Title: 3G & 4G Communication

Abstract
3G is third generation of tele standards and technology for mobile networking,
superseding 2.5G. It is based on International Telecommunication Union (ITU) family
of standards under the IMT-2000. 3G networks enable network operators to offer
users a wider range of more advanced services while achieving greater network
capacity through improved spectral efficiency. Services include wide-area wireless
voice telephony, video calls, and broadband wireless data, all in mobile environment.
Additional features also include HSPA data transmission capabilities able to deliver
speeds up to 14.4 Mbit/s on downlink and 5.8 Mbit/s on the uplink. Unlike IEEE
802.11 networks, which are commonly called Wi-Fi or WLAN networks, 3G
networks are wide-area cellular telephone networks that evolved to incorporate highspeed Internet access and video telephony. IEEE 802.11 networks are short range,
high-bandwidth networks primarily developed for data. 3G wireless technologies will
allow an individual to have immediate access to location-specific services that offer
information on demand. The first generation of mobile phones consisted of the analog
models that emerged in the early 1980s. The second generation of digital mobile
phones appeared about ten years later along with the first digital mobile networks.
During second generation, the mobile telecommunications industry experienced
exponential growth both in terms of subscribers as well as new types of value-added
services. Mobile phones are rapidly becoming the preferred means of personal
communication, creating the world's largest consumer electronics industry By
allowing the UE to authenticate the network it is attaching to, the user can be sure the
network is the intended one and not an impersonator. 3G networks use the KASUMI
block crypto instead of the older A5/1 stream cipher. In addition to 3G network

infrastructure security, end to end security is offered when application frameworks

such as IMS are accessed, although this is not strictly a 3G property.

I.

Introduction 3G
GENERATION OF MOBILE NETWORK
First Generation Wireless Technology
The first generation (1980-1990 Year periods) of wireless mobile

communications was based on analog signaling. Analog systems, implemented in

North America, were known as Analog Mobile Phone Systems (AMPS), while
systems implemented in Europe and the rest of the world was typically identified as a
variation of Total Access Communication Systems (TACS). Analog systems were
primarily based on circuit-switched technology and designed for voice, not data.
Speed: 10kb/sec
Second Generation Wireless Technology
During the second generation (1990-2000 Year periods), the mobile
telecommunications industry experienced exponential growth both in terms of
subscribers as well as new types of value-added services. The most popular 2G
wireless technology is known as Global Systems for Mobile Communications (GSM).
GSM systems, first implemented in 1991, are now operating in about 140 countries
and territories around the world. GSM technology is a combination of Frequency
Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA).
Today, GSM systems operate in the 900MHz and 1.8 GHz bands throughout the world
with the exception of the Americas where they operate in the 1.9 GHz band.

In addition to GSM, a similar technology, called Personal Digital

Communications (PDC), using TDMA-based technology, emerged in Japan. While
GSM technology was developed in Europe, Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
technology was developed in North America.
The Second Generation (2G) wireless networks mentioned above are also
mostly based on circuit-switched technology. 2G wireless technology can handle
some data capabilities such as fax and short message service at the data rate of up to
9.6 kbps, but it is not suitable for web browsing and multimedia applications.
Speed: 64-144kb/sec
Third Generation (3G) Wireless Networks
3G (2000-2010 Year periods) wireless technology represents the convergence
of various 2G wireless telecommunications systems into a single global system that
includes both terrestrial and satellite components. One of the most important aspects
of 3G wireless technologies is its ability to unify existing cellular standards, such as
CDMA, GSM, and TDMA under one umbrella. The following three air interface
modes accomplish this result: wideband CDMA, CDMA2000 and the Universal
Wireless Communication (UWC-136) interfaces.
Speed: 144kb/sec-2mb/sec
Fourth Generation (4G) Wireless Networks
4G (from 2006 Year) is an integration of broadcast, cellular, cordless,
Wireless LAN, short-range and fixed wire systems to appear as a single seamless
network. It supports packet Switching.
It involves a mix of current concepts and technologies in the making. Some of
these are derived from 3G and hence are evolutionary, while others are totally new
concepts and can be thought of as revolutionary.
Speed: Higher bandwidth (up to 100Mbps).

II.

