Doc4-LTE Workshop TUN Session3 LTE Overview

ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
ITU/BDTArab
ITU/BDT
Arab Regional Workshopon
Workshop on
4GWirelessSystems
LTETechnology
Session3:LTEOverview DesignTargets
and Multiple Access Technologies
andMultipleAccessTechnologies
Speakers
M.Lazhar BELHOUCHET
M Hakim EBDELLI
M.HakimEBDELLI
Date
27 29January 2010
LTEOverview
www.cert.nat.tn
Agenda
Standardization
Motivation for LTE
MotivationforLTE
LTEperformancerequirements
LTE challenges
LTEchallenges
LTE/SAEKeyFeatures
LTE technology basics
LTEtechnology
AirInterfaceProtocols
LTEOverview
www.cert.nat.tn
Standardization
LTEisthelateststandardinthemobilenetworktechnology
p
y
/
/
treethatpreviouslyrealizedtheGSM/EDGEandUMTS/HSxPA
networktechnologiesthatnowaccountforover85%ofall
mobilesubscribers.LTEwillensure3GPPscompetitiveedge
overothercellulartechnologies.
3GPPworkontheEvolutionofthe3GMobileSystemstarted
in November 2004
inNovember2004.
SpecificationsscheduledfinalizedbytheendofDecember
2009.
Currently,standardizationinprogressintheformofRel9and
Rel10.
3
LTEOverview
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MotivationforLTE
Needforhigherdataratesandgreaterspectralefficiency
CanbeachievedwithHSDPA/HSUPA
/
and/ornewairinterfacedefinedby3GPPLTE
NeedforPacketSwitchedoptimizedsystem
EvolveUMTStowardspacketonlysystem
Needforhighqualityofservices
Useoflicensedfrequenciestoguaranteequalityofservices
Alwaysonexperience(reducecontrolplanelatencysignificantly)
Reduceroundtripdelay
R d
dt i d l
Needforcheaperinfrastructure
Simplifyarchitecture,reducenumberofnetworkelements
Simplify architecture reduce number of network elements
4
LTEOverview
www.cert.nat.tn
LTEperformancerequirements
DataRate:
Instantaneousdownlinkpeakdatarateof100Mbit/sina20MHz
p
/
downlinkspectrum(i.e.5bit/s/Hz)
Instantaneousuplinkpeakdatarateof50Mbit/sina20MHzuplink
spectrum (i e 2 5 bit/s/Hz)
spectrum(i.e.2.5bit/s/Hz)
Cellrange
5km
5 km optimalsize
optimal size
30kmsizeswithreasonableperformance
upto100kmcellsizessupportedwithacceptableperformance
Cellcapacity
upto200activeuserspercell(5MHz)(i.e.,200activedataclients)
5
LTEOverview
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LTEperformancerequirements Cont.
Mobility
Optimizedforlowmobility(015km/h)butsupportshighspeed
p
y(
/ )
pp
g p
Latency
userplane<5ms
controlplane<50ms
Improvedspectrumefficiency
Improvedbroadcasting
IPoptimized
Scalablebandwidthof20,15,10,5,3and1.4MHz
Coexistencewithlegacystandards
6
LTEOverview
www.cert.nat.tn
ThewaytoLTE:3main3Glimitations
1.Themaximumbitratesstillarefactorof20andmorebehindthe
y
/
currentstateofthesystemslike802.11nand802.16e/m.
2.Thelatencyofuserplanetraffic(UMTS:>30ms)andofresource
assignment procedures (UMTS: >100
assignmentprocedures(UMTS:
100ms)istoobigtohandletraffic
ms) is too big to handle traffic
withhighbitratevarianceefficiently.
3.TheterminalcomplexityforWCDMAorMC
3
The terminal complexity for WCDMA or MCCDMA
CDMAsystemsisquite
systems is quite
high,makingequipmentexpensive,resultinginpoorperforming
implementationsofreceiversandinhibitingtheimplementationof
otherperformanceenhancements.
LTEOverview
www.cert.nat.tn
LTE Overview DesignTargets

LTEOverview
Design Targets andMultipleAccessTechnologies
LTECHALLENGES
LTEOverview
www.cert.nat.tn
WhataretheLTEchallenges?
The Users expectation
Best price, transparent flat rate
F ll IInternet
Full
t
t
Multimedia
..leads to the operators challenges

reduce cost per bit
provide
id hi
high
hd
data
t rate
t
provide low latency
User experience will have an

impact on ARPU
Price per Mbyte has to be reduced to

remain profitable
Throughput
Latency
Cost per MByte
HSPA
LTE
HSPA
LTE
UMTS
LTEOverview
HSPA
I-HSPA
LTE
www.cert.nat.tn
ComparisonofThroughputandLatency
Peak data rates around 300Mbps/80 Mbps
Low latency 10-20 ms
350
300
Mbps
250
Enhanced consumer experience:

drives subscriber uptake
allow for new applications
provide additional revenue streams
Latency (Rountrip delay)
delay)*
Max. peak data rate

GSM/
EDGE
Downlink
Uplink
HSPA
Rel6
R
l6
200
HSPAevo
(Rel8)
150
100
LTE
50
min max
0
Evolved HSPA
(Rel. 7/8, 2x2
MIMO)
HSPA R6
LTE 2x20 MHz

