Power Flow Control of Micro Grid in Islanded Mode Operation

IPASJ International Journal of Electrical Engineering (IIJEE)
Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJEE/IIJEE.htm

Email: editoriijee@ipasj.org
ISSN 2321-600X
A Publisher for Research Motivation........
Volume 3, Issue 10, October 2015
Power Flow Control of Micro Grid in Islanded

Mode Operation
A.Ramesh1, P.Sravan Kumar2, S.V.D.Anil Kumar3
1
A.Ramesh, PG Scholar(Power Systems), Department of EEE, St.Anns College Of Engineering &Technology ,Chirala,
Andhra Pradesh ,India,
P.Sravan Kumar, Asst. Professor, Department of EEE ,St. Anns College Of Engineering &Technology ,Chirala, Andhra
Pradesh,India,
3
S.V.D.Anil Kumar, Assoc. Professor & HOD, Department of EEE , St.Anns College Of Engineering &Technology
,Chirala,Andhra Pradesh, India,
ABSTRACT
This paper proposes the control strategy to improve the system operation performance. The proposed micro grid consists of a
photovoltaic array, proton exchange membrane fuel cell and lithium ion storage battery. The battery is included in the micro
grid to reduce the burden of the power generated by the micro grid during the peak period. An overall energy management
system is also implemented for the micro grid to coordinate load sharing among different DG units during both grid-connected
and islanded operation. The total system improves the controlling of power Quality and Reliability of the system that the micro
grid is connected to. Kalman filters used to extract the harmonic component of the distorted source voltage and load current,
and estimate the gain and THD. The simulation results shows that the functions of the Distributed Generation Units in the
Micro Grid can be in corporate efficiently under the proposed controller to ensure the stable operation of the overall grid.
Keywords: Distributed Generation(DG) inverters, Micro Grid, Kalman Filters, Output Regulation Control,UPQC.
1. INTRODUCTION
Distributed generation (DG) has been reincarnate after its demise by centralized generation. However, DG integration
into distribution networks leads to a number of challenges. The most interesting micro grid's applications currently are
wind power and solar applications So this research limits itself to energy from sun and wind without being unmindful
of other DG technologies. Micro grids are systems which operate with different types of loads and micro sources. Due
to high penetration of distributed generation (DG) units with different types of loads can cause power quality and power
control issues An example of the micro grid is shown in Fig. 1, grid connected and islanding being the two operation
modes of this system. In grid-connected mode, the grid dominates most of the system dynamics and no significant
issues need to be addressed except the power flow control, whereas in the islanding mode, once the isolating switch
disconnects the utility due to network fault or market decision, the micro sources directly influence the system
dynamics, thus a reliable operation can be only achieved by adopting an adequate control mode.
Figure 1:An Example of Micro Grid

The integration of DG units in the distribution grid will lead to a more complex flow of real and reactive power, which
can change the voltage profile at the load side during normal operations, and a more complex flow of fault currents for
any fault occurring in the micro grid. A voltage and frequency droop control methods are used for sharing active and
reactive power from multiple distributed generation units The total load demand shared by multiple DG units with
different conventional droop control. The power sharing at the steady state is always accurate while reactive power
sharing is sensitive to the impacts of mismatched feeder impedance. For a networked micro grid configuration with
Page 1


