1

HEADLOSS
ESTIMATION
Mekanika Fluida 1
HST

Friction Factor : Major losses

Laminar flow
Hagen-Poiseuille
Turbulent (Smooth, Transition, Rough)
Colebrook Formula
Moody diagram
Swamee-Jain

Laminar Flow Friction Factor

D 2 hl
V
32 L
32 LV
hf
gD 2
L V2
hf f
D 2g

Hagen-Poiseuille

128LQ
hf
gD 4
Darcy-Weisbach

32 LV
L V2
f
2
gD
D 2g

64 64
f

VD Re

-1 on log-log plot
Slope of ___

Turbulent Pipe Flow Head Loss

Proportional
___________
to the length of the pipe
Proportional to the _______
of the velocity (almost)
square
________ with surface roughness
Is a function of density and viscosity

IsIncreases
__________ of pressure

independent

L V2
hf f
D 2g

Smooth, Transition, Rough

Turbulent Flow
Hydraulically smooth

L V2
hf f
D 2g

Re f
1
2 log

f
2.51

pipe law (von Karman,

1930)
Rough pipe law (von
1
3.7 D
2 log

Karman, 1930)

Transition function for

both smooth and
1
2.51
D
2 log

rough pipe laws

f
Re f
3.7
(Colebrook)

(used to draw the Moody diagram

Moody Diagram
0.1

D
f Cp
l

0.05
0.04
0.03

friction factor

0.02
0.015
0.01
0.008
0.006
0.004
laminar
0.002
0.001
0.0008

0.0004
0.0002
0.0001
0.00005

0.01
1E+03

smooth

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06
Re

1E+07

1E+08

Swamee-Jain
1976

0.25

limitations

5.74
log 3.7 D Re0.9
/D < 2 x 10-2

3
Re >3 x 10

less than 3% deviation

ghf
from results obtained
5/ 2
Q 2.22 D
log

with Moody diagram

L
3.7 D

easy to program for

computer or calculator
use

1.25 LQ
D 0.66

ghf
2

no f

1.78

ghf
3/ 2
D

4.75

5.2 0.04

L
Q

ghf
9.4

Swamee-Jain gets an f
The challenge that S-J solved was deriving explicit

equations that are independent of the unknown

parameter.
3 potential unknowns (flow, head loss, or diameter): 3
equations for f
that can then be combined with the Darcy Weisbach
equation

LV
hf f
D 2g

8 LQ
hf f 2
g D5

0.25

5.74
log 3.7 D Re0.9

Colebrook Solution for Q

1
2.51
D
2 log

3.7
f
Re f

8 LQ 2
hf f 2
g D5

1
2.51
D
4 log

f
Re f
3.7

1 1 8 LQ

f hf 2 g D 5
4Q
Re
D
4Q
Re f
D

hf

2 g D5
8 LQ 2

1 2 ghf D 3
Re f

hf g
8
f 2 5
D
LQ 2

10

Colebrook Solution for Q

2

1 8 LQ 2

4 log

2
5
hf g D
3.7 D
1

2.51

2 ghf D 3

log

3.7 D
1

2.51

2 ghf D 3

L Q
ghf D 5 / 2

Q
D5 / 2
2

ghf
log
2.51
L
3.7 D

L
3
2 ghf D

11

Swamee D?

1.25 Q Q
D 0.66

8 LQ 2
hf f 2
g D5

1/ 5

Q
D 0.66

1/ 4

5/ 4 Q

1/ 5 0.04

Q Q
2

Q g g

1/ 4

1/ 5 1/ 25

Q
2

Q g

1/ 5
1/
5
2

2 1/ 4
2 1/ 5
Q
Q 5/ 4 Q

Q g
g
8 g

1/ 5

1/
4
1/
5
64 5/ 4 Q 2
Q2
f 2

Q g

2
8
Q
D5 f 2
g

64 Q 2
D f 2
8g
5

1/ 5

Q 64
D
f 2

8 g
2

1 5/ 4 Q
f

4 4
g

1/ 4

1/ 5 1/ 5

Q
2

Q g

12

Pipe Roughness
pipe material
glass, drawn brass, copper
commercial steel or wrought iron
asphalted cast iron
galvanized iron
cast iron
concrete
rivet steel
corrugated metal
PVC

pipe roughness (mm)

0.0015
0.045
0.12
0.15
0.26
0.18-0.6
0.9-9.0
45
0.12

13

Solution Techniques
find

head loss given (D, type of pipe, Q)

0.25
2
8
LQ
f
4Q
2
hf f 2
Re
5

5.74

g
D
D
log 3.7 D Re0.9

find flow rate given (head, D, L, type of pipe)

Q
D5 / 2
2
find

ghf
log
2.51
L
3.7 D

L
3
2 ghf D

pipe size given (head, type of pipe,L, Q)

