University of Santo Tomas

College of Architecture

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 1:

Examples of PHILIPPINE TIMBER

Wood and Wood Products

By: Archt. Chris Luna

First Group

Introduction

Narra most expensive, for floors, doors,

furniture, panelings, veneers

WOOD

Molave for posts & girders, trusses, framings,

floors, jambs, furniture, & other purpose esp.
those exposed to weather

Traditional building material

Easy to work with
Durable
Beautiful
Lightweight
Rust and corrosion free
Ease of fastening
Has varied uses

Yacal & Guijo for posts & girders, jambs,

wooden decks & railings exposed to weather
Pine Benguet for flooring, panelings, sidings
& furniture, also for framings, trusses
Tanguile & Apitong the most common lumber
in the market. Used for framings, joists, trusses,
nailers, etc.

Classification of Trees
Based on broad botanical distinction

Lauan (white & red) for framings, furnitures

Hardwoods
Generally broad-leaved deciduous trees

Kamagong for furnitures

Softwoods
Generally needle-leaved coniferous trees
that bear their seed in cones

Dao for panelings & veneers

Wood Structure

Mahogany

Heartwood is the central core of the log tree

which is composed of inactive cells and serves
only as a mechanical support

Ipil

Almaciga for panelings & veneers

Kalantas
Kalamansanai

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University of Santo Tomas

College of Architecture
Good Lumbering Practice

Radio Frequency Dielectric Drying - using

radio frequency dielectric heat

Lumbering - term applied to the operations

performed in preparing wood for commercial
purposes
1. Rough Lumber
2. Surfaced or Dressed Lumber
S2s smooth on two sides
S4s smooth on four sides
FELLING
Timber felled during summer is more readily
susceptible to mold.

During this period, the quantity of sap is at

its greatest & the state of swelling, acidity,
etc. are very much unfavorable
Defects in Wood:

STORAGE
Timber stored in water after felling reduces
the risks of molds & insect damage
SPLITTING/SAWING
Should take place while the trees is still very
damp
DRYING
70-90% of the original moisture must be
removed from the timber before this could
be used for construction..a reason why
routine drying is important

Caused by Abnormal Growth

Heart shake - radial cracks originating at the
heart of the trees.
Wind/Cup Shake - cracks/breaks across annual
rings of timber
Star Shake - series of heart shakes thus
forming a star-like manner

Due to Deterioration
Dry Rot - the presence of moisture caused by
fungi in seasoned wood
Wet Dry - takes place sometimes in the growth
of the tree caused by water saturation

METHODS OF DRYING TIMBER

Natural - Air-drying
Artificial - Forced air drying used of fans to
booster the circulation of air
Kiln-drying - drying in a large airtight structure,
heated by steam pipes

Causes of Wood Decay:

Alternate moisture & dryness
Fungi & molds
Insects & worms
Heat & confined air

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College of Architecture
Methods of Preservation:

Exposed Structural Member

Molave
Pine Benguet
Yacal
Lauan

Wood preservatives that contain sealers

External - application of preservative coating
Internal - lumber is subjected to pressure &
injected with chemical such as zinc chloride
solution/salt

Paneling
Narra
Pine Benguet
Almaciga
Dao
Furniture & Cabinets
Narra
Molave
Pine Benguet
Almaciga
Kamagong

Application: PHILIPPINE TIMBER

Flooring
Narra
Molave
Pine Benguet
Toog (Phil. Oak)
Doors & Windows
Narra
Tanguile
Apitong
Outdoor Deck
Yacal
Molave
Guijo

Structural Members & Framing

Molave
Yacal
Guijo
Pine Benguet
Building Boards and Papers
Building Boards a group of sheets of building
materials often faced with paper or vinyl,
suitable for use as a finished surface such as
walls and ceiling.
These are boards are flat, relatively thin in
section and have been made to standard sizes
usually by 4 ft. x 8 ft. (1.20 x 2.40 meters).
These building boards are made of several
materials and are often simply called plywood.

Ceiling Panel & Joists

Molave
Pine Benguet
Railing & Balustrade
Narra
Molave
Pine Benguet

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College of Architecture
Properties of Boards / Wood

Types of Building Boards

1. Strong across as well as along the panel,

more plies mean a near equal in strength in
both directions.

1. Plywood - a structural wood made of three

or more layers of veneer joined by glue ,
bonded and laid with grain of each layer is at
right angles to each adjacent layer.
Sub - types are:
marine (waterproof for exterior
facing)
fancy 1 (panelings and cabinets)
ordinary -
form plywood
pre finished paneling
3/16 (
paper overlaid, printed series, book
matched and ribbon grained )

2. Shrinking and swelling can be neutralize

because wood grains run in one direction in
half while the other half is at right angles.
3. Split in its plane is impossible, because of
successive layers at right angles to each
other, thus nails and screws can be driven
close to the edge of the panels.

4. Plywood can bent more easily than ordinary

wood of the same thickness.
5. The curvature depends on thickness and is
limited by strength of outer pile in tension
and inner piles in compression.
6. Plywood offers innumerable possibilities for
decoration because of great variety in colors
and textures.

2. Hardboard made from processed wood

chips or fibers subjected to high pressure
steam in pressure vessels, released and
exploded forming into filtered cellulose.
Unwanted chips are separated and then
mixed into homogenous mass and poured
into continuous board then later compressed
into sheets. They are uniform, hard,
grainless, smooth and with overlaps. Used
for interior panels and durable sidings.