ISSN 2321-600X
linear and non linear loads, the reactive power sharing is more challenging. For improvement of reactive power sharing
and control in networked micro grid, a control method is introduced to reduce reactive power sharing errors by
injecting a small real power disturbance.
This paper represents the micro source devices are connected to the utility grid through dc to dc converters and voltage
source inverters at the point of common coupling (PCC).Tests will be conducted using the proposed micro grid and its
control system on the following technical issues:
1) Power quality improvement in the distribution grid;
2) Real and reactive power management during grid-connected
and islanded operations;
3) Network voltage changes
As such modern control theories are used to implement the system. Such controllers presents in this paper as output
regulation based controller (ORC).This controller regulates the dc link voltage of the system
2.SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
The figure2 shows the configuration of micro grid presented in this paper that is operated to operate grid connected and
islanded mode of operation. The proposed micro grid consists of 15KVA micro turbine (MT), 5KW photovoltaic array.
The PV array is connected to grid through dc to dc converter and voltage source inverter (VSI). The micro grid and pv
array operates as primary generation units. 20Ah of lithium ion storage battery (SB) and 5KW proton exchange
membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The SB is connected to grid through buck boost converter and VSI. The PEMFC and SB
are back up protection of the PV array and will supply. The power for any shortage in the generated power to ensure the
stable operation of the overall system. When the fault occurs on the upstream of the distribution network the circuit
breaker is disconnect the micro grid from utility grid Then the generation of the main DGs units are able to meet the
load demand the system must be stable otherwise PEMFC and SB are supply the power unless it cannot meet the load
demand shutdown the system completely.
The dc-link voltages of the DG inverters are regulated by their respective rectifier, dc/dc boost converter, and
bidirectional dc/dc buck-boost converter at a desired voltage as seen in Fig. 2 and the respective DG unit will deliver
the necessary power to maintain the power balance in the dc-link. During grid-connected operation, the power balance
of the overall distribution system is achieved through the distribution grid. However, when the micro grid transits to
operate islanded from the distribution grid, the SB and the PEMFC stack can maintain the power balance in the
distribution system according to the following power balance equation
Pmt+Pav+Pb+Pfc=PL --------------- (1)
Here Pmt and Ppv are power delivered by the MT and PV array. And Pb is the storage battery power subjected to
charging and discharging constraints is shown in the figure 2.
Pb Pb,max
--------------- (2)
Figure 2: Overall proposed micro grid system
Page 2


ISSN 2321-600X
Figure 3: Operation of the SB during gridconnected operation

Pfc is the power delivered by the PEMFC and PL is the load power .The storage battery energy constraints is given by
SOCmin < SOC SOCmax
-----------(3)
SOC of the battery cannot be determined directly, it can be find by different techniques is presented.
Figure 4: Operation of the SB and PEMFC stack during islanded operation

2.1 DG Inverter Modeling:
The figure shows the single phase circuit representation of DG inverters during grid connected and islanded operation
respectively. The output voltage across the DG inverters is UjVdcj Where Uj is the control input i.e j=1,2. And Lf,Cf is
the filter which protects from the high switching frequency harmonic. Rf is the resistance loss of the DG inverter. The
load current iL is the sum of current delivered to the load. iL includes the fundamental and harmonic component
therefore iL can be written as
iL =iL1+iL2 =iLf+iLh
=iLfsin(wt-Lf)+ Nh=3,5.iLhsin(hwt+Lh)
=iLf,p+iLf,q+iLh
------------- (4)
Where Lf and Lh are the respective phase angles of the fundamental and harmonic component of the load current
iL..The current supplied by the DG inverter is given by
IDGj=(iLf,p-ig)+iLf,q+iLh ------------
(5)
Page 3

ISSN 2321-600X
Figure5: Equivalent circuit of DG inverter of during grid-connected
Figure 6: Equivalent circuit of DG inverter of during Islanded connected

Where ig is the grid current. With the power electronics devices, the micro grid current img and grid voltage Vg could be
distorted. The grid voltage is also fundamental and harmonic components can be written as
Vg=Vf+Vh =Vf sinwt+ Nh=3,5 Vh sin(hwt-h)
-------------------- (6)
Where h is the harmonic component of the grid voltage. For compensate the harmonic in Vg the series voltage source
inverter injects the voltage is given by
Vinj=Vh Vz Vt
-------- (7)
Vt and Vz is the voltage drop across the line impedance and voltage drop across the equivalent leakage reactance of the
series connected transformer respectively. To derive the state space model of the DG inverter during grid connected and
islanded operations, is to simply apply the Kirchhoffs voltage and current law to the network is shown in the figure 7.
ij-
VDGJ+
ij-
iDGj
Uj -------(8)
------------- (9)
Figure 7: Single--phase representation of the DG inverter during both grid--connected and islanded operations
Page 4

