Spectral Features of The Pressure Distribution Around A Cylinder Oscillating in Still Water PDF

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Coastal Engineering Journal, Vol. 57, No. 3 (2015) 1550013 (19 pages)
c World Scientic Publishing Company and Japan Society of Civil Engineers

DOI: 10.1142/S0578563415500138
Coast. Eng. J. 2015.57. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

by Mr. Idlir Lami on 10/14/15. For personal use only.
Spectral Features of the Pressure Distribution Around

a Cylinder Oscillating in Still Water
Seyed Taghi Omid Naeeni and Seyede Masoome Sadaghi

School of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering,
University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
stnaeeni@ut.ac.ir
sonasadaghi@ut.ac.ir
Rangaswami Narayanan
Department of Civil and Structural Engineering,
University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
narayanan ranga@yahoo.co.uk
Received 9 October 2013
Accepted 13 July 2015
Published 25 August 2015
In this paper, the pressure eld on a circular cylinder oscillating close to a plane bed in
still water is investigated to assess the eects of proximity of the cylinder to the bed. The
range of KeuleganCarpenter (KC) numbers of the oscillatory cylinder in the present study
is between 15 and 40. The ow is in the subcritical regime since the Reynolds number of
oscillating cylinder was between 9 500 and 26 000. Two dierent gaps between the cylinder
and the plane expressed as ratios of the diameter of the cylinder are 0.1 and 1.0. The
cylinder and the plane bed are both smooth. The frequency spectra of pressure measured at
36 positions around the cylinder have been obtained for the dierent KC numbers and the
gap ratios. A wavelet analysis is used for the simultaneous timefrequency representation
of the pressure uctuations in order to identify the ow induced transitory characteristics.
Such a representation shows clearly the abrupt changes in the pressure distribution that
are attributed to vortex shedding. The results show that changes in the pressure variations
are not at the same phase with the velocity uctuations indicating the inability of pressures
to respond to velocity variations simultaneously.
Keywords: Oscillatory cylinder; pressure; spectral analysis; wavelet.
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S. T. O. Naeeni, S. M. Sadaghi & R. Narayanan