EVOLVING TODAYS NETWORK TOWARDS 3G

The 3rd Generation mobile system will most likely grow out of the

convergence of enhanced 2nd generation mobile system greater than data transfer
speed and capacity and 1st generation satellite mobile system. Evolution to the current
generation mobile networks to 3g doesnt necessarily mean seamless up gradation to
the existing infrastructure to the 3g. Evolution network to 3g should also be seen in
context of coexistence of 2g and 3g networks for some time with users able to roam
across the new and old networks , able to access 3g networks for some times with
users 3g services where 3g coverage is available. As mentioned before a 3g networks
from can have one of three optional air interface supporting one of the two GSM
MAP and IS-41 network architectures. This result in a range of choice for the existing
networks to evolve /migrate towards 3G possible convergence of TDMA and GSM
network with EDGE adds another variable to the overall migration paths. Another
variable to the overall migration paths. Another variable add complexity to his already
complex list of option are the time frames involved by the time some of 2.5 or 2,75
technologies go to field , we may see the emergency of 3g technologies also so a lot

of thought regarding the costs invalid and or viability of 2,5G technologies like EDGE
could be questioned. Before I talk about evolution paths of all the existing 2G
mobile wireless technologies let me briefly discuss the 3G network architecture and
other technology factor involved in the migration to 3G.

III.

ARCHITECTURE
The 3g network will have layered architecture which will enable the efficient

delivery of voice and data service. Layered network architecture coupled with
standardized open interface, will make it possible for networks will operated
introduce and roll out new service quickly. These networks will have a connectivity
layer at the bottom providing support for high quality voice and delivery. Using IP or
ATM or a combination of both this layer will all data and voice info. The consist of
the core networks equipment like router, ATM switches and Transmission equipment.
Other equipment provides support for core bit stream of voice or data, providing Quos
etc. Note that in 3G networks, voice and data will not be treated separately which
could lead to reduction in operational costs of handling data separately from voice.
The application layer on top will provide open application service interfaces enabling
flexible services for which the end user will be willing to pay. These services will
include e-commerce, GPS and other differentiating services. In between the
application layer and the connectivity layer, will run the control layer with MSC
servers, support servers, HLR etc. these servers are needed to provide any service to a
subscriber.

 MIGRATION STRATEGIES
The migration to 3G is not just based on evolving core networks and the radio
interface to IMT 2000 compliant systems. Migration towards 3G would also be based
on the following steps/technologies:
@ Networks upgrades in the form of EDGE, GPRS, IS-136, HDR etc.
Evolution to 2.5G basically will provide support for high-speed packet data. Though
these technologies are extensions to 2G rather than precursors to 3g these will have
major impact either by proving (or not) demand for specific services.
@Introduction trials to test infrastructure, handsets and application etc.
@Introduction of WAP-based services that bring the Web to the wireless
phone. In short-term WAP and, in longer term, XML will provide a standard
Framework for accessing wireless Internet content, Enabled by 2.5G/3G.
@The development of mobile Web portals.
@Development of micro browsers and operating systems.
@Wide acceptance of short-range wireless connectivity technologies like Blue
tooth etc.

 EDGE WILL TDMA AND GSM EVER MEET?

EDGE is new time division multiplexing based radio access technology that
gives GSM and TDMA an evolutionary path towards 3G in 400, 800, 900, 1800, and
1900MHZ bands. It was proposed to ETSI in 1997 as an evolution to GSM. Although
EDGE rues GSM carrier bandwidth and time slot structured it is not restricted to use
in GSM cellular systems only. In fact, it can provide a generic air interface for higher
data rates. It provides an evolutionary path to 3G. Some call planning. But as with
GPRS, EDGE doesnt provide any additional voice capacity. The initial EDGE
standard promised mobile data rates of 384 kbps. It allows data transmission speed of
384 kbps to be achieved when all eight timeslots are used. In fact, EDGE was
formerly called GSM384. This means maximum bit rate of 48 kbps per timeslot. Even
higher speeds may be available in good radio conditions. Actual rates will be lower
with rates falling as one goes away from the cell site. EDGE can also provide an
evolutionary migration path from GPRS to UMTS by implementing now, the changes
in modulation that will be necessary for implementing UMTS later. Both High Speed
Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD) and GPRS are based on something called Gaussian
minimum-shift keying (GMSK) which only yields moderate increase in data bit rates
per time slot. EDGE, on the other hand, is base on a new modulation technique is
called eight-phase-shift keying (8 PSK). It automatically adapts to radio
circumstances and thereby offers its highest rates in good propagation condition close
to the site of base station. This shift in modulation from GMSK to 8 PSK is the central
change with EDGE, which prepares the GSM world (and TDMA in general) for
UMTS.
Only one EDGE transceiver unit will need to be added to each cell. With most
vendors, it is envisioned that software upgrades to the BSCs and Base Station can be
carried out remotely. The new EDGE-capable transceiver can also handle standard
GSM traffic and will automatically switch to EDGE mode when needed. EDGE
capable terminal will also be needed - existing GSM terminals do not support the new
modulation techniques and will need to be upgraded to use EDGE network
functionality.