ISSN 2321-600X
Where ij is the current flowing through Lfj.therefore grid connected DG inverter can be modeled in state space can be
written as
=Agjxgj+Bgj1 vj+Bgj2uj ------------- (9)
ygj=Cgjxgj+Dgj1vj+Dgj2uj --------- (10)
Where g represents the grid connected operation and j represents the operation of the DG inverter
(j=1,2)(1=MT,2=PV).
Agj=
;Bgj1=
Cgj=1;Dgj1=[0
xgj=ij is the state vj=[vdgj
; Bgj2=
-Cfj]];Dgj2=0
] is the exogenous input,uj is the control input, with -1uj 1; and ygj= iDGj is the output.
The islanded operation of SB and PEMFC is derived in state space model is obtained
ij=Aijxij+Bgj1 ij+Bij2uj -------------- (11)
yij=Cijxij+Dgj1ij+Dij2uj ---------- (12)
Where i denotes model of the DG inverters j during islanded operation. where j=1,2,3,4 and
Aij=
;Bij1=
;Bij2=
; Cij=
;Dij1=
;Dij2=
With Cfr =4j=1Cfj ;xij= [ ij VDGj ]T T is the stete vector; I rj =iL-nj in is the exogenous input of the DG inverter j; u j is
the control input , with -1 u j 1 and yij= [VDGj iDGj ]T is the output, which will regulated to track the desired
reference. can be derived using a Kalman filter applied to the output yij= [VDGj iDGj ]T.
3. Unified Power Quality Conditioner Topology
The Unified Power Quality Conditioner is a custom power device that is employed in the distribution system to mitigate
the disturbances that affect the performance of sensitive and/or critical load.
Figure 8: Functional Block Diagram of UPQC Controller:

The main components of a UPQC are series and shunt power converters, DC link, low-pass passive filter and high-pass
passive filters, and series transformer and shunt transformers.
Page 5


ISSN 2321-600X
Figure 9: Equivalent single-phase representation of the UPQC:
Figure 10: The equivalent single-phase representation of the UPQC in a power distribution system .
4 CONTROL METHODOLOGY
The aim of the controller is to maintain the output of the plant is y=(vmg ig)T it is to track the reference signal r=( vmg
*ig*)T , under a periodic disturbance (vmg ig)T . The reference signals vmg* and ig * both are pure sine waves 50Hz
frequency without any harmonic distortions.
4.1 Model of the exogenous signal
The exogenous signals vg ,iL ,vmg * ,ig * are periodic signals all those are represented in state space model. For example
vg can be expressed in state space model is
vg =Avg vg
vg=C vg vg
------------
(12)
(13)
---------------
(14)
------------
iL ,vmg * ,ig* are modeled into state space form

=T
(vg iL)T =w +w
r=(vmg* ig*)T= d
-----------(15)
----------- (16)
Which is called as exogenous system is presented in this paper.

4.2
Output based regulation controller (ORC)
Subtitling the exogenous equations into the state space model of the plant, the following model is obtained
=Ax+B0 +B2u -------------- (17)
y=Cx+D0 +D2u
------------- (18)
Page 6

ISSN 2321-600X

the control law for the OR is proposed as
u=U +F(x-X )
----------(19)
Where u is the control signal which generated by the controller used for switching scheme for the plant. x and are the
outputs of the exogenous and plant kalman filter.
X=AX+BO+B2U
CX+DO+D2U
------------ (20)
---------- (21)
(x-X )=(A+B2F)(x-X )-------- (22)

e=(C+D2F)(x-X )
-----------23)
Where e is the error tracking (y-r). F can be find from the (A+B2F) is Hurwitz and the closed loop system is stable.the
model of ORC is shown in figure below.
C.Kalman Filters
The existence of harmonics in any power system is increasingly drawing attention due to wide applications of power
electronic devices. These harmonics are not desirable because they degrade power quality and lead to stability
problems. Kalman Filter model shows some limitations in noisy environment.
In this paper a model of Kalman Filter with ORC is used for harmonic estimation in the micro grid.
Figure 11:The Model Of Out put Regulation Controller
V. SIMULATION RESULTS
The simulation model of the micro grid is implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK is shown in the figure. The micro
grid consists of two types of loads i.e non liner and linear loads rated of PL1= 15KW, Q L1=9.7KVAr and PL2=5KW, Q
L2=3KVAr are respectively.
Assessment 1: Power Quality Improvement With Load Sharing During Grid-Connected Operation
This assessment demonstrates that the improvement of power quality of the distribution network during grid connected
operation and mitigation of harmonic injection in the distribution network during grid connected operation. In this
mode of operation the storage battery is charging and stores the energy for 0t0 .4sec.The total load current is the
summation of the micro grid current and current supplied by the grid current.
During steady-state condition, the total harmonic distortion (THD) value of Grid Voltage is as shown in Figure 14.
With the main DG unit compensating for the harmonic contents as shown in Figure 10 the THD value of Vg is
improved to about 0.43% as shown in Figure 14. To achieve power factor correction at the grid side, the main DG unit
is also controlled to provide the reactive component V Lf,q of the current Vg is as shown in figure 13.
The waveform of load current iL1 (top), current supplied by the DG1(middle) and grid current (bottom) is shown in the
figure. The below figure shows the grid voltage and current wave form.
The total real and reactive power delivered by the load is 20KW and 12.7KVAr during connected mode of operation
the DG1 inverter and DG2 inverter shares the power is DG1=7.5KW and DG2 is 3KW is shown in the figure. Reactive
power supplied the load is shares the DG1 and DG2
Page 7