1. Introduction
Submarine pipelines play a very important role in the economical and safe transportation of oil, gas, petroleum products and even fresh water. Communication
cables are housed in a pipeline to protect from the sea environment. Sub-sea pipelines
are simply cylinders placed very close to the sea bed. Flow around circular cylinders
is one of the classic and challenging topics in uid mechanics which has attracted
attention over a considerable number of years. The characteristics of ow around
circular cylinders are becoming clearer due to intensive studies of various investigators over the years but there are still many aspects to be studied which would lead
to further understanding of this complex yet fascinating phenomenon of uid ow.
The growth and shedding of vortices from a submerged body aect the velocity
eld and consequently the pressure eld. The action of this pressure on the surface
of the pipeline in turn imposes time-varying forces on the pipe. The ow imposes a
uctuating component due to the alternate vortex shedding exhibiting periodicity.
On the other hand, the vortex shedding in oscillatory ows is complicated by the
fact that the near cylinder ow eld has to rebuild itself twice per complete cycle as
the cylinder reverses its direction. The cyclic uid motion leads to the formation of
strong and usually asymmetric vortices which produce asymmetric ow as they are
swept back past the cylinder in the return half of the ow cycle. This complicated
ow eld aects the pressure distribution on the cylinder which is responsible for
the time-varying in-line and lift forces. Over the years, the vortex shedding process
and its relation to the in-line and lift forces have been extensively investigated by
force measurements and ow visualization.
A few investigators have measured pressure distributions induced by periodic
ow around the cylinder [Isaacson, 1974; Matten et al., 1979; Sumer et al., 1991;
Dadman and Narayanan, 1995; Naeeni and Narayanan, 2005].
Isaacson [1974] studied forces on an oscillating circular cylinder using a single
pressure tapping which could be rotated to measure pressure distribution around
the cylinder. He reported that the signals of the ow did not vary from cycle to cycle
over the entire recording period. Visualization of the ow carried out by Isaacson
under various conditions indicated that the ow was indeed reasonably periodic for
small and moderate KeuleganCarpenter (KC) number, whereas for higher values
of KC number, irregularities were observed. KC is dened as Um T/D where Um is
the maximum velocity, T is the wave period and D is the diameter of the cylinder.
It has been shown that for conditions in which diraction eects are negligible, lift
on the cylinder in the wave ow is strongly nearly similar to that in the oscillating
case.
Matten et al. [1979] obtained pressure distribution around a horizontal circular
cylinder oscillating in still water. In order to obtain an essentially two-dimensional
ow, they tted plates at the two ends of the cylinder, thus, eliminating the end
eects on the ow around the cylinder. Matten et al. were able to identify vortex
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Spectral Features of the Pressure Distribution Around a Cylinder
shedding from the pressure distribution measured for Re = 2.7 105 and KC = 18.
Forces were obtained by integration of the pressure distribution. They found the
in-line forces and transverse forces in their frequencies and amplitudes which are
somewhat similar to those observed by Sarpkaya [1976]. They also reported that
the absence of the end plates had a substantial eect on the resultant force. They
concluded that force coecients obtained from two-dimensional ow experiments
could not be directly applied to three-dimensional ows.
Sarpkaya and Wilson [1984] made dierential pressure measurements on smooth
and rough isolated circular cylinders in harmonically oscillating ow in a U-tube.
They measured pressure distribution by rotating the cylinder. They also measured
the velocity of ow simultaneously for use as a reference signal for the pressure. It
was found that the growth and motion of vortices aected the pressure distribution
in a profound and yet undetectable way.
Sumer et al. [1991], measured instantaneous pressure distributions around an
oscillatory cylinder over a plane bed for various values of gap ratios between 0 and
2, KC being between 4 and 65. Both smooth and rough cylinders were considered.
The gap ratio is G/D where G is the gap distance between the bottom of the cylinder
and the umes bed and D is the diameter of the cylinder. In their experiments they
used 12 pressure transducers mounted on the surface of the cylinder. They reported
that the pressure distributions were repeatable over the cycles. Hydrodynamic forces
were determined by integration of pressure distribution. Lift variations were related
to vortex shedding for dierent gap ratios. The average number of peaks in the cycle
of lift force trace was used to estimate the Strouhal number of ow. Their results
indicated that the vortex shedding persisted for smaller values of gap ratio as KC
decreased. They also reported that the Strouhal frequency increased by 50% for very
small gap ratios of that for isolated cylinder. Sumer et al. [1991] obtained the gap
ratios at which vortex shedding was suppressed for dierent KC numbers estimated
from ow visualization and from lift force traces.
Dadman and Narayanan [1995] measured in-phase pressure distributions around
the horizontal yawed cylinder near a bed using a transducer. They measured the
pressures at 18 points around the cylinder. The pressure patterns are found to repeat
themselves from one cycle to another except for some occasional blips.
Naeeni and Narayanan [2005] measured the wall pressure eld on a cylinder
oscillating over a plane bed in still water. Two gap ratios between the cylinder and
the bed (1.0 and 0.1) were considered in their study. Pressures on the periphery
of the cylinder were measured in 36 points by a pair of transducers. The pressure
patterns were found to be essentially repeatable from one cycle to the next. The
forces determined from the pressure proles compared well with those measured
directly by a force transducer.
In this paper, the spectral contents of the pressure uctuations in dierent positions on the cylinder have been studied in detail, with respect to the KC number and
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the bed proximity. Wavelet analysis is used for the simultaneous timefrequency representation of the pressure uctuations in order to reveal the time at which abrupt
variations in the spectral content and ow characteristics are experienced.
2. Experimental Details

2.1. Experimental apparatus

The experimental details have been fully described in the paper by Naeeni and
Narayanan [2005] and only a brief description is presented here.
The experiments were carried out in the Department of Civil and Structural
Engineering, University of Manchester, United Kingdom [Naeeni, 2003]. The experimental apparatus consisted of an oscillating cylinder of 50 mm diameter kept at
dierent gaps above a plane bed in still water. The motion of the oscillatory cylinder in the experiments was purely sinusoidal. u(t), the instantaneous velocity of the
cylinder is expressed in Eq. (1)
u(t) = Um cos(t),
2
.
T
(1)
In which, Um is the maximum velocity, is the angular frequency and T is the

period of oscillation.
A schematic diagram of the apparatus is shown in Fig. 1.
Two pressure transducers were xed from the inside to the wall of the cylinder
in a diametrically opposite orientation as shown in Fig. 2. The cylinder could be
1- Connecting rods of carriage

2- Guide rods
3- Cross beams
4- Support beams
5- Swivel mount arrangement
6- Air bearing
7- Aluminum leg
8- Tank wall
9- Plate support beams
10- Plastic flat plate
11- Test cylinder
Fig. 1. Experimental apparatus.

