Module 11 French

ACI 318-14:
Reorganized for Design

Chapter 19 Concrete: Design and
Durability
WWW.CONCRETE.ORG/ACI318
Ch. 19 Concrete: Design and Durability

Requirements
Gathers all concrete-related design
properties and durability requirements
Limits on fc
Equations for design properties
Durability requirements for concrete
Durability requirements for grout
AmericanConcreteInstitute2015.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublication
maybereproduced,copied,distributed,ortransmittedinanyform.
How is this chapter used?

Referenced in whole by member chapters
Used as a reference and a checklist
Design properties
Analysis
Strength
Durability requirements
Specifications
Drawings
Durability Requirements
What is durability?
How does the Code address it?
(Credit:PCA)
Durability is a function of several factors
Materials
Mixture proportions
Environment
Design
Construction
Code approach to durability

Limit materials, proportions, and strength of
concrete for particular exposures
Limit permeability
Rely on limits for w/cm
Allowable supplementary cementitious
materials
Balance with shrinkage and cracking
Strength limited as a test of w/cm
Exposure categories
Code requirements address 4 exposures
F Freezing and thawing cycles

S Sulfates
W In contact with water *
C Corrosion protection of reinforcement
Not applicable to severe exposure

Refer to ACI 201.2R-08, Guide to Durable
Concrete
Freezing and Thawing

Cycles of freezing thawing
Internal moisture
Better resistance if properly cured and with
longer time before first cycle
Dry concrete (<~75%-80% internal RH)
normally immune
Different forms of damage
Air entrainment
Freezing and Thawing
(Credit:CTLGroup)
Freezing and Thawing Scaling
(Credit:CTLGroup)
10
Freezing and Thawing Popouts
(Credit:CTLGroup)
11
Freeze Thaw Resistance vs. Air Entrainment
(Credit:PCA)
12
Test for air content *

Concrete air content shall be measured in
accordance with ASTM C231 or ASTM C173 (ACI
318-14, 19.3.3.2) *
ASTM C231 Standard Test Method for Air Content of
Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Pressure Method
ASTM C173 Standard Test Method for Air Content of
Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Volumetric Method
13
Freeze Thaw Resistance vs. w/c
Type I
cement
(Credit:PCA)
14
Exposure Category F
Class
Condition(Table19.3.1.1)
Examples(TableR19.3.1)
F0
Concretenotexposed to
freezingandthawingcycles
Nonfreezing climates
Interior members
Foundationsnotexposedtofreezing
Membersburiedbelowthefrostline
F1
Concreteexposedtofreezing
andthawingcycleswith
limitedexposure towater
Membersnotsubjecttosnowandice
accumulation,
Foundationwalls,dependingupontheir
likelihoodofbeingsaturated
F2
frequentexposure towater
Memberssubjecttosnowandice
accumulation, suchasexteriorelevatedslabs
Foundationwallsextendingabovegrade with
snowandicebuildupagainstthem
frequentexposuretowater
andexposuretodeicing
chemicals
Membersexposedtodeicingchemicals,such
ashorizontalmembersinparkingstructures
Foundationorbasementwallsextending
abovegradethatcanexperienceaccumulation
ofsnowandicewithdeicingchemicals
15
F3
Exposure Category F (Table 19.3.2.1)

Class
Max.
w/cm
Min.fc,
psi
AirContent
Limitsoncementitious
materials
F0
N/A
2500
N/A
N/A
F1
0.55*
3500*
Table19.3.3.1
N/A
F2
0.45
4500
Table19.3.3.1
N/A
F3
0.40*
5000*
Table19.3.3.1
26.4.2.2(b)
Nominalmaximum
aggregatesize,in.
Targetaircontent,%
F1
F2andF3
3/4
4.5
11/2
4.5
5.5
16
Max. w/cm ratio and min. fc *