ISSN 2321-600X
50
C
U
R
R
E
N
T
(A
)
L
O
A
D
1
-50
0.1
C
U
R
R
E
N
T
(A
)
D
G1
0.15
0.2
0.15
0.2
0.25
TIME(SEC)
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.3
0.35
0.4
100
50
0
-50
-100
0.1
TIME(SEC)
C
U
R
R
E
N
T
(A
)
G
R
ID
50
-50
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
TIME(SEC)
Figure 12: load1current (top),DG1current (middle),gridcurrent(bottom)

80
VOLTAGE(V)
CURRENT(A)
60
C
U
R
R
E
N
T
(A
)
V
O
L
T
A
G
E
(V
)
40
20
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
TIME(SEC)
0.3
0.35
0.4
Figure:13 voltage and current waveform of grid
Figure:14 FFT analysis of Grid Voltage
Page 8

ISSN 2321-600X

15000
R
E
A
LP
O
W
E
R
(K
W
)
10000
5000
x 10
0.5
1.5
2.5
TIME(SEC)
3. 5
4. 5
5
x 10
R
E
A
C
T
IV
EP
O
W
E
R
(K
V
A
R
)
-1
-2
-3
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
TIME(SEC)
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
Figure:15: Power Supplied by MTG

14000
REALPOWER(KW)
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
Figure:16 Power Supplid by PV array
Page 9

ISSN 2321-600X
The residual power is supplied by the grid is shown in thefigure.13. 7.5KW (50% of PL1) and 2KW(20% of PL2).
10000
9000
R
E
A
LP
O
W
E
R
(W
A
T
T
S
)
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
TIME(SEC)
0.3
0.35
0.4
REACTI VE POWER DELI VERED BY THE GRID

1
R
E
A
C
T
I
V
E
P
O
W
E
R
(K
V
A
R
)
0. 8
0. 6
0. 4
0. 2
0
-0. 2
-0. 4
-0. 6
-0. 8
-1
0.05
0. 1
0. 15
0. 2
0.25
TI ME(SEC)
0.3
0. 35
0.4
Figure 17: Power Supplid by Grid

Assessment 2: load sharing during Islanded operation:
This assessment verifies the islanded mode operation of micro grid. The circuit breaker is primarily fully cut off, when
ever fault occurs on the main grid network, the circuit breaker disconnects the micro grid from the grid. This test is
employed to for a moment to provide the sharing of real and reactive power of storage battery SB and PEMFC. During
the interval of 0t0.4sec, at 0.2sec the circuit breaker switch opened, the amount of real power delivered by the SB
and PEMFC is shown in the figure.16.at t=0.2 sec the SB is supplies the 3.28KW and PEMFC is supplies the
2.28KW.Iinitially the SB is idle or charge now in islanded mode the SB is supplies the power is shown in the figure.17
.The real power is supplied by the MT and PV array is increased
Figure 18:FFT analysis of MT Voltage In Islanded Mode
Page 10

ISSN 2321-600X
During Islanded mode condition, the total harmonic distortion (THD) value of MT Voltage is as shown in Figure 18.
With the main DG unit compensating for the harmonic contents,the THD value of Vmt is improved to about 0.10% as
shown in Figure 18.
POWER DELIVERED BY MICRO TURBINE
14000
12000
M
TPOW
ER(W
)
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
TIME(SEC)
Figure 19: Power delivered by MTG

POWER DELIVERED BY PV ARRAY
5000
4500
4000
POW
ER(W
)
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
TIME(SEC)
Figure 20: Power delivered by PV array
POWER DELIVERED BY BATTERY

4000
3500
POW
ER(W
)
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
TIME(SEC)
Figure 21: Power delivered by battery
Page 11

ISSN 2321-600X
POWER DELIVERED BY FUEL CELL

4000
3500
POWER(W)
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
TIME(SEC)
Figure 22: Power deliverd by PEMFC