LQ
1.25
D 0.66

gh

4.75

5.2 0.04

L
Q

ghf
9.4

14

Exponential Friction Formulas

Commonly used in commercial and industrial settings
Only applicable over _____ __ ____ collected
Hazen-Williams exponential friction formula

range of data

RLQ n
hf =
Dm

C = Hazen-Williams coefficient

15

Head loss:
Hazen-Williams Coefficient
C
150
140
130
120
110
100
95
60-80

Condition
PVC
Extremely smooth, straight pipes; asbestos
cement
Very smooth pipes; concrete; new cast iron
Wood stave; new welded steel
Vitrified clay; new riveted steel
Cast iron after years of use
Riveted steel after years of use
Old pipes in bad condition

Hazen-Williams
vs

Darcy-Weisbach

1.852
16

10.675L Q
hf 4.8704
D
C

SI units

8 LQ 2
hf f 2
g D5

Both equations are empirical

Darcy-Weisbach is dimensionally correct, and ________.
Hazen-Williams can be considered valid only over the

preferred
range
of gathered data.
Hazen-Williams cant be extended to other fluids without
further experimentation.

17

Minor Losses
Most minor losses can not be obtained analytically, so

they must be measured

Minor losses are often expressed as a loss coefficient, K,
times the velocity head.

High Re

C p = f (geometry, Re)
Cp

2 ghl
V2

hl C p

V2
2g

V2
hl = K
2g

18

Head Loss due to Sudden Expansion:

Conservation of Energy

V12
p2
V22
z1 1
Hp
z2 2
H t hl
1
2g
2
2g
p1

p1 p2

hl

V22 V12

hl
2g

p1 p2

V12 V22

2g

z1 = z2

What is p1 - p2?

19

Head Loss due to Sudden Expansion:

Conservation of Momentum
A2

A1

M1 M 2 W Fp Fp Fss
1

M 1x M 2 x Fp Fp
1x

M 1x V12 A1

Neglect surface shear

2x

M 2 x V22 A2

V12 A1 V22 A2 p1 A2 p2 A2
p1 p2

V V

Apply in direction of flow

2
2

2
1

A1
A2

Pressure is applied over all of

section 1.
Momentum is transferred over
area corresponding to
upstream pipe diameter.
V1 is velocity upstream.
Divide by (A2 )

20

Head Loss due to

Sudden Expansion
hl

Energy

V12 V22

Mass

2g
2
2 A1
V2 V1
p1 p2
A2

Momentum

hl

p1 p2

V22 V12

V2
V1

V1 V2
hl

2g

V V

2g
2
1

2
2

V22 2V1V2 V12

hl
2g

V
A1
hl
1

2g
A2
2
1

A1 V2

A2
V1

A1
K 1

A2

21

Contraction
EGL

V22
hc K c
2g

HGL

Expansion!!!

V1

V2
vena contracta

losses are reduced with a gradual contraction

22

Entrance Losses
reentrant

Losses can be reduced

by accelerating the flow K 1.0

e
gradually and eliminating
the vena contracta
Ke 0.5

Ke 0.04

V2
he Ke
2g

23

Head Loss in Valves

Function of valve type and valve

position
The complex flow path through
valves often results in high head
loss
What is the maximum value that Kv
can have? _____

V
hv K v
2g

How can K be greater than 1?

24
V12
p2
V22
z1 1
Hp
z2 2
H t hl
1
2g
2
2g

p1

Example
cs
1

valve

D=40 cm
L=1000 m
Find the discharge, Q.

D=20 cm
L=500 m

100 m

cs2

V22
100m =
+ hl
2g
Use S-J on small pipe

25

Non-Circular Conduits:
Hydraulic Radius Concept
A is cross sectional area
P is wetted perimeter

LV2
hf = f
D 2g

Rh is the Hydraulic Radius (Area/Perimeter)

Dont confuse with radius!

p 2
A 4D
D
Rh = =
=
P pD
4

For a pipe
D = 4 Rh

L V2
hf = f
4 Rh 2 g

We can use Moody diagram or Swamee-Jain with D = 4Rh!

26

GENERAL
CONSIDERATION
HGL-EGL DRAWING

EGL & HGL for a Pipe System

Energy equation

V12 p1
V22 p2
1

z1 hL 2

z2
2g
2g

All terms are in dimension of length (head,

or energy per unit weight)

HGL Hydraulic Grade Line
HGL

EGL Energy Grade Line

EGL

V2 p
V2
z HGL
2g
2g

EGL=HGL when V=0 (reservoir surface,

etc.)
EGL slopes in the direction of flow

27

EGL & HGL for a Pipe System

A pump causes an abrupt rise in EGL (and

HGL) since energy is introduced here

28

EGL & HGL for a Pipe System

A turbine causes an

abrupt drop in EGL

(and HGL) as energy
is taken out
Gradual expansion
increases turbine
efficiency

29

EGL & HGL for a Pipe System

When the flow passage changes diameter,

the velocity changes so that the distance

between the EGL and HGL changes
When the pressure becomes 0, the HGL
coincides with the system

30

EGL & HGL for a Pipe System

Abrupt expansion into reservoir causes a

complete loss of kinetic energy there

31

EGL & HGL for a Pipe System

When HGL falls below the pipe the

pressure is below atmospheric pressure

32

33

Example (1)

34

Example (2)

35

Example (3)