EDGE is currently developed in two modes:

Compact and classic. Compact employs a new 200 kHz control channel
structure. Synchronized base station is used to maintain a minimum spectrum
deployment of 1 MHZ in a 1/3- frequency reuse pattern. EDGE Classic on the other
hand employs the traditional GSM 200 KHz control structure with a 4/12 frequency
reuse pattern on the first frequency.

HOW CAN GSM AND TDMA CONVERGE WITH

EDGE?
While developing the 3g wireless technology for TDMA, the Universal
Wireless Communication Consortium (UWCC) proposed the 136 High-Speed (136 HS) radio interface as a means of satisfying requirements for IMT-2000 radio
transmission technology (RTT). After evaluating various proposals, UWCC adopted
EDGE (Actually EGPS, EDGE+GPRS) as the outdoor component of 136HS to
provide 384 kbps data services. Since GSM networks can also have an evolutionary
path via EDGE, this presents an interesting opportunity where the air interfaces of
TDMA and GSM can converge and then evolve together. EDGE is being developed
concurrently in ETSI and UWCC. The phase one of EDGE emphasizes enhanced
circuit-switched data (ECSD) and enhanced GPRS (EGPS).
The TDMA terminal that support 30 kHz circuit switched services scans for a
30 KHz control channel (DCCH) according to TIA/EIA 136 procedures. If an
acceptable 200 KHz EGPRS carrier exists, a pointer to this system will be available
on the DCCH. On finding this, the terminal will leave the 30 kHz system and start
scanning of 200 kHz system. When if it finds it, it starts behaving as if it is ere a
GSM/GPRS terminal. To answer a circuit switched page, the mobile suspends packet
data traffic and starts looking for 30 KHz control channel. Mobile terminals that only
support 200 KHz carrier immediately start looking for 200 KHz packet data system.

WILL THIS HAPPEN?

While EDGE provide air interface for TDMA and GSM to converge, there is
one problem. GSM operator may decide to skip EDGE altogether in their migration
path to 3G. By the time EDGE will be in sight with W-CDMA and since W-CDMA

will need an entirely new air interface, the additional investment in EDGE, only to be
replaced by another system seems a bit unjustified. EDGA has lost favor in Europe
with some wireless operators and vendors that are not convinced it will actually be
adopted in force once carriers move to GPRS. As described above, the belief is that
wireless service providers may be more inclined to move straight to ECDMA from
GPRS. ON the other hand, some North Americans operators have taken the position
that they may not need to upgrade to WCDMA after EDGE because it doesnt offer
increased speeds in the mobile/fixed wireless). This is an especially strong point when
one considers that the market demand for high-speed wireless data has yet to be fully
proven.
The convergence of TDMA and GSM cant be ruled out also. Particularly in
the US. Operators may have more interest in moving on to edge to get compatibility
with TDMA networks. According to a study EDGE should be available only big
operators may go in for EDGE first:
In the end, the decision to upgrade will be made on two points, irst, operators
will want the technology that will both be available in a suitable time frame and will
endure for the longest period of time- GSM and TDMA operators would like to avoid
the continuous string of upgrades for next five years. Second, operators will want the
upgrade path that will provide the necessary data service while displacing as little
voice traffic spectrum as possible.