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90
P25
P27 P28 P29 P30
P26
P31
P24
P23
P32
P33
P34
P22
=
50
P35
m
m
P21
P20
P36
180 P19
P01 0 360
P02
P18
P03
P17
Pressure
transducer B
P16
Pressure
transducer A
P04
P05
P15
P14
P06
P13
P12 P11 P10 P09
270
P08
P07
Fig. 2. Positions of pressure measurement around the cylinder.
rotated to locate the transducers at 36 angular positions of 10 intervals (Fig. 2).

Even though only two pressure transducers were used at a time, extreme care was
taken to match the phase of the oscillations and the phase of the pressure patterns.
2.2. Experimental conditions
Experimental conditions are presented in Table 1 in terms of the KC number, the
gap ratio (G/D), the Reynolds number (Re), the ratio between Re and KC ().
Also included in the Table are the maximum velocity of the cylinder (Um ), the
temperature at which the experiments were performed (Temp) and the period of
oscillation (T ). Each experimental run was carried out for 40 cycles of oscillation of
the cylinder and the pressure around the cylinder were recorded 256 times in each
cycle.
Table 1. Summary of the test conditions for pressure measurements.
KC
G/D
Re
= Re/KC
Um (m/s)
15
20
25
30
35
40
0.1,1.0
0.1,1.0
0.1,1.0
0.1,1.0
0.1,1.0
0.1,1.0
9.5 103
1.3 104
1.6 104
1.9 104
2.3 104
2.6 104
630
640
640
640
650
650
0.19
0.25
0.31
0.38
0.44
0.50
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Temp ( C)
T (s)
between 17 to 23
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3. Temporal Variation of Pressures

The dimensionless pressure at the angular position of is expressed as a pressure
coecient Cp (t) dened in Eq. (2)
p(t) p0
,
1
2
2 Um
(2)
where p(t) is the pressure at the point, p0 is the pressure at the same point in still
water and is the density of water.
Figure 3 shows typically the temporal variations of pressure coecient p(t) at
four positions (Fig. 2) on the cylinder for KC number of 30 and gap ratio (G/D) of
1.0. The time (t) plotted along the horizontal axis is normalized with respect to the
period of oscillation (T ).
Figure 3 shows that the pressure patterns repeat themselves sensibly from one
cycle to the next in this complex ow. This observation is the same as the conclusion
G/D=1 Kc= 30
Cp 0900
Cp 0000
G/D=1 Kc= 30
0
-1
0
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
-4
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
-4
0.5
1.5
t/T
Cp 2700
0
-1
-3
-3
1
1.5
3.5
3.5
-1
-2
0.5
-2
2.5
G/D=1 Kc= 30
-4
2
t/T
G/D=1 Kc= 30
Cp 1800

CP (t) =
2.5
3.5
t/T
-4
0.5
1.5
2.5
t/T
Fig. 3. Variation of pressure coecient at four angular positions of the cylinder.

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of Isaacson [1974], Sumer et al. [1991] and Naeeni and Narayanan [2005] in their
investigation of pressure distribution on horizontal cylinder in oscillatory motion.
4. Spectral Analyses of the Pressure Coecients