(2x2 MIMO)
LTE 2x20
MHz (4x4
MIMO)
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200 ms
DSL ((~20-50 ms,, depending

p
g on operator)
p
)
* Server near RAN
10
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Scalable Bandwidth
ScalableBandwidth
Scalable bandwidth
of 1.4 20 MHz
11
Easy to
E
t introduce
i t d
on any ffrequency band:
b d
Frequency Refarming
(Cost efficient deployment on
lower frequency
q
y bands supported)
pp
)
LTEOverview
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IncreasedSpectralEfficiency
bps/Hz//cell
2.0
18
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
04
0.4
0.2
0.0
Allcasesassume2antennaterminalreception
HSPAR7,WiMAXandLTEassume2antennaBTStransmission(2x2
MIMO)
Downlink
Uplink
HSPA R6
12
ITU contribution from

WiMAX Forum shows
downlink 1.3 and uplink 0.8
bps/Hz/cell
HSPA R6 +
HSPA R7
WiMAX
LTEOverview
LTE R8
Reference:
- HSPA R6 and LTE R8 from 3GPP R1-071960
- HSPA R6 equalizer from 3GPP R1-063335
- HSPA R7 and WiMAX from NSN/Nokia
simulations
www.cert.nat.tn
ReducedNetworkComplexity
Flat Architecture: 2 nodes architecture
IP based Interfaces
Flat, scalable IP based architecture
Flat, IP based architecture

Access
Core
Flat networks are

characterized by fewer
network elements, lower
latency, greater flexibility
and lower operation
p
cost
Evolved Node B
13
Control
MM
IM
HLR/H
SS
I t
Internet
t
GateWay
LTEOverview
www.cert.nat.tn

LTEOverview
LTE/SAEKEYFEATURES
14
LTEOverview
www.cert.nat.tn
LTE/SAEKeyFeatures Overview
EPS ( Evolved Packet System ) /
SAE ( System Architecture Evolution ) /
LTE ( Long Term Evolution )
EUTRAN
( Evolved UTRAN )
EPC ( Evolved Packet Core )
IP Network
IP Network
IP Network
OFDMA/SC-FDMA
Evolved
E
l d Node
N d B /
No RNC
MIMO ( beam-forming/
spatial multiplexing)
IP Transport Layer
HARQ
UL/DL resource
scheduling
Scalable bandwidth
(1.4, 3, 5, 10, .. 20 MHz)
PS Domain only,
No CS Domain
IP Transport Layer
QoS Aware
3GPP (GTP) or
IETF (MIPv6)
Prepared for
Non-3GPP Access
QoS Aware
Self Configuration
15
LTEOverview
www.cert.nat.tn
LTE/SAEKeyFeatures
EvolvedNodeB
NoRNCisprovidedanymore
TheevolvedNodeBstakeoverallradiomanagementfunctionality.
Thiswillmakeradiomanagementfasterandhopefullythenetwork
architecture simpler
architecturesimpler
IPtransportlayer
EUTRANexclusivelyusesIPastransportlayer
y
p
y
UL/DLresourcescheduling
InUMTSphysicalresourcesareeithersharedordedicated
EvolvedNodeBhandlesallphysicalresourceviaaschedulerand
assignsthemdynamicallytousersandchannels
Thisprovidesgreaterflexibilitythantheoldersystem
This provides greater flexibility than the older system
16
LTEOverview
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LTE/SAEKeyFeatures Cont.
FrequencyDomain
Scheduling:
Carrier bandwidth
Frequencydomain
schedulingusesthose
resourceblocksthatare
bl k th t
notfaded
NotpossibleinCDMA
Not possible in CDMA
basedsystem
Resource block
Transmit on those
resource blocks that are
not faded
17
LTEOverview
Frequency
www.cert.nat.tn
HARQ
HybridAutomaticRetransmission
on reQuest
onreQuest
HARQhasalreadybeenusedfor
HSDPAandHSUPA.
HARQespeciallyincreasesthe
performance(delayand
throughput)forcelledgeusers.
g p )
g
HARQsimplyimplementsa
retransmissionprotocolonlayer
1/2 that allows to send
1/2thatallowstosend
retransmittedblockswithdifferent
codingthanthe1st one.
18
LTEOverview
HARQ Hybrid Automatic

Repeat Request
www.cert.nat.tn
QoS awareness
Theschedulermusthandleanddistinguishdifferentqualityofservice
g
q
y
classes
OtherwiserealtimeserviceswouldnotbepossibleviaEUTRAN
Thesystemprovidesthepossibilityfordifferentiatedservice
Selfconfiguration
Currentlyunderinvestigation
C
tl
d i
ti ti
PossibilitytoletEvolvedNodeBsconfigurethemselves
It
Itwillnotcompletelysubstitutethemanualconfigurationand
will not completely substitute the manual configuration and
optimization.
19
LTEOverview
www.cert.nat.tn
PacketSwitchedDomainonly
No
Nocircuitswitcheddomainisprovided
circuit switched domain is provided
IfCSapplicationsarerequired,theymustbeimplemented
via IP
viaIP
Non3GPPaccess
Th
TheEPCwillbepreparedalsotobeusedbynon3GPP
EPC ill b
d l t b
db
3GPP
accessnetworks(e.g.LAN,WLAN,WiMAX,etc.)
Thiswillprovidetrueconvergenceofdifferentpacketradio
This will provide true convergence of different packet radio
accesssystem
20
LTEOverview
www.cert.nat.tn
MIMO
Multiple
MultipleInputMultipleOutput
Input Multiple Output
LTEwillsupportMIMOasanoption,
Itdescribesthepossibilitytohavemultipletransmitterand
It describes the possibility to have multiple transmitter and
receiverantennasinasystem.
UptofourantennascanbeusedbyasingleLTEcell(gain:
Up to four antennas can be used by a single LTE cell (gain:
spatialmultiplexing)
MIMOisconsideredtobethecoretechnologytoincrease
MIMO is considered to be the core technology to increase
spectralefficiency.
21
LTEOverview
www.cert.nat.tn