Changes in Table 19.3.2.1 F1 and F3 exposure
classes
Exposure
Class
Max.w/cm
ACI31811
Min. fc
Max.w/cm
ACI31814
Min. fcI,psi
F0
N/A
2500
N/A
2500
F1 *
0.45
4500
0.55
3500
F2
0.45
4500
0.45
4500
F3 *
0.45
4500
0.40
5000
17
Sulfate Attack
Sources:
Sulfate bearing soils
Sulfate bearing groundwater
Sea water
Factors affecting reaction rate

Soil saturation
Temperature
Concentration
How to minimize possible deterioration

18
Sulfate Attack
(Credit:PCA)
19
Sulfate Attack
TypeVcement,w/c=0.65
TypeVcement,w/c=0.39
(Credit:PCA)
20
10
Sulfate Attack
How to minimize
possible
deterioration
Low w/c
Minimize cracking
Appropriate cement
type / other
cementitious
materials
(Credit:PCA)
21
Exposure Category S (Table 19.3.1.1)

Class Watersolublesulfate(SO42)in Dissolvedsulfate(SO42)inwater,ppm
soil,percentbymass
S0
SO42 <0.10
SO42 <150
S1
0.10SO42 <0.20
150SO42 <1500
orseawater
S2
0.20SO42 <2.00
1500SO42 <10,000
S3
SO42 >2.00
SO42 >10,000
22
11
Exposure Category S (Table 19.3.2.1)

Class
Max.
w/cm
Min.fc,
psi
Cementitiousmaterials,type
S0
N/A
2500
S1
0.50
4000
II
IP,IS,orIT
with(MS)
MS
S2
0.45
4500
IP,IS,orIT
with(HS)
HS
S3
0.45
4500
C150
C595
C1157
Calciumchloride
admixture
Norestriction
V+
IP,IS,orIT
Pozz or with(HS)+
slag
Pozz orslag
Norestriction
Notpermitted
HS +
Pozz or
slag
Notpermitted
23
Cement types *
Blended hydraulic cement type IT permitted
Exposure
Class
ASTMC595
ACI31811
ACI31814
S0
Notyperestriction
Notyperestriction
S1 *
IP(MS),IS(<70)(MS)
TypesIP,IS,orIT with
(MS)designation
S2 *
IP(HS)IS(<70)(HS)
(HS)designation
S3 *
IP(HS)+pozzolan or
slag||orIS(<70)(HS)
+
pozzolan orslag
(HS)designationplus
pozzolansorslag
cement
24
12
Water penetration
Factors affecting
permeability
Low w/cm
Extended curing
(Credit:PCA)
25
Exposure Category W
Class
W0
W1
Condition
Example
Concretedryinservice
Interiorconcrete
Concreteincontactwithwaterand
lowpermeabilityisnotrequired
Concreteincontactwithwaterand Foundationwallbelowthewatertable
lowpermeabilityisrequired
Class
Max. w/cm
Min.fc,psi
Limitsoncementitious
materials
W0
N/A
2500
None
W1
0.50
4000
None
26
13
Corrosion
Mechanism
Chlorides
Carbonation
Galvanic coupling
Expansion of
corrosion products
Factors affecting
corrosion
(Credit:CTLGroup)
27
Corrosion
How to minimize
possible
deterioration:
Increased cover
Low permeability
concrete (low
w/c, SCM)
Corrosion
inhibiting
admixtures
(Credit:CTLGroup)
28
14
Exposure Category C (Table 19.3.1.1)

Class
Condition
Examples
C0
Concretedryorprotectedfrom
moisture
Interior concrete
Concreteexposedtomoisture
butnottoanexternalsourceof
chlorides
Grade beams,exteriorwalls
Concreteexposedtomoisture
andanexternalsourceof
chloridesfromdeicing
chemicals,salt,brackishwater,
seawater,orsprayfromthese
sources
Parkingdeck,buildingwallnear
roadway
C1
C2
29
Exposure Category C (Table 19.3.2.1)

Class
Max.
w/cm
Min.fc,
psi
Maximumwatersolublechlorideion
(Cl)contentinconcrete,percentby
weightofcement
Nonprestressed
concrete
Prestressed
concrete
C0
N/A
2500
1.00
0.06
C1
N/A
2500
0.30
0.06
C2
0.40
5000
0.15
0.06
Additional
provisions
None
Cover per20.6
30
15
Cooling tower foundation example