4.1. Fourier analysis

The normalized frequency spectra of pressures at various positions around the cylinder have been investigated for dierent KC numbers and gap ratios using Fast
Fourier Transform (FFT). Figure 4 displays typically the spectra at 36 positions
around the cylinder for G/D = 1.0 and KC = 30.
Figure 4 shows that the uctuations of pressure on the cylinder at = 0 and
180 (see Fig. 2) are dominated by the main oscillation. It is predominantly the
eect of wake reversal and acceleration of the oscillatory cylinder. At = 90 and
270 the dominant frequency of the pressure measurements is twice the frequency
of oscillation of the cylinder which is also noticeable in Fig. 3. The velocity eld and
the vortex shedding contribute to the second harmonic of the pressures.
In Fig. 5 are shown the normalized frequency spectra of pressures around the
cylinder for G/D = 0.1 and KC = 30. As can be seen, the rst and second normalized
frequencies are again dominant for dierent positions but in some positions on the
cylinder, higher frequencies like the 4th harmonic are also present.
Although the general trend in terms of frequency distribution around the cylinder
is almost the same for all KC numbers and gap ratios, the length along the perimeter
of the pipe where each frequency is dominant (which is called the span of each
frequency hereafter) is dierent for each case. To investigate such dierences in each
case more closely, the spans are related to the dominant frequencies around the
isolated and near bed cylinders and are displayed in Figs. 6(a)6(f) and Figs. 7(a)
7(f) for G/D = 1.0 and G/D = 0.1, respectively. In these gures, the frequency is
made dimensionless using the oscillatory frequency of the cylinder.
For the gap ratio (G/D) of 1, the ow characteristics are essentially the same
as those of an isolated cylinder. For G/D = 1.0, the rst and second harmonics are
dominant and the spans of each dominant frequency are almost the same for all KC
numbers studied (Fig. 6). However, a slight decrease in the span of second harmonic
at the top and bottom of the cylinder could be observed for higher KC numbers.
The slight asymmetry in the distribution of the dominant frequency of uctuating
pressure is observed that could be due to slight departure from one half cycle to the
next. Even though the oscillation of the cylinder is purely sinusoidal, the ow at
the end of each cycle can aect the ow in the following half-cycle. Some vortices
might be swept back over the cylinder into the next half-cycle of ow. Furthermore,
the experimental conditions in the tank housing, the oscillatory cylinder mechanism
can cause some asymmetry in the oscillating ow even though the tank used in
our experiments is large enough to damp out disturbances farther away from the
cylinder.
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1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
P1
=00
01 23 45 67 8
f/f
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

01 23 45 67 8
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
01 23 45 67 8
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
f/f
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
01 23 45 67 8
W
01 23 45 67 8
f/f
01 23 45 67 8
W
012 345 67 8
f/f
1
P27
0.8
=1000 0.6
0.4
0.2
012 345 67 8
f/f
01 23 45 67 8
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
P34
=300
012 345 67 8
f/f
01 23 45 67 8
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
01 23 45 67 8
W
01 23 45 67 8
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
P30
=700
01 23 45 67 8
f/f
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
P24
=1300
f/f
P35
=200
f/f
P29
=800
f/f
01 23 45 67 8
f/f
01 23 45 67 8
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
P18
=1900
1
P23
0.8
=1400 0.6
0.4
0.2
f/f
P28
=900
P33
=400
f/f
01 23 45 67 8
f/f
01 23 45 67 8
f/f
P12
=2500
1
P17
0.8
=2000 0.6
0.4
0.2
1
P22
0.8
=1500 0.6
0.4
0.2
01 23 45 67 8
01 23 45 67 8
f/f
01 23 45 67 8
f/f
012 345 67 8
f/f
P6
=3100
1
P11
0.8
=2600 0.6
0.4
0.2
1
P16
0.8
=2100 0.6
0.4
0.2
01 23 45 67 8
01 23 45 67 8
f/f
012 345 67 8
1
P21
0.8
=1600 0.6
0.4
0.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1
P10
0.8
=2700 0.6
0.4
0.2
f/f
01 23 45 67 8
f/f
P32
=500
f/f
1
P15
0.8
=2200 0.6
0.4
0.2
f/f
012 345 67 8
f/f
01 23 45 67 8
f/f
1
P9
0.8
=2800 0.6
0.4
0.2
f/f
01 23 45 67 8
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.4
0.2
1
P26
0.8
=1100 0.6
0.4
0.2
f/f
P31
=600
f/f
0.4
0.2
01 23 45 67 8
1
P25
0.8
=1200 0.6
0.4
0.2
01 23 45 67 8
0.4
0.2
1
P20
0.8
=1700 0.6
0.4
0.2
f/f
0.4
0.2
01 23 45 67 8
f/f
P5
0.8
=3200 0.6
1
P14
0.8
=2300 0.6
0.4
0.2
1
P19
0.8
=1800 0.6
0.4
0.2
f/f
P4
0.8
=3300 0.6
01 23 45 67 8
f/f
P3
0.8
=3400 0.6
1
P8
0.8
=2900 0.6
0.4
0.2
1
P13
0.8
=2400 0.6
0.4
0.2
f/f
P2
0.8
=3500 0.6
01 23 45 67 8
f/f
01 23 45 67 8
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
1
P7
0.8
=3000 0.6
0.4
0.2
f/f
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
P36
=100
01 23 45 67 8
f/f
Fig. 4. Normalized frequency spectra of uctuating pressures at dierent positions around the
cylinder for G/D = 1.0 and KC = 30, fw = frequency of oscillation.
For the near bed cylinder (G/D = 0.1) higher frequencies in pressure traces are
observed at the top and bottom of the cylinder (Fig. 7). The spans of the second
harmonic have considerably reduced at the bottom of the cylinder. The closeness of
the bed has aected the vortex formation and shedding causing higher harmonics
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1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
P1
=00
01234567 8
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
f /f W
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