LTEOverview
LTETECHNOLOGYBASICS
22
LTEOverview
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LTEkeyparameters
FrequencyRange
Channel
b d id h
bandwidth,
1Resource
Block=180kHz
UMTSFDDbandsandUMTSTDDbands
1.4MHz
3MHz
5MHz
10MHz
15MHz
20MHz
6 RB
6RB
15 RB
15RB
25 RB
25RB
50 RB
50RB
75 RB
75RB
100 RB
100RB
Modulation
Schemes
DL:OFDMA(OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultipleAccess)
UL:SCFDMA(SingleCarrierFrequencyDivisionMultipleAccess)
Multiple Access
MultipleAccess
DL:OFDMA(OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultipleAccess)
DL:
OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)
UL:SCFDMA(SingleCarrierFrequencyDivisionMultipleAccess)
MIMO
technology
DL:WidechoiceofMIMOconfigurationoptionsfortransmitdiversity,spatial
multiplexing,andcyclicdelaydiversity(max.4antennasatbasestationandhandset)
UL M lti
UL:MultiusercollaborativeMIMO
ll b ti MIMO
PeakDataRate
DL:150Mbps(UEcategory4,2x2MIMO,20MHz)300Mbps(UEcategory5,4x4
MIMO,20MHz)
UL:75Mbps(20MHz)
p (
)
23
www.cert.nat.tn

LTEOverview
OFDM/OFDMA/SCFDMA
24
LTEOverview
www.cert.nat.tn
OFDM:OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultiCarrier
LTEusesOFDMfortheDL thatis,fromthebasestationto
q
p
theterminal.OFDMmeetstheLTErequirementforspectrum
flexibilityandenablescostefficientsolutionsforverywide
carrierswithhighpeakrates.
ThebasicLTEdownlinkphysicalresourcecanbeseenasa
timefrequencygrid.Inthefrequencydomain,thespacing
b t
betweenthesubcarriers,f,is15kHz.Inaddition,theOFDM
th
b
i
f i 15kH I dditi
th OFDM
symboldurationtimeis1/f +cyclicprefix.Thecyclicprefixis
used to maintain orthogonality betweenthesub
usedtomaintainorthogonality
between the subcarriers
carrierseven
even
foratimedispersiveradiochannel.
Q , Q
Q
OneresourceelementcarriesQPSK,16QAMor64QAM.
25
LTEOverview
www.cert.nat.tn
OFDM Cont.
Single Carrier Transmission
O th
Orthogonal
lF
Frequency Division
Di i i M
Multiplexing
lti l i
OFDM signal generation is based on Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT)

operation on transmitter side.
side On receiver side
side, an FFT operation will be used
used.
26
www.cert.nat.tn
PulseshapingandSpectrum
Twocharacteristicsare
importantforaSignal:
Th titime d
The
domain
i presentation
t ti
Thetimedomain
presentation:
Ithelpsrecognizehow
longthesymbollastson
air
Fourier
Transform
Thefrequencydomain
presentation:
tounderstandthe
requiredspectrumin
termsofbandwidth
27
The frequency
q
y domain p
presentation
LTEOverview
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TherectangularPulse
amplitude
Itisoneofthemostsimpletimedomainpulses.
Itsimplyjumpsattimet=0toitsmaximumamplitudeand
It simply jumps at time t=0 to its maximum amplitude and
afterthepulsedurationTsjustgoesbackto0.
fs =
Ts
1
Ts
FT
Frequency Domain
Time
Ti
Domain
time
IFT
28
LTEOverview
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MultiPathPropagationandInterSymbolInterference
29
LTEOverview
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MultiPathPropagationandInterSymbolInterference
Thecancellationofintersymbolinterferencemakesmorecomplexthe
hardwaredesignofthereceivers.
InWCDMAforinstancetheRAKEreceiverrequiresahugeamountofDSP
capacity.
One of the goals of future radio systems is to simplify receiver design
Oneofthegoalsoffutureradiosystemsistosimplifyreceiverdesign.
Intersymbolinterferenceoriginatingfromthepulseformitselfissimply
avoidedbystartingthenextpulseonlyafterthepreviousonefinished
completely,thereforeintroducingaGuardPeriod(Tg)afterthePulse.
l l h f
d
d
d( ) f
h
l
Thereisnointersymbolinterferencebetweensymbolsaslongasthe
multipathdelayspread(e.g.delaydifferencebetweenfirstandlast
p
y p
( g
y
detectablepath)islessthantheguardperioddurationTg.
30
LTEOverview
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Multi-Path Propagation
p g
and the Guard Period
2
1
Time Domain
TSYMBOL
Tg
Guard Period (GP)
TSYMBOL
2
time
Guard Period (GP)
TSYMBOL
ti
time
Guard Period (GP)
time
31
LTEOverview
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Multi-Path Propagation and the Guard Period