GSM AND TDMA TO 3G:

GSM and TDMA systems have more or less the same set of option for
migrating to 3G. The path to 3G is not as simple in case of GSM/tdma as is in the case
of cdma. The main evolutionary standards are Gprs, EDGE and, finally, WCDMA.
Vendors are positioning each of these standards as a step to the next, but
operators are not so sure. For an operator moving form GSM to GRPS to EDGE and
then to W-CDMA, hell have to make investment 3 times which wont be pleasing to
any operator. As suggests, at this time, there seem to be four basic options that GSM
and TDMA operators are considering:
# Install GPRS, then move straight to WCDMA;

#Install EDGE, then move straight to WCDMA;

#install GPRS, then move to EDGE, then to WCDMA; or
#installs EDGE, skip move to WCDMA, and wait for next Generation (4G).

CDMA TO 3G
While GSM and TDMA operators have multiple choices ahead for progressing
to the next generation networks, CDMA operators have single path that truly builds
upon itself. Currently all North American CDMA networks are based on IS-95
(cdmaOne), which can be setup to provide data, rates uup to 14.4 kbps. The next step
is to have a software upgrade from IS-95A to IS-95b, which provides additional
capacity, and allow for up to 84 kbps packet data. (We might not see 84kbps but
instead 64kbps, initially). While this migration does not need any additional hardware
but as brought out by most operators may decide not to IS-95B because of two
reasons.
1. IS-95A in itself is relatively new and carriers have just launched their IS95A services.
2. BY the time Is-95B becomes available, 1XRTT will be ready.

IV.

3G NETWORK INFRASTRUCTRUE & PROTOCOL

LAYER

3G WIRELESS NETWORKS
3G wireless technology represent the convergence of various 2G wireless
telecommunication system into a single global system that included both terrestrial
and satellite components. One of the most important aspects of 3G wireless
technologies is its ability to unify existing cellular standards, such as CDMA, GSM,

and TDMA under one umbrella. The following three air interface modes accomplish
this result:

Wideband CDMA:
User information bits are spread over artificially broadened bandwidth Bits are

multiplied by pseudorandom bit stream (chipping or spreading code) running many

times faster Bits-rate is increased bit ratio called spreading factor (ratio of chip rate to
original info rate) Correlation revivers store exact copies of all systems chipping
codes Receivers uses same chipping code as transmitters to recover original user data
Amplitude of de-spread signal at receiver is increased by spreading factor relative to
interfering signals can be filtered like background noise, but number of users is
limited by tolerable noise level. and carrier, Each service provider can deploy multiple
carriers, each 5 MHz shared by d carrier, Each service provider can each 5 MHz
shared by ase station in network can use same carrier frequency because
conversations are assigned different spreading codes. Also, different propagation
paths can be resolved, overcoming multi path distortion Soft handoffs are possible
Mobile stations maintain simultaneous connections to different baser stations during
handoff Transmitter power must be strictly controlled so signals arrive at base station
with same strength Multiple real-time power control channels Base station measure
power from each mobile station and continuously send signals to regulate transmitter
power.
W_CDMA maximum chip rate=3.84 mega chips/sec-> 5-Mhz modulated
carrier, Each service provider can deploy multiple carriers, each 5 MHz shared by
multiple subscribers W-CDMA is favored radio interface for 3G situations. Where
increased bandwidth can be tolerated Alternatives are favored where wideband is not
appropriate or possible.

CDMA 2000:

CDMA2000 is also called multi carrier mode CDMA To provide 3G services

over TIA/EIA-41 systems which include IS-95 CDMA and IS-136 tdma Similar to
FDD form of W_CDMA except: 20-ms frame instead of 10 ms Slightly different
spreading rate=3 x IS - 95 rate.

Universal Wireless Communication (UWC-136)Interfaces:

UWC-136 IMT-2000 proposal is family of tdma operating modes

Enhancements of existing TIA/EIA-136 30 KHz channel (designed IS-136+). Change
in modulation from 2 bits/symbol (qpsk class) to 3 bits/symbol (8 PSK class).
Effective data rate 45-50 kbps for 30 KHz channel. Additional wider 200 KHz
TDMA-based carrier for vehicular/outdoor (called IS-136HS outdoor) includes
GPRS, data rates up to 384 kbps. Timeframe is GSM based=4.615ms, 8 timeslot per
frame. 200 KHz carriers allow convergence of IS-136 TDMA and GSM. This physical
layer is referred to as EDGE. Additional 1.6 MHz TDMA bandwidth for indoor (IS136 HS indoor)> Data rates up to 2 Mb/s. TDMA frame=4.615 ms, 64 or 1 timeslot
per frame.
With each new generation of technology, the services, which can deploy on
them become more and more wide ranging and truly limited only by imagination. We
are reaching that stage with 3g. From first generation where only Analog voice can be
transferred While in second generation it becomes digital but cannot able to provide
Data transfer after that 2.5 generation one can able to send single message on handset
which is also known as a SMS kind of thing while 3G will provide voice as well as
DATA Transfer with very high speed. The infrastructure and detail description of this
section done later.