0.4
0.2
0
0.4
0.2
0
0.4
0.2
0
0.4
0.2
0
01234567 8
0123 4567 8
01234567 8
f /f W
1
f /f W
1
01234567 8
f /f W
1
P10
0.8
=2700 0.6
P11
0.8
=2600 0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.4
0.2
0
0.4
0.2
0
0.4
0.2
0
0.4
0.2
0
01234567 8
01234567 8
f /f W
1
0123 4567 8
01234567 8
f /f W
1
f /f W
1
01234567 8
f /f W
1
P14
0.8
=2300 0.6
P15
0.8
=2200 0.6
P16
0.8
=2100 0.6
P17
0.8
=2000 0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.4
0.2
0
0.4
0.2
0
0.4
0.2
0
0.4
0.2
0
01234567 8
f /f W
1
0123 4567 8
01234567 8
f /f W
1
f /f W
1
01234567 8
f /f W
1
P20
0.8
=1700 0.6
P21
0.8
=1600 0.6
P22
0.8
=1500 0.6
P23
0.8
=1400 0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.4
0.2
0
0.4
0.2
0
0.4
0.2
0
0.4
0.2
0
01234567 8
f /f W
1
0123 4567 8
f /f W
1
P25
0.8
=1200 0.6
P26
0.8
=1100 0.6
P27
0.8
=1000 0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.4
0.2
0
0.4
0.2
0
01234567 8
P31
=600
01234567 8
f /f W
01234567 8
f /f W
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
P32
=500
01234567 8
f /f W
01234567 8
f /f W
0123 4567 8
P28
=900
01234567 8
f /f W
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
f /f W
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
f /f W
P33
=400
0123 4567 8
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
P34
=300
01234567 8
f /f W
f /f W
01234567 8
P29
=800
01234567 8
P35
=200
01234567 8
f /f W
01234567 8
P18
=1900
01234567 8
P24
=1300
01234567 8
f /f W
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
f /f W
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
P12
=2500
f /f W
P19
0.8
=1800 0.6
01234567 8
01234567 8
f /f W
P13
0.8
=2400 0.6
01234567 8
P6
=3100
f /f W
P9
0.8
=2800 0.6
f /f W
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
P5
0.8
=3200 0.6
P8
0.8
=2900 0.6
f /f W
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
P4
0.8
=3300 0.6
P7
0.8
=3000 0.6
f /f W
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
P3
0.8
=3400 0.6
f /f W
f /f W
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
P2
0.8
=3500 0.6
P30
=700
01234567 8
f /f W
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
P36
=100
01234567 8
f /f W
Fig. 5. Normalized frequency spectra of uctuating pressures at dierent positions around the
cylinder for G/D = 0.1 and KC = 30, fw = frequency of oscillation.
in the pressure uctuations. The regular vortex shedding is inhibited because the
wall-side shear layer cannot develop as strongly as the opposing shear layer leading
to a weak interaction between the shear layers. The boundary layer separating as
shear layer roll up into small vortices and provide higher harmonics. Forces exerted
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(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Fig. 6. The dominant frequencies spans around the cylinder, G/D = 1.0, fw = frequency of
oscillation.
due to pressure on the cylinder are computed by integrating the temporal variation of pressures around the periphery of the cylinder. The high frequency content
in the pressure traces especially along the top and bottom of the cylinder inuence the ultimate forces on the pipeline and are important from this view point.
It is also desirable to know at what phase of oscillations these high frequency contents are formed. For this purpose, the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) is
used.
4.2. Wavelet analysis
Fourier analysis is extremely useful for time series in which the frequency content is
of great importance but in transforming to the frequency domain, time information
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(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Fig. 7. The dominant frequencies spans around the cylinder, G/D = 0.1, fw = frequency of
oscillation.
is lost which is considered as a serious drawback of this method. Fourier transform