1
2
3
TSYM
when the delay
p
of the
spread
multi-path
environment is
greater than the
guard period
duration (Tg), then
we encounter
inter-symbol
interference (ISI)
Tg
1
time
2
time
3
time
4
time
32
LTEOverview
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ReuseoftheGuardPeriod
ThereisthepossibilitytousethelosttransmissiontimeduringtheGuardPeriod
byrepeatingpartofthesymbolduringthisperiod.
Thisisachievedbyfillingtheguardperiodwitheitheroneorbothofthefollowing
h
h
d b f ll
h
d
d
h h
b h f h f ll
twosolutions:CyclicPrefic (CP)andCyclicSufix (CS).
CP:Thecyclicprefixisfillingthefinalpartoftheguardperiod.Itsimplyconsistsof
thelastpartofthefollowingsymbol.CyclicprefixesareusedbyallmodernOFDM
systemsandtheirsizesrangefrom1/4to1/32ofasymbolperiod.
CS:Thecyclicsuffixfillstheinitialpartoftheguardperiodanditissimply
occupiedbythebeginningpartoftheprevioussymbol.
33
LTEOverview
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CyclicPrefix
Inmultipathpropagation
l
h
environmentsthedelayed
versionsofthesignalarrivewith
atimeoffset,sothatthestartof
thesymboloftheearliestpath
fallsinthecyclicprefixesofthe
y
p
delayedsymbols.
AstheCPissimplyarepetitionof
the end of the symbol this is not a
theendofthesymbolthisisnota
intersymbolinterferenceandcan
beeasilycompensatedbythe
f ll i d di b d
followingdecodingbasedon
discreteFouriertransform.
34
LTEOverview
www.cert.nat.tn
LimitationsoftheSingleCarrierModulation
Usingasingleradiofrequencycarrierwithrectangularpulseshapinghasamajordrawback:
Thecyclicprefixdurationisfixedbythemaximumexpecteddelayspreadoverthemultipath
propagation models for the system.
propagationmodelsforthesystem
delaymax = TCP
Thesymboldurationcanbemadeassmallasthecyclicprefixsize,butthenonlyonehalfof
th ti
thetimeisusedfordatatransmission,theotherhalfisforthecyclicprefix,providingavery
i
df d t t
i i
th th h lf i f th
li
fi
idi
lowefficiency(E)
TSYMBOL
E=
TSYMBOL + TCP
Also shorter symbol duration mean a broader spectrum bandwidth (fS)tobeusedfora
Alsoshortersymboldurationmeanabroaderspectrumbandwidth(f
) to be used for a
carrier.
1
1
fS =
=
TS TSYMBOL + TCP
To increase efficiency the symbol duration must be made longer but then the symbol rate is
Toincreaseefficiencythesymboldurationmustbemadelonger,butthenthesymbolrateis
reduced.
35
LTEOverview
www.cert.nat.tn
Multi-Carrier
Multi
Carrier Modulation
Subcarriers
Guard Bands
011
001
011
100
101
001
Slow Data
011
101
frequency
Serial-to-Parallel
Fast Data
Converter
011001011100101001011101
36
LTEOverview
www.cert.nat.tn
Multi-Carrier Modulation Cont.

Thecenterfrequenciesmustbespacedsothatinterferencebetweendifferent
carriers,knownasAdjacentCarrierInterferenceACI, isminimized;butnottoomuch
spacedasthetotalbandwidthwillbewasted.
Eachcarrierusesanupperandlowerguardbandtoprotectitselffromitsadjacent
carriers.Nevertheless,therewillalwaysbesomeinterferencebetweentheadjacent
carriers.
fsubcarrier
fsub-used
b
d
f0
f1
f2
f3
fN
ACI = Adjacent Carrier Interference

37
LTEOverview
www.cert.nat.tn
Fortherectangularpulsethereis
h
l
l h
abetteroptionpossibleanditis
eveneasiertoimplement.
Wemustjustnoticethatthe
spectrumofarectangularpulses
shows null points exactly at
showsnullpointsexactlyat
integermultiplesofthe
frequencygivenbythesymbol
duration.
duration
Theonlyexceptionisthecenter
frequency(peakpower)
Single carrier
f/fs
fs
38
LTEOverview
fs
fs
fs
fs
fs
fs
fs
fs
fs
fs
fs
www.cert.nat.tn
ThusOFDMsimplyplacesthenextcarrierexactlyinthefirstnullpointofthe
Th
OFDM i l l
h
i
l i h fi
ll i
f h
previousone.
Withthiswedontneedanypulseshaping.
B
BetweenOFDMcarriersusingthe
OFDM
i
i
h
Orthogonal Subcarriers: it
samesymboldurationTs,
means that at the
noguardbandsarerequired.
f
s
subcarriers center
frequencies, there is no
Adjacent Carrier
Interefence ((ACI))
Two carriers
f/fs
39
LTEOverview
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Spectrum Overlapping of multiple OFDM carriers

f n = f 0 + nf
= f0 + n
1
Ts
n = K 1 , 0 ,1 , 2 . K
f0
f1
f2
f3
f4
No ACI (Adjacent Carrier Interference)