Generation

Type

Time

First

Analog

1980s

Description
Voice centric, multiple standards
(NMT, TACS, AMPS etc.)

Second

Digital

1990s

Voice centric multiple standards

(GSM, TDMA, CDMA)

2.5

Higher rate
data

Late 1990s

Introduction of new higher speed

data services to bridge the gap
between the second and third
generation, including services such

as GPRS and EDGE

Third

Digital

2010s

Multimedia

V.

Voice and data centric, signal

standard with multiple modes

THIRD GENERATION (3G) INFRASTRUCTURE

3G wireless technology represents the convergence of various 2G wireless

Telecommunication Systems into a single global system that includes both terrestrial
and satellite component. One of the most important aspects of 3G wireless
technologies is its ability to unify existing cellular standards, such as CDMA, GSM,
and TDMA under one umbrella. The following three air interface modes accomplish
this

result:

wideband

CDMA,

CDMA2000,

and

the

Universal

Wireless

Communication (UWC-136) interfaces.

Wideband CDMA (W-CDMA) is compatible with current 2G GSM networks
prevalent in Europe and parts of Asia. W_CDMA will required bandwidth of between
5 MHz to 10 MHz, making it a suitable platform for higher capacity applications, it
can be overlaid onto existing GSM, TDMA (IS-136) and IS95 networks. Subscribers
are likely to access 3G wireless services initially via dual band terminal devices. WCDMA networks will be used for high-capacity application and 2g digital wireless
systems will be used for voice calls.
The second radio interface is CDMA2000, which is backward compatible with
the second-generation CDMA IS-95 standard predominantly used in US. The third
radio interface, Universal Wireless Communications- UWC-136, also called IS136HS, was proposal by the TIA and designed to comply with ANSI-136 the North
American TDMA standard.
3G wireless networks consist of a Radio Access Network (ran) and a core
network. The core network consists of a packet-switched domain. Which includes 3G
SGSNs and GGSNs, which provide the same functionality that they provide in a
GPRS system, and a circuit-switched domain, which included 3G MSC for switching
of voice calls, charging for services and access is done through the Charging Gateway
function (CGF), which is also part of core network? RAN functionality is independent

from the core network functionality. The access network provides a core network
technology independent access for mobile terminal to different types of core networks
and networks services. Wither core network domain can access any appropriate RAN
services; e.g. it should be possible to access a speech radio access bearer from the
packet-switched domain. The Radio Access Networks consists of new network
elements, known as Node B and Radio Network Controllers (RNCs). Node B is
comparable to the Base Transceiver station in 2G wireless networks. RNC replaces
the Base Station Controller. It provides the radio resource management, handover
control and support for the connections to circuit-switched and packet-switched
domains. The interconnection of the network elements in RAN and between RAN and
core network is over lab, lur and Iu interfaces based on ATM as a layer 2 switching
technology. Data services run from the terminal devices over IP, which in turn uses
ATM as a reliable transport with Quos. Voice is embedded into ATM out of RNC. The
In interface is spilt into 2 parts: circuit-switched and packet-switched. The Iu interface
is based on ATM with voice traffic embedded on virtual circuits using AAL2
technology i.e. segmentation into ATM cells and reassembly with capability to
multiplex low=rte connections into same ATM cell and over-ATM for data traffic
using AAL5 i.e. segmentation in ATM cells and reassembly with loss detection,
misassemble detection, and capability to multiplex applications into same ATM
virtual channel. These traffic types are switched independently to either 3G SGSN for
data or 3GMSC for voice. Because of use of ATM we can obtain higher data rate.