VOLTAGE AND CURRENT WAVEFORM OF LINEAR LOAD
V
O
L
T
A
G
E
(V
O
L
T
S)
500
-500
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
TIME(SEC)
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
TIME(SEC)
0.7
0.8
0.9
C
U
R
R
E
N
T
(A
M
P)
10
-5
-10
Figure 23:Voltage and Current waveforms of Linear Load
Figure 24:Voltage and Current waveforms of Non-Linear Load
Page 12


ISSN 2321-600X
VI. CONCLUSION
This paper presents the functioning of micro grid during both grid connected and islanded mode of operation and has
been presented with the help of MATLAB/SIMULINK. The considered system incorporates with kalman filter in the
control design and is to observe the gain and extracts the harmonic contents in the supply voltage and load current.
The results obtained validate that the micro grid can handle different loading conditions effectively during grid
connected and islanded mode of operations. From these test results the proposed micro grid system improves the power
quality and stability.
REFERENCES
[1]. Centralized Control for Parallel Operation of Distributed Generation Inverters in Microgrids K. T. Tan, Student
Member, IEEE, X.Y. Peng, Student Member, IEEE, P. L. So, Senior Member, IEEE,Y. C. Chu, Senior Member,
IEEE, and M. Z. Q. Chen, Member, IEEE,IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID, VOL. 3, NO. 4,
DECEMBER 2012
[2]. Grid and Islanded Operation of aDistribution Generation Inverters in aMicrogrid, International Electrical
Engineering Journal (IEEJ) Vol. 5 (2014) No.10, pp. 1553-1558 ISSN 2078-2365
[3]. M. Pascal, G. Garcera, E. Figueres, and F. G. Espn, Robust modelfollowing control of parallel UPS singlephase inverters, IEEE Trans.Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 8, pp. 28702883, Aug. 2008.
[4]. K. H. Kwan, Y. C. Chu, and P. L. So, Model-based H control of a unified power quality conditioner, IEEE
Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 56,no. 7, pp. 24932502, Jul. 2009.
[5]. S. Mohana Priya, K. Keerthana, Regulating Unified Power Quality Conditioner Output Using Kalman Filters,
ICAEM,pp.62-73.
[6]. Z. L. Lin, A. A. Stoorvogel, and A. Saberi, Output regulation for linear systems subject to input saturation,
Automatica, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 2947, Jan. 1996.
[7]. M. Coleman, C. K. Lee, C. Zhu, and W. G. Hurley, State-of-charge determination from EMF voltage estimation:
Using impedance, terminal voltage, and current for lead-acid and lithium-ion batteries, IEEE Trans. Ind.
Electron., vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 25502557, Oct. 2007.
[8]. J.M.Guerrero, J. Matas, L. Garcade Vicua, M. Castilla, and J.Miret, Decentralized control for parallel operation
of distributed generation inverters using resistive output impedance, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 54, no. 2,
pp. 9941004, Apr. 2007
[9]. Paolo Piagi , Member, IEEE, Robert H. Lasseter, Fellow, IEEE, Autonomous Control of Micro grids IEEE PES
Meeting, Montreal, June 2006.
[10]. A. Gosh and G. Ledwich, Power Quality Enhancement Using Custom Power Devices. Norwell, MA: Kluwer,
2002, pp. 380406.
[11]. K. T. Tan, IEEE, P. L. So, IEEE, Y. C. Chu, IEEE, and M. Z. Q. Chen, A Flexible AC Distribution System
Device for a Micro grid,Ieee transactions on energy conversion, vol. 28, no. 3, september 2013
[12]. J. A. Macias and A. Gomez, Self-tuning of Kalman filters for harmonic computation, IEEE Trans. Power Del.,
vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 501503, Jan. 2006.
[13]. Gowtham.D, R.Rajasekar, Effective Islanding Operation for PV Connected Distributed Generation System with
Synchronous Frame Controller, International Electrical Engineering Journal (IEEJ) Vol. 5 (2014) No.4, pp. 13351340 ISSN 2078-2365.
[14]. L. H. Tey, P. L. So, and Y. C. Chu, Improvement of power quality using adaptive shunt active filter, IEEE
Trans. Power Del., vol. 20, no. 2,pp. 15581568, Apr. 2005.
Page 13

Power Flow Control of Micro Grid in Islanded Mode Operation

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Power Flow Control of Micro Grid in Islanded Mode Operation

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

IPASJ International Journal of Electrical Engineering (IIJEE)

Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJEE/IIJEE.htm

A Publisher for Research Motivation........

Volume 3, Issue 10, October 2015