40
LTEOverview
www.cert.nat.tn
Po
ower Denssity
Power Den
P
nsity
OFDMallowsatightpackingofsmallcarrier calledthesubcarriers
intoagivenfrequencyband.
Frequency (f/fs)
41
Saved
Bandwidth
Frequency (f/fs)
LTEOverview
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TheOFDMSignal
42
LTEOverview
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OFDMandMultipleAccess
Uptoherewehaveonlydiscussedsimplepointto
point or broadcast OFDM.
pointorbroadcastOFDM.
Nowwehavetoanalyzehowtohandleaccessof
multiple users simultaneously to the system each
multipleuserssimultaneouslytothesystem,each
oneusingOFDM.
OFDMcanbecombinedwithseveraldifferent
OFDM
b
bi d ith
l diff
t
methodstohandlemultiusersystems:
PlainOFDM
l
TimeDivisionMultipleAccessviaOFDM
OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultipleAccessOFDMA
43
LTEOverview
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PlainOFDM
PlainOFDM: NormalOFDM
hasnobuiltinmultiple
access mechanism
accessmechanism.
This
Thisissuitableforbroadcast
is suitable for broadcast
systemslikeDVBT/Hwhich
transmitonlybroadcastand
y
multicastsignalsanddonot
reallyneedanuplink
feedbackchannel(although
suchsystemsexisttoo).
44
LTEOverview
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TimeDivisionMultipleAccessviaOFDM
TimeDivisionMultipleAccessvia
i
i i i
li l
i
OFDM:Thesimplestmodeltoimplement
multipleaccesshandlingisbyputtinga
ti
timemultiplexingontopofOFDM.
lti l i
t
f OFDM
Thedisadvantageofthissimple
mechanismis,thateveryusergetsthe
sameamountofcapacity(subcarriers)
t f
it ( b
i )
anditisthusratherdifficultto
implementflexible(highandlow)bitrate
services.
services
Furthermoreitisnearlyimpossibleto
handlehighlyvariabletraffic(e.g.web
t ffi ) ffi i tl ith t t
traffic)efficientlywithouttoomuch
h
higherlayersignalingandtheresulting
delayandsignalingoverhead.
1 UE 1
45
LTEOverview
UE 2
UE 3
common info
www.cert.nat.tn
OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultipleAccessOFDMA
Suchblockissimplyasetofsome
subcarriers over some time.
subcarriersoversometime.
Asingleusercanthenuseoneormore
Resourceblocks.
1 UE 1
2
46
UE 2
UE 3
Orthogonal Frequency
Multiple Access
OFDMA
time
...
subccarrier
Thebasicideaistoassignsubcarriersto
h b i id i
i
b
i
usersbasedontheirbitrateservices.
Withthisapproachitisquiteeasyto
h dl hi h d l bit t
handlehighandlowbitrateusers
simultaneouslyinasinglesystem.
Butstillitisdifficulttorunhighlyvariable
traffic efficiently
trafficefficiently.
Thesolutiontothisproblemistoassign
toasingleuserssocalledresource
blocks orschedulingblocks.
or scheduling blocks
1
1
1
.
.
1.
1
1
1
.
.
RB
1.
1
1
1
.
.
1.
2
2
2
.
.
.
1
3
3
3
1
3
3
3
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
.
.
.
...
...
...
...
...
3 ...
3 ...
3 ...
common info
LTEOverview
www.cert.nat.tn
DifferencebetweenOFDMandOFDMA
OFDMallocatesusersintime
domainonlyy
47
OFDMAallocatesusersintime
andfrequencydomain
q
y
www.cert.nat.tn
SCFDMA
SCFDMA:SingleCarrierFrequencyDivisionMultipleAccess
SCFDMAisanewhybridmodulationschemethatcleverlycombinesthe
lowPARofsinglecarriersystemswiththemultipathresistanceand
flexiblesubcarrierfrequencyallocationofferedbyOFDM.
SCFDMA
SC
FDMAsolvesthisproblembygroupingtogethertheresourceblocksin
solves this problem by grouping together the resource blocks in
suchawaythatreducestheneedforlinearity,andsopowerconsumption,
inthepoweramplifier.AlowPAPRalsoimprovescoverageandthecell
edge performance
edgeperformance.
SCFDMAsignalprocessinghassomesimilaritieswithOFDMAsignal
processing,soparameterizationofDLandULcanbeharmonized.
SCFDMAisoneoptioninWiMAX(802.16d)anditisthemethodselected
forLTEintheuplinkdirection.
48
LTEOverview
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Comparaison ofCCDFofPAPRforIFDMA,LFDMAandOFDMA
(a):QPSK
(b):16QAM
IFDMA = Interleaved
Interleaved FDMA
FDMA = Distributed SC-FDMA
LFDMA = Localized FDMA = Localized SC-FDMA
49
localized mode (LFDMA)

is used in LTE
www.cert.nat.tn
HowdoesaSCFDMAsignallooklike?
SimilartoOFDMsignal,but
inOFDMA,eachsubcarrieronlycarriesinformationrelatedtoonespecific
y
p
symbol,
inSCFDMA,eachsubcarriercontainsinformationofALLtransmitted
symbols.
y
50
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ComparingOFDMA&SCFDMA
51
LTEOverview
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LTEdownlink:conventionalOFDMA
15 kHz
LTEprovidesQPSK,16QAM,
64QAMasdownlink
modulation schemes
modulationschemes
Cyclicprefixisusedasguard
interval different
interval,different
configurationspossible:
Normalcyclicprefixwith5.2s
(firstsymbol)/4.7s(other
symbols)
Extendedcyclicprefixwith16.7s
Extended cyclic prefix with 16 7 s
f0 f1 f2 f3 f4
52
15kHzsubcarrierspacing
Scalable bandwidth
Scalablebandwidth
www.cert.nat.tn
OFDMAtimefrequencymultiplexing
*TTI = transmission time interval