fig : 3G WIRELESS NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

ATM (fast packet switching) principles Packets (cells) are fixed length to
simplify switching (pipelining effect through switch) - 53 bytes = 48 byte data +5 byte
header. Users can send cells whenever data is ready (Asynchronous). It supports
variable rate interfaces connection oriented, here cell follow virtual circuit & routing
decision is made once, at time of connection establishment. Switch performs simple
table lookup of VC. Main function of cell header is identification of VC. Here no link
level error control (except cell header) Error control of data can be done end-to-end
responsibility of users. No acknowledgments, retransmissions, packet sequence
numbers. No link level flow control (e.g. sliding window) no feedback -type control
to slow sown packet forwarding. Traffic control is open loop; virtual circuit is
accepted or rejected at VC setup, not flow controlled thereafter. ATM switches are
designed for delay, high throughput Quos (cell delay and loss) and throughput are
guaranteed through traffic control (admission control) flexible public network
supporting all types of real-time and non real-time services.

VI.

FEATURE OF 3G.
3G,

as third generation cell phone system are popularly called, promises to

bring a multimedia and internet to the mobile In short, a 3g device would be mobile
and offer most functionality that the PC does today. It will look and work as that of a
personal assistance or simple palmtop but connect to a internet continuously in order
to access a global source of information and also to provide entertainment.

PACKET EVERYWHERE
With third generation (3G), the information in split into separate but related

packet before being transmitted and reassembled at the receiving end. Packet
switching is similar to a jigsaw puzzle the image the puzzle represents is divided into
pieces at the manufacturing factory and put into a plastic bag. During transporting of
the new boxed jigsaw from the factory and to the end user. The pieces get jumped up,
when the recipient empties the bag with all the pieces are all related and fit together,
but the way they are transported and assembled varies.
Packet switched data format are much more common than their circuit switched
counterparts. Other example of packet based data standards include TCP/IP, x, 25,
frame relay and asynchronous transfer mode (ATM). As such whilst packet switching
is now to the GSM World, it is well established elsewhere. In the mobile world ,
CDPD (cellular

Digital Packet Data) PDCP (Personal Digital Cellular Packet),

General packer radio Service (GPRS) and wireless and x.2.5 technologies have been
in the operation several years x.2.5 is the international public access packet radio data
network standard.

INTERNET EVERYWHERE
The world wide web is becoming the primary communications interface

people access the internet for Entertainment and information collection, the Intranet

for accessing company information and connecting with colleagues and the extract for
accessing customers and suppliers. These are all derivatives of the World Wide Web
aimed at connecting different communities

of interest. There is a trend away from

storing information locally in specific software package on PC to remotely on the

internet. When way want to check your schedule or contacts, instead of using a
software package such as ACT you go onto the internet site such as portal. Hence
web browsing is a very important application for packet data.

HIGH SPEED.
speed of up to 2 Megabits per second (Mbps) are achievable with third

generation (3g) the data transmission rates will depend is upon the environment the
cell is being made in it only indoors and the in stationary environments that these
types of data rates will e available for high mobility data rates of 144 kbps are expend
to be available this is only about three times the speed or todays fixed telecom
modems.

NEW APPLICATIONS, BETTER, APPLICATION.

Third Generation {3g} facilitates several new applications that have not

previously been readily available over mobile networks due to the limitation in data
transmission speed. These application ranges from web browsing to the file transfer to
home automation the ability to remotely access and control in house application and
machines. Because of the bandwidth increase these applications will be even more
easily available with 3g then they were previously with interim technologies such as
GPRS.

SERVICE ACCESS
To use third generation (3G) users specifically need.

A mobile phone or terminal that supports third generation {3G} subscriptions

to a mobile telephone networks that supports Third generation (3G) use of third
generation (3G) must be enabled for that user. Automatic access to the 3G may be
allows by someone mobile networks operator other will charge a monthly
subscription and require a specific opt in to use the service as they to with other no
voice mobile service knowledge of how to send and or receive. Third generation (3G)
information using

their specific model of mobile phone including software and

hardware configuration (This service creates a customer service requirement ) A

destination to send or receive information through Third generation from day one
Third generation (3g) users can access any web page or

other internet application

providing an immediate critical mass of users. These user requirements are not
expected to charge much for the meaningful use of 3G.

3G DATA RATES
T he international telecommunication union (ITU) has laid down some

indicate minimum requirements for the data speed that the IMT-2000 standards must
support. These requirements are defined according to the degree of mobility involved
when the 3G call is being made. As such the data rate will available 3G depend upon
the environment the cell is being made in.