Exposures
Freezing-and-thawing
Sulfates
Corrosion
31
ACI 318-14:
Reorganized for Design
Chapter 20 Steel, Reinforcement
Properties, Durability, and Embedments
32
16
Steel
Chapter sub-headings
Scope
Nonprestressed bars and wires
Prestressing strands, wires, and bars
Structural steel, pipe, and tubing for
composite columns
20.5 Headed shear stud reinforcement
20.6 Provisions for durability of steel
reinforcement
20.7 Embedments
20.1
20.2
20.3
20.4
33
Steel, Reinforcement Properties, Durability,

and Embedments
Referenced in whole by member chapters
Used as a reference and a checklist
Design requirements
Analysis
Strength
Durability requirements
34
17
Nonprestressed bars and wires

Material properties
Method of determining yield strength *
Allowable standards by application
Design properties
Modulus of elasticity
Yield strength
Limits based on application
Summary Tables 20.2.2.4a and b
35
Yield strength determination *

318-11, 3.5.3.2: for bars with fy at
least 60,000 psi, the yield strength shall
be taken as the stress corresponding
to a strain of 0.35 percent.
318-14, 20.2.1.2: Yield strength shall
be determined by either (a) or (b):
(a) The offset method, using an offset
of 0.2 percent in accordance with
ASTM A370 *
(b) The yield point by the halt-of-force
method, provided the nonprestressed
bar or wire has a sharp-kneed or welldefined yield point.
36
18
Several tables created *
37
Elongation of ASTM A615 steel *

For seismic design, elongation % based on bar size
Match elongation of ASTM A615 with ASTM A706
Grade 60 deformed bars *
Provides adequate ductility (minimum
tensile/yield ratio of 1.25) (ACI 318-14, 20.2.2.5)
38
19
Clarify language *
318-11, 3.5.6.2: Wire, strands, and bars not
specifically listed in ASTM A421, A416, or A722
are allowed provided they do not have
properties that make them less satisfactory
than those listed in ASTM A421, A416, or A722.
318-14, 20.3.1.3: Prestressing strands, wires, and
bars not listed in ASTM A416, A421, or A722 are
permitted provided they are shown by test
or analysis not to impair the performance of
the member.*
39
Max. tensile strength of prestressing

reinforcement *
Summary of maximum permitted design
values for prestressing strand, wire, and bar *
40
20
Provisions for durability

Cover
Minimum specified cover based
on exposure, member, and bar
size
Does not consider fire protection
Development/splice length
considerations
Reinforcement coatings
Prestressing component
protection
41
Post-tensioning friction losses *

The Code no longer has a prescriptive
method. *
The commentary states that estimation of
friction losses in post-tensioned tendons is
addressed in PTI TAB.1. *
42
21

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ACI 318-14:

Reorganized for Design

Ch. 19 Concrete: Design and Durability

How is this chapter used?

Durability is a function of several factors

Code approach to durability

F Freezing and thawing cycles

Not applicable to severe exposure

Freezing and Thawing

Freezing and Thawing

Freezing and Thawing Scaling

Freezing and Thawing Popouts

Freeze Thaw Resistance vs. Air Entrainment

Test for air content *

Freeze Thaw Resistance vs. w/c

Exposure Category F (Table 19.3.2.1)

Max. w/cm ratio and min. fc *

Factors affecting reaction rate

How to minimize possible deterioration

Exposure Category S (Table 19.3.1.1)

Exposure Category S (Table 19.3.2.1)

Exposure Category C (Table 19.3.1.1)

Exposure Category C (Table 19.3.2.1)

Cooling tower foundation example

Steel, Reinforcement Properties, Durability,

Nonprestressed bars and wires

Summary Tables 20.2.2.4a and b

Yield strength determination *

Several tables created *

Elongation of ASTM A615 steel *

Max. tensile strength of prestressing

Provisions for durability

Post-tensioning friction losses *

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