** For normal cyclic prefix
duration
53
www.cert.nat.tn
spectrumflexibility
LTEphysicallayersupports
anybandwidthfrom1.4
MHz to 20 MHz in steps of
MHzto20MHzinstepsof
180kHz(resourceblock)
Current LTE specification
CurrentLTEspecification
supportsasubsetof6
differentsystem
bandwidths
AllUEsmustsupportthe
maximumbandwidthof20
MHz
54
Channel BW
[MHz]
Number of
RBs
1.4
10
15
20
15
25
50
75
100
www.cert.nat.tn
BandwidthScalability
SScalablebandwidth1.4
l bl b d idth 1 4 20MHzusingdifferentnumberofsubcarriers
20 MH
i diff
t
b
f b
i
LargebandwidthprovideshighdataratesSmallbandwidthallowssimpler
spectrumreframing,e.g.450MHzand900MHz
Bandwidth
1.4 MHz
Narrow Spectrum Reframing
3.0 MHz
5 MHz
10 MHz
High Data Rates
15 MHz
20 MHz
55
LTEOverview
www.cert.nat.tn
LTEFrameStructure
LTEframesare10msecinduration.Theyare
di id d i t 10 bf
dividedinto10subframes,eachsubframe
h bf
being1.0mseclong.Eachsubframeisfurther
dividedintotwoslots,eachof0.5msec
duration.Slotsconsistofeither6or7ODFM
symbols,dependingonwhetherthenormalor
extended cyclic prefix is employed
extendedcyclicprefixisemployed
56
LTEOverview
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LTESlot
TheLTESlotcarries:
7symbolswithshortcyclicprefix
b l
h h
l
f
6symbolswithlongprefix
57
LTEOverview
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OFDMResourceBlockforLTE/EUTRAN
EUTRANcombinesOFDMsymbolsin
b
b l
socalledresourceblocksRB.
Asingleresourceblockisalways12
g
y
consecutivesubcarriersduringone
subframe (2slots,1ms):
12subcarriers
12 subcarriers *15kHz=180kHz
15 kHz= 180 kHz
Itisthetaskoftheschedulertoassign
resourceblockstophysicalchannels
belongingtodifferentusersorfor
generalsystemtasks.
Asinglecellmusthaveatleast6
g
resourceblocks(72subcarriers)and
upto110arepossible(1320
subcarriers)
subcarriers).
58
LTEOverview
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LTEDLframestructuretype1(FDD),DL
#
00
#
01
#
02
#
03
#
04
#
05
#
06
#
07
#
08
#
09
#
10
#
11
#
12
#
13
#
14
#
15
#
16
#
17
#
18
#
19
1 slot = 0.5 ms
1 subframe = 1 ms
59
www.cert.nat.tn
LTEDLframestructuretype2(TDD)
1 subframe = 1 ms
1 slot = 0.5 ms
#
00
#
01
#
02
#
03
#
04
#
05
#
06
#
07
#
08
#
09
#
10
#
11
#
12
#
13
#
14
#
15
#
16
#
17
#
18
#
19
Special subframes containing:

DwPTS: downlink pilot time slot
UpPTS: uplink pilot time slot
GP: guard period for TDD
operation
g
Possible UL-DL configurations
ULDLconfig
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
60
0
D
D
D
D
D
D
1
S
S
S
S
S
S
Subframe number
2 3 4 5 6
U U U D S
U D D D S
U U U D D
U U D D D
U D D D D
U U U D S
7
U
U
D
D
D
U
8
U
D
D
D
D
U
9
U
D
D
D
D
D
www.cert.nat.tn
ModulationSchemesforLTE/EUTRAN
EachOFDMsymbolevenwithinaresource
h
b l
h
blockcanhaveadifferentmodulation
scheme.
EUTRANdefinesthefollowingoptions:
QPSK,16QAM,64QAM.
Not every physical channel will be allowed to
Noteveryphysicalchannelwillbeallowedto
useanymodulationscheme:Control
channelstobeusingmainlyQPSK.
Ingeneralitistheschedulerthatdecides
whichformtousedependingoncarrier
qualityfeedbackinformationfromtheUE.
q
y
16QAM
b0 b1b2b3
Im
1111
Re
QPSK
b0 b1
Im
01
11
00
10Re
0000
64QAM
b 0 b 1b 2b 3 b 4 b 5
Im
Re
61
LTEOverview
www.cert.nat.tn

LTEOverview
MIMO
62
LTEOverview
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MultipleAntennaTechniques
MIMOemploysmultipletransmitandreceiveantennastosubstantially
enhancetheairinterface.
Itusesspacetimecodingofthesamedatastreammappedontomultiple
transmitantennas,whichisanimprovementovertraditionalreception
diversityschemeswhereonlyasingletransmitantennaisdeployedto
y
y
g
p y
extendthecoverageofthecell.
MIMOprocessingalsoexploitsspatialmultiplexing,allowingdifferentdata
streams to be transmitted simultaneously from the different transmit
streamstobetransmittedsimultaneouslyfromthedifferenttransmit
antennas,toincreasetheenduserdatarateandcellcapacity.
Inaddition,whenknowledgeoftheradiochannelisavailableatthe
transmitter(e.g.viafeedbackinformationfromthereceiver),MIMOcan
alsoimplementbeamformingtofurtherincreaseavailabledataratesand
p
y
spectrumefficiency
63
LTEOverview
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AdvancedAntennaTechniques
Singledatastream/user
Beamforming
Beam forming
Coverage,longerbatterylife
Spatial
SpatialDivisionMultipleAccess
Division Multiple Access
(SDMA)
Multipleusersinsameradioresource
Multipledatastream/userDiversity
Linkrobustness
Spatialmultiplexing
Spectralefficiency,highdataratesupport
64
LTEOverview
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MIMO Beamforming
Enhancessignalreception
throughdirectionalarraygain,
while individual antenna has
whileindividualantennahas
omnidirectionalgain
Extends cell coverage
Extendscellcoverage
Suppressesinterferencein
spacedomain
p
Enhancessystemcapacity
Prolongsbatterylife
Prolongs battery life
Providesangularinformationfor
usertrackingg
65
LTEOverview
www.cert.nat.tn