HIGH MOBILITY
144 KBPS for rural outdoor mobile use. This data rate is available for

environments in which the 3G user is travelling more than 120 kilometers per hour in
outdoors environments. Let us hope that the 3G user is in a train and not driving along
and trying to use their 3G terminal at such speed.

FULL MOBILITY
384 Kbps for pedestrians users traveling less than 120 kilometers per hours in

urban outdoor environments.

LIMITED MOBILITY
At least 2 mbps with low mobility (less than 10 kilometers per hours) in

stationary indoor and short range outdoor environments these kinds of maximum data
rates that are often talked about when illustrating the potential for 3G technology will
only therefore be available in stationary indoor environments.

VII.

ADVANTAGES OF 3G
1} Video Conferencing anywhere anytime
2} Multimedia application
3} High speeds Data Transfer
4} Flexibility in service
5} Location based service

VIII.

3G SPECIFIC APPLICATION
There are several application that will be enabled by the broadband

bandwidth

that will come with 3G, These application include

AUDIO
Audio or video the internet is download (transferred) store and played) or
streamed (Played as it is being sent but not store). The later tends to be lower quality
then the former. Content is transferred is using various different compression
Algorithms

such as those from Microsoft of real networks or the MPEG-1 Audio

layer 3 (Better known as MP3) protocol. In fact mp3 is a code a compression

decompression algorithm. Mp3 was invented in 1987 in Germany and approved by
the moving picture expert Group a part of the international Organization for
standardization in 1992 with 3G MP3 fills will be downloaded over the air directly to
your

phone via a dedicated server. There are numerous business

models to allow

both the network providers as well as the copy right owners of the mp3 material to
benefit financially. Mobile streams expect that the integration of mobile telephone

with everyday consumer products will emerge within the test four years to the extent
that we will be able to retrieve data be it voice internet or music any time any place
though the text next g enervation of mobile devices. The area of downloading
multimedia connect form the internet over fixed telecommunication and cable links to
pc is only just beginning and is depending upon bandwidth to a large degree with
quality of image and available of service inversely proportionate to the amount
available bandwidth.
Due to bandwidth constraints, currently users go online and download files to
their portable device over the fixed network which are then watched and listen to a
later date there is no real time audio and video streaming over mobile network since
even short voice clips occupy large file sized. High speed mobile data service is
needed to enable mobile audio applications. The higher the bandwidth the better
hence attractiveness of 3G for mobile multimedia application such as mobile audio
and video.

VOICE OVER INTERNET PROTOCOL

Another audio application for the 3G is voice over the IP the ability

to route

telephone calls over the internet to provide the voice telephone service at local call
rates to anywhere in the world . With 3G and higher rate 2.5G technologies such as
EDGE, Void will be available for the first time on mobile phone. To Make a voice call
, voice over IP can be used as an alternative to regular service the irony here being
is that voice has now become an application and a very popular one in own right.
Void is not however a replacement for standers voice service since void
service are bandwidth demanding there needs to be a high switching aerate on the IP
back one to minimize the very high likelihood of delayed and lost packets.

STILL IMAGES
Still images such as photograph picture letters postcards, greeting cards,

presentation and static web pages can be sent and received over the mobile networks
just as they are across fixed telephone networks.

Two variables affect the usability of such application bandwidth and time and
they are inversely related. The faster the bandwidth the less time is needed to transmit
images and vice versa. This is the reason why transmission of the image based rather
than textural information has not been a popular no voice mobile application until
now it takes too long given the slow data transmission speed that they were available
prior to the introduction of mobile packet data.
Once captured images can then sent directly to internet sites allowing near real
time desktop publishing. The size of the file of a picture depends on the resolution and
type of compression. Typically each picture is between 50k and 100k in the JPG
format. This can be transmitted quickly using mobile packet data.
Still image transmission is a much touted application for lower packet data
service such as GRPS and bound. Many people see still images as a killer compelling
application for GPRS.