7. Decorative effects is also possible to the

face ply by pressure, sandblasting or etching
with wire brushes

Grades of Hardboard:
Standard light, bendable; light brown and
not suitable for exteriors.
Tempered Hardboard brittle and stiff but
resistant to water penetration, ideal for
exterior. (Example MDF)
Low Density not as strong and durable as
1 & 2, for decorative boards and often used
as blackboard

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College of Architecture
cotton wool, whereas brown and
blue asbestos look similar to crushed
timber but on a much smaller scale
Asbestos fibers and dust are potentially
very dangerous if inhaled in higher
concentrations over a period of time.

Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF)

MDF is a type of hardboard, which is
made from wood fibers glued under heat
and pressure.
Because MDF has no grain it can be
cut, drilled, machined and filed without
damaging the surface
MDF contains a substance called urea
formaldehyde, which may be released
from the material through cutting and
sanding. Urea formaldehyde may cause
irritation to the eyes and lungs

Two Basic Grades

Insulating Grade for insulating
decorative panels and ceiling tiles with
V- notch plaster base
Sheathing Grade surfaces and edges
are coated with asphalt and or with
fibers impregnated with asphalt during
manufacture
Two Types
Cane Fiberboard shredded cane and
processed into fibers.
Mineral Fiberboard made from
asbestos fibers mixed with cementing
agent ideal for fireproofing and
acoustical purposes.
4. Chipboard
Made from building board particles & a
binder
(phenolic
resin/urea
formaldehyde glue) often faced with
veneer.

3. Insulating Fiberboard
Made from fibrous material like wood &
sugarcane formed into board using
asbestos as binder.
Woods fibers made from sheared 5/8
chips then pressured and softened into
live steam.
Asbestos is a fibrous mineral. It is hard
to describe its appearance but
white asbestos has a look similar to
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Lends itself to a range of stain and paint

finishes for indoor use while its weather
resistance make it valuable for outdoor
installation.
It can also be laminated for plywood as
interior finishing. Used for sub - flooring,
interior and exterior walls.

University of Santo Tomas

College of Architecture

Sub - types are:

Plain unsanded, sanded on one side
and sanded on two sides.
Patterned one grooved surface either
evenly or random.

6. Gypsum Board (or plaster board or

drywall or wall board) - a wall board
having a gypsum core
A soft white or gray mineral consisting of
hydrated calcium sulfate occurs chiefly
in sedimentary deposits.
It is manufactured thermal treatment of
gypsum into a plaster. The addition of
Boric Acid to the slurry yields significant
improvements in product performance,
user
convenience,
and
process
efficiency.

5. Particle Board made from hardboard

from relatively small particles, graduated
from coarse at the center of the board to
fine at the surface to produce a smooth
dense surface.
Both sides and one side of surface are
sanded while edges are filled according
to particular uses.
It may serve as a base applied with
wood veneers, plastic laminates, printed
wood grains and chalkboard coating.
Used for shelving, millwork and other
furniture manufacturing.
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College of Architecture
Variations:
Special paper face where wood patterns
can be printed and can be nailed with
colored nails
Glue laminated to an interior surface to
produce a wood grain effect.
Vinyl sheet faced made to imitate a
textile surface held by glue or aluminum
or plastic moldings.

7. Strawboard - hardboard made of

compressed wheat straw, processed at
350F - 400F with tough Kraft paper

8. Asbestos Cement Board - a dense,

rigid, board containing high proportion of
asbestos fibers bonded with Portland
cement.
Resistant to fire, flame and weathering
but low resistance of heat flow.
Used as building form in sheet form and
corrugated sheeting. All types must be
drilled for insertion of screws, bolts sand
other fasteners.

9. Corkboard - from outer bark of oak

tree, its granules are mixed with
synthetic resin, compressed and formed
into sheet from 1 6 and baked under
pressure into rigid boards.
Used exclusively as thermal insulating
material and for vibration control.

Grades
Structural board 2 thick used for
non- bearing partitions, plaster base,
insulator, exterior sheathing, roof
decking, and inner form face for
concrete basement wall.
Insulation grade 2 thick, intended
primarily for roof deck insulation.
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College of Architecture
10. Paperboard

12. Plastic foam boards

Either:
A paper pulp pressed into boards 3/16,
or thick, 4 wide, and 6-8 long.
Usually one surface is primed for easier
finishing
A layer of stiff paper folded into
corrugated form and faced on both sides
with a thick paper backing, cemented to
the core

Polystyrene & polyurethane plastics are

formed by a patented process to about
40x their original volume.
The foamed material is molded into
boards from - 3 thick, 12 or 24 wide
and from 12 long
Used for perimeter insulation for
concrete slabs, for wall and roof-deck
insulation, and for roof decks when
properly supported.
These plastic boards have high
insulation value and relatively high
compressive strength, and are flexible
enough to fit over curved surface.

11. Mineral fiberboard

Thick mats of mineral fibers (glass/rock
wool) covered with a backing of stiff
paper on one or both sides to form rigid
boards, ranging in thickness from to
1
The usual board size is 2 x 4 & is used
for roof deck insulation & is cemented to
the deck with asphalt adhesive.

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