LTEOverview
AIRINTERFACEPROTOCOLS
66
LTEOverview
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RadioProtocolsArchitecture
ItisquitesimilartotheWCDMAprotocol
stackofUMTS.
t k f UMTS
Theprotocolstackdefinesthreelayers:
thephysicallayer(layer1)
datalinkandaccesslayer(layer2)
d
li k d
l
(l
2)
layer3(hostingtheAS,theNAScontrol
y
(
g
,
protocolsaswellandtheapplicationlevel)
67
LTEOverview
www.cert.nat.tn
RadioProtocolarchitecture Userplane
UE
Headercompression(ROHC)
Insequence
In
sequencedeliveryofupperlayerPDUs
delivery of upper layer PDUs
DuplicateeliminationoflowerlayerSDUs
Cipheringforuser/controlplane
Integrityprotectionforcontrolplane
Timerbaseddiscard
eNB
PDCP
PDCP
RLC
RLC
MAC
MAC
PHY
PHY
AM,UM,TM
ARQ
(Re)segmentationConcatenation
Insequencedelivery
Duplicate detection
Duplicatedetection
SDUdiscard
Reestablishment
Mappingbetweenlogicaland
transportchannels
(De)Multiplexing
Scheduling information reporting
Schedulinginformationreporting
HARQ
Priorityhandling
Transportformatselection
68
LTEOverview
www.cert.nat.tn
Controlplaneprotocolstack
Broadcast/Paging
RRCconnectionsetup
RadioBearerControl
Mobilityfunctions
UEmeasurementcontrol
EPSbearermanagement
Authentication
ECM IDLE mobility handling
ECM_IDLEmobilityhandling
PagingoriginationinECM_IDLE
Securitycontrol
69
www.cert.nat.tn
PhysicalLayer
Itprovidesthebasicbittransmissionfunctionalityoverair.
thephysicallayerisdrivenbyOFDMAinthedownlinkandSCFDMAinthe
uplink.
Physicalchannelsaredynamicallymappedtotheavailableresources
(physical resource blocks and antenna ports)
(physicalresourceblocksandantennaports).
Tohigherlayersthephysicallayeroffersitsdatatransmissionfunctionality
viatransportchannels.
LikeinUMTSatransportchannelisablockorientedtransmissionservice
withcertaincharacteristicsregardingbitrates,delay,collisionriskand
reliability.
y
incontrastto3GWCDMAoreven2GGSMtherearenodedicated
transportorphysicalchannelsanymore,asallresourcemappingis
dynamically driven by the scheduler
dynamicallydrivenbythescheduler.
70
LTEOverview
www.cert.nat.tn
MediumAccessControl(MAC)
MACisthelowestlayer2protocol.
Itsmainfunctionistodrivethetransportchannels.
FromhigherlayersMACisfedwithlogicalchannelswhichareinoneto
onecorrespondencewithradiobearers.
Each logical channel is given a priority and MAC has to multiplex logical
EachlogicalchannelisgivenapriorityandMAChastomultiplexlogical
channeldataontotransportchannels(demultiplexinginreception)
FurtherfunctionsofMACwillbecollisionhandlingandexplicitUE
identification.
AnimportantfunctionfortheperformanceistheHARQfunctionality
which is official part of MAC and available for some transport channel
whichisofficialpartofMACandavailableforsometransportchannel
types.
71
LTEOverview
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RadioLinkControl(RLC)
ThereisaonetoonerelationshipbetweeneachRadioBearer
andeachRLCinstance
RLCcanenhancetheradiobearerwithARQ(Automatic
RetransmissiononreQuest)usingsequencenumbereddata
framesandstatusreportstotriggerretransmission.
ThesecondfunctionalityofRLCisthesegmentationand
reassemblythatdivideshigherlayerdataorconcatenates
higherlayerdataintodatachunkssuitablefortransportover
transport channels which allow only a certain set of transport
transportchannelswhichallowonlyacertainsetoftransport
blocksizes.
72
LTEOverview
www.cert.nat.tn
Layer3RadioProtocols
PDCP(PacketDataConvergenceProtocol)
EachradiobeareralsousesonePDCPinstance.
PDCPisresponsibleforheadercompression(ROHC:RObustHeaderCompression;RFC
3095)andciphering/deciphering.
ObviouslyheadercompressionmakessenseforIPdatagram's,butnotforsignaling.
Thus the PDCP entities for signaling radio bearers will usually do ciphering/deciphering
ThusthePDCPentitiesforsignalingradiobearerswillusuallydociphering/deciphering
only.
RRC(RadioResourceControl)
RRCistheaccessstratumspecificcontrolprotocolforEUTRAN.
h
f
l
lf
Itwillprovidetherequiredmessagesforchannelmanagement,measurementcontrol
andreporting,etc.
NASProtocols
l
TheNASprotocolisrunningbetweenUEandMMEandthusmustbetransparently
transferredviaEUTRAN.
ItsitsontopofRRC,whichprovidestherequiredcarriermessagesforNAStransfer
73
LTEOverview
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Layer1/2RadioProtocols Summary
74
www.cert.nat.tn
RRCProtocol
75
LTEOverview
www.cert.nat.tn
LTEMBMSConcept
MBMS(MultimediaBroadcastMulticastServices)isanessentialrequirementfor
LTE.ThesocalledEMBMSwillthereforebeanintegralpartofLTE.
InLTE,MBMStransmissionsmaybeperformedassinglecelltransmissionoras
b
f
d
l
ll
multicelltransmission.Incaseofmulticelltransmissionthecellsandcontentare
synchronizedtoenablefortheterminaltosoftcombinetheenergyfrommultiple
t
transmissions.
i i
Thesuperimposedsignallookslikemultipathtotheterminal.Thisconceptisalso
knownasSingleFrequencyNetwork(SFN).
TheEUTRANcanconfigurewhichcellsarepartofanSFNfortransmissionofan
MBMSservice.TheMBMStrafficcansharethesamecarrierwiththeunicast traffic
orbesentonaseparatecarrier.
ForMBMStraffic,anextendedcyclicprefixisprovided.Incaseofsubframes
carryingMBMSSFNdata,specificreferencesignalsareused.MBMSdataiscarried
ontheMBMStrafficchannel(MTCH)aslogicalchannel.
76
LTEOverview
www.cert.nat.tn
LTEvs WiMAX
BotharedesignedtomovedataratherthanvoiceandbothareIPnetworksbased
onOFDMtechnology.
WiMax isbasedonaIEEEstandard(802.16),andlikethatotherpopularIEEEeffort,
b d
d d(
) dlk h
h
l
ff
WiFi,itsanopenstandardthatwasdebatedbyalargecommunityofengineers
beforegettingratified.ThelevelofopennessmeansWiMax equipmentisstandard
andthereforecheapertobuy.
d th f
h
t b
Asforspeeds,LTEwillisfasterthanthecurrentgenerationofWiMax.
However,LTEwilltaketimetorollout,withdeploymentsreachingmassadoption
by2012.WiMax isoutnow,andmorenetworksshouldbeavailablelaterthisyear.
Thecrucialdifferenceisthat,unlikeWiMAX,whichrequiresanewnetworktobe
built,LTErunsonanevolutionoftheexistingUMTSinfrastructurealreadyusedby
over80percentofmobilesubscribersglobally.Thismeansthateventhough
developmentanddeploymentoftheLTEstandardmaylagMobileWiMAX,ithasa
crucialincumbentadvantage.
77
LTEOverview
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Summary
The3GPPLongTermEvolution(LTE)representsamajor
gy
advanceincellulartechnology.
LTEisdesignedtomeetcarrierneedsforhighspeeddataand
mediatransportaswellashighcapacityvoicesupportwell
intothenextdecade.
LTEiswellpositionedtomeettherequirementsofnext
generationmobilenetworks.Itwillenableoperatorstooffer
highperformance,massmarketmobilebroadbandservices,
through a combination of high bit rates and system
throughacombinationofhighbitratesandsystem
throughput inboththeuplinkanddownlink withlow
y
latency.
78
LTEOverview
www.cert.nat.tn
Summary Cont.
LTEinfrastructureisdesignedtobeassimpleaspossibleto
p y
p
,
g
gy
deployandoperate,throughflexibletechnologythatcanbe
deployedinawidevarietyoffrequencybands.
LTEoffersscalablebandwidths,fromfrom 1.4MHzupto
20MHz,togetherwithsupportforbothFDDpairedandTDD
unpairedspectrum.
TheLTESAEarchitecturereducesthenumberofnodes,
supportsflexiblenetworkconfigurationsandprovidesahigh
level of service availability
levelofserviceavailability.
Furthermore,LTESAEwillinteroperatewithGSM,
WCDMA/HSPA TDSCDMA
WCDMA/HSPA,TD
SCDMAandCDMA.
and CDMA
www.cert.nat.tn
LTEOverview
79
Summary Cont.
Technologies/Features
Benefits
OFDMAwith CP/SCFDMAwith CP
+ Equalizer simpler
Scheduling time/frequency
Better PAPR(SC
PAPR (SCFDMA)
FDMA)
ISIsuppression(CP)
QPSK,16QAM,64QAM
+ Higher bitrates
Adaptative
p
modulation
Canauxcommuns
+ Variable traffic
Better capacity
TTI = 1 ms
TTI=1ms
+ Better response tochannel