MOVING IMAGES
Sending the images in a mobile environment has several vertical market

application including (monitor sensor triggered) monitoring parking lots or building

sites for intrudes or thieves and sending images of patients form an Ambulance to a
hospital. Videoconferencing application in which terms of the distributed sales people
can have a regular sales meeting without having to go to a particular physical
location, is a another application for moving images that is the similar to the
document sharing

collaborative working applications reviewed below. Skeptics

argue with me that vertical markets dont need video and consumers dont want it
however, with the internet becoming a more multimedia environment 3G will be able
to displaying those images and accessing web services.
The transmission of moving images is one of the applications that the GRPS
and 3g terminal and infrastructure vendors routinely and repeatedly tout as a
compelling application area that will be enabled by greater data rates. And they are
not incorrect to do so. However it must be noted that even demonstrations of one
megabytes of data over the air using Microsoft net meeting to perform a
videoconference facility do not deliver smooth broadcast quality video images.
However improving compression techniques should allows acceptable quality video
images to be transmitted using 64 kbps of bandwidth.

As such whiles we are confident that still images such as picture and postcards
will be a significant application for GRPS, moving the images boot be of high
enough quality initially to the communication above the medium. Users could spend
all their time adjusting the size of the images on their screen and trying to work out
what they are seeing.
This is where 3G comes in once again the bandwidth uplift it enables allows
for high quality image transmission over the mobile network. As such we see all
moving video and image transmission application migrating to the 3G is here full
length moves could be downloadable from internet sites.

VIRTUAL HOME ENVIRONMENT

A universal mobile Telephone service (UMTS) service that is often

mentioned in the vendor brochures is no called virtual home the environment (VHE) a
service that simply lets customers have seamless access with a common look and feel
to their service from the home office or on the move and in any city as if they were at
home VHE is therefore aimed at roamers (a small subset of total mobile phone users).
VHE could also allow some other useful service by Placing their universal identity
module (UIM) into any terminal and those terminals could be something other than
mobile devices if smart cards are more supported then are today.
Virtual home environment cloud hardly be described as a killer application
though especially since email and other service are increasingly available worldwide
as the internet becomes more widespread and service migrate to the internet and can
therefore be accessed from any internet browser with or without a smart card.
In general smart cards are typed beyond their usefulness they have very limited store
capacity (64 k count for being the state of the art) but are useful in switching devices
(users are likely to have multiple devices in different from factor in the 3G world) and
for non- mobile application such as a identification and security for mobile banking
and the like.

ELECTRONIC AGENTS
Electronic agents are a technologies that the mobile stream believes will pay

an important role for the mobile working in the future as agents are dispatched to
carry out searches and takes on the internet and report back to their owners. This is an
efficient way to get things done on the move.
Electronic agents are defined as mobile program that go to places in the
network to carry out their owners instructions. They can be thought of as extension of
the people who dispatch then. Agents are self contained program that roam
communication networks delivering and receiving and message or looking for
information or service.
Certainly, 3G terminal will give their owners much more control

over their

lives then todays mobile phones. They will be Assistants secretaries, advisors and e
Administrators. This kind of control is what home automation application anticipate.
Indeed orange in the UK has a vision expects that within ten years our mobiles will be
walking us up. Reading out our email, ordering our groceries telling us the best route
to work reminding us and translating our conference calls. The key question is the
extent to which these processes are Human initiated or computers generated and
controlled and the extent to which devices can learn individual preferences and act
accordingly.

DOWNLODING SOFTWERE.
In the twenty first century , software will increasingly be downloading

electronic from the internet rather than purchased as boxed product in store this is like
file transfer application that involve downloading the software itself. You might for
example need WinZip or adobe acrobat to read a file and can download that over the
3G network to your 3G terminal.
Downloading software has several advantages because it is.
@ Environmentally friendly there is no packaging to throw away or store
@ Quick and convenient downloading products are delivered direct to your
computing
Device it arrives in minutes not days
@ Value for money you pay no delivery charges

IX.

CONCLUSION
In this seminar I have tried to put the generation of mobile networks i.e. 3G is really

going to be something different which humans havent thought of. It offers data transfer at
the level that is not reached by the first and the second generation mobile networks. At the
same time, the technology changes. 3G has several new and improved features. It will have
increased data rates meaning that larger e-mail attachments will transfer more quickly. There
will be audio and video streaming capabilities as well as microphones for surround sound
recording.
Naturally, fusion of Internet and mobile telecommunication starts in the third
generation.

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