetle. [1] Then the hot vapour is released in the form of a hot spray.
[1]
45
(a) Standard enthalpy change of formation of a substance is the enthalpy change when one mole of it
is formed from its elements in their standard states under standard conditions. [2]
(b) This is because no heat changes are involved when an element is formed from itself. [1]
(c) (i) The reactions are exothermic because the standard enthalpy changes of reaction are negative
in value. [2]
(ii)
S (rhombic)
H r
H 2
S (monoclinic)
H 1
+O 2 (g)
+O 2 (g)
SO 2 (g)
[3]
(a)
1
H 3
Cl 2 (g)
2
+e
e
H 2
H 1
Ag(s) +
Ag+(aq) + Cl(aq)
By applying Hesss Law,
AgCl(s)
H r
[3]
H 3 = H 1 + H 2 + H r [1]
H r = 127.07 105.56 (167.15) kJ mol1
= 65.48 kJ mol1
The standard enthalpy change of reaction is 65.48 kJ mol1. [1]
(b) (i) AgNO 3 (aq) + HCl(aq) AgCl(s) + HNO 3 (aq) [1]
(ii) The reaction is exothermic. [1]
(iii) Mass of the reaction mixture = (50.0 + 50.0) cm3 1.0 g cm3 = 100.0 g
Heat released = m c T
= 100.0 g 4.2 J g1 K1 2.8 K
= 1176 J [1]
Number of moles of AgNO 3 used = 0.1 mol dm3 0.05 dm3 = 0.005 mol
Number of moles of HCl used = 0.1 mol dm3 0.05 dm3 = 0.005 mol
Number of moles of AgCl formed = 0.005 mol [1]
1176 J
= 235.2 kJ mol1
Heat given out per mole of AgCl formed =
0.005 mol
the standard enthalpy change of reaction is 235.2 kJ mol1. [1]
(a)
Fe 2 O 3 (s) + 2Al(s)
H r
2Fe(s) + Al 2 O 3 (s)
+ 3 O 2 (g)
+ 3 O 2 (g)
2
H 2
H 1
2Fe(s) + 2Al(s)
By applying Hesss Law,
H r + H 1 = H 2 [1]
H r = H 2 H 1
= H f [Al 2 O 3 (s)] H f [Fe 2 O 3 (s)]
=1669 kJ mol1 (822.0 kJ mol1)
= 847.0 kJ mol1 [1]
(b) From the result above, the reaction is exothermic. [1]
(c)
[3]
Enthalpy
Fe 2 O 3 (s) + 2Al(s)
H r = 847.0 kJ mol1
2Fe(s) + Al 2 O 3 (s)
Reaction coordinate
[3]
48
1
(a) C 6 H 14 (g) + 9 O 2 (g) 6CO 2 (g) + 7H 2 O(l) [1]
2
(b)
H c [C 6 H 14 (g)]
C 6 H 14 (g) +
9
O 2 (g)
+ 9 1 O 2 (g)
6CO 2 (g) +
+6O 2 (g
)H 2
H 1
+ 7 O 2 (g)
2
H 3
6C(s) + 7H 2 (g)
[3]
H 1
1
+ O 2 (g)
2
H 2
Cl 2 (s) + H 2 (g)
O 2 (g) + 2HCl(g)
+O 2 (g)
H 3
[3]
50
H f [N 2 H 4 (l)]
+O 2 (g)
2 H 2
+2O 2 (g)
2 H 1
N 2 H 4 (l)
+3O 2 (g)
H 3
[3]
H r
N 2 (g) + 4H 2 O(g)
H 2
H 1
+2O 2 (g
H 3
)
N 2 (g) + 4H 2 (g)
+2O 2 (g)
[3]
H r
H 1
C(g) + 4H(g)
H 2
C(s) + 2H 2 (g)
By applying Hesss Law,
H r + H 1 = H 2 [1]
[3]
H r = H 2 H 1
(a) 2N 2 H 4 + N 2 O 4 3N 2 + 4H 2 O [1]
(b) By applying Hesss Law,
H = H f (products) H f (reactants) [1]
= 3(0) + 4(241.8) 2(50.6) 9.16 kJ mol1
= 1077.56 kJ mol1 [1]
(c) Heat change = 1077.56 kJ mol1
0.08 mol
[1]
2
= 43.1 kJ
the heat released is 43.1 kJ. [1]
53
54
(a) CH 3 OH(l) +
3
O 2 (g) CO 2 (g) + 2H 2 O(l) [2]
2