to channel
variation
Higher bitrates
80
LTEOverview
Requirements
Scheduling is
needed
www.cert.nat.tn
Summary Cont.
Technologies/Features
Benefits
TTI=1ms
Better response tochannel

+ variation
Higher bitrates
Flatarchitecture
Simpler Architecture
Better latency
All IP
AllIP
Architecturesimpler
p
Convergence
MIMO
+ Higher bitrates
Bandepassanteflexible(1.4
Bande
passante flexible(1 4 20
20
MHz)
Universal frequency reuse (1/1)
+ Better spectral efficiency
81
LTEOverview
Schedulingg with
priorities is needed
ICIC
www.cert.nat.tn
Thank you foryour

for your Attention
82
LTEOverview
www.cert.nat.tn

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ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010

LTE Overview DesignTargets

..leads to the operators challenges

User experience will have an

Price per Mbyte has to be reduced to

Enhanced consumer experience:

Max. peak data rate

LTE 2x20 MHz

DSL ((~20-50 ms,, depending

ITU contribution from

Flat, scalable IP based architecture

Flat, IP based architecture

Flat networks are

LTE Overview DesignTargets

EPC ( Evolved Packet Core )

HARQ Hybrid Automatic

LTE Overview DesignTargets

LTE Overview DesignTargets

OFDM signal generation is based on Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT)

Multi-Path Propagation and the Guard Period

Multi-Carrier Modulation Cont.

ACI = Adjacent Carrier Interference

Spectrum Overlapping of multiple OFDM carriers

No ACI (Adjacent Carrier Interference)

localized mode (LFDMA)

*TTI = transmission time interval

Narrow Spectrum Reframing

High Data Rates

Special subframes containing:

LTE Overview DesignTargets

LTE Overview DesignTargets

+ Better response tochannel

Better response tochannel

Universal frequency reuse (1/1)

+ Better spectral efficiency

Thank you foryour

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