(FT) gives the frequency information of the signal, which means that it tells us how
much of each frequency exists in the signal, but it does not show the time when
these frequency components exist. For stationary signals in which signal properties
do not change over time, this drawback is not important but for nonstationary
signals, transitory characteristics are often the most important part to show when
these particular events took place. Hence, FT is not suited to detect them in time
domain.
Wavelet transform (WT) is capable of providing the time and frequency information simultaneously, hence giving a timefrequency representation of the signal.
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For the present study, wavelet analysis has been used to reveal the variation of
frequency content in time for an average oscillation cycle.

4.2.1. Definition of the CWT

The CWT uses the inner product of the signal and a shifted and compressed or
stretched versions of a wavelet function to measure the similarity between them.
Stretching or compressing the wavelet corresponds to the physical notion of scale.
The comparison of the signal and the wavelet at dierent scales and positions gives
the CWT coecients. For a scale parameter (s) and position (u) along the time
axis, the CWT coecient is dened in Eq. (3) [Mallat, 2009]:

1 tu
dt.
(3)
f (t)
C(s, u) =
s
s
In which f (t) is the signal, is the wavelet function and * denotes the complex
conjugate. The mother wavelet function is the basic form of the wavelet from which
dilated and translated versions are derived and used in the WT. Multiplying each
coecient by the corresponding scaled and shifted wavelet yields the constituent
wavelets of the original signal. The CWT coecient for each position and scale represents how closely correlated the wavelet is with that section of the signal. The
larger the coecient C is in the absolute value, the more the similarity. The abrupt
transitions in signals and the discontinuities could be detected using continuous
wavelet analysis. CWT is also capable of detecting smoother signal features. Large
wavelet coecients are produced at scales where the oscillation in the wavelet correlates best with the signal feature, thus presenting the corresponding scale of the
oscillation in time.
Over the past decade, the WT has emerged as a particularly powerful tool for
the elucidation of uid signals [Addison, 2002]. Due to their high resolution in the
wavelet domain, continuous wavelets are normally employed for feature detection in
ows with recognizable coherent structures. The Mexican hat wavelet is often used
when compactness in the time domain is important. For the present investigation,
the Mexican hat wavelet, which is very good at illustrating many of the properties
of CWT analysis, has been chosen. The Mother Mexican hat wavelet function is
dened in Eq. (4) and shown in Fig. 8.
2 /2
(t) = (1 t2 )et
(4)
In wavelet analysis, higher scales correspond to coarser signal features with lower
frequencies and vice versa. While there is a general relationship between scale and
frequency, no precise formula exists. As it is desired to map between a wavelet at
a given scale with a specied sampling period to a frequency in Hertz, a pseudofrequency corresponding to each scale is dened in a general sense according to
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Mexican hat wavelet function
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2

-0.2
-0.4
-4
-3
-2
-1
Fig. 8. The mother Mexican hat wavelet function.
Eq. (5)
Fc
.
(5)
a
In which a is a scale, is the sampling period, Fc is the center frequency
maximizing the FT of the wavelet modulus in Hz and Fa is the pseudo-frequency
corresponding to the scale a, in Hz.
Fa =
4.2.2. CWT of pressure traces above and beneath the cylinder

Previous researchers have shown that the abrupt changes in the pressure distributions are related to vortex shedding or to vortices being washed over the cylinder in
the reversal phase. The vortex shedding leads to abrupt changes in the time series
and in the frequency content of the signal. These changes in the pressure distribution
are associated with the appearance of a peak in the lift force trace [Sumer et al.,
1991]. As WT is capable of representing the signal in simultaneous time/frequency
domain, we can detect the time of frequency changes attributed to the vortex shedding. This representation is a new information we get from WT which could not be
achieved directly from the usual spectral analyses.
The average of pressure values measured in 40 cycles at the top and bottom of
the cylinder are interrogated by CWT. FT analysis of uctuating pressures along
the cylinder has shown that the high frequency contents and the abrupt transitions
of pressure are observed mostly along the top and bottom of the cylinder. Hence,
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the pressure traces at these two positions are analyzed with WT. CWT coecients
for the uctuations of pressures at the bottom and top of the cylinder are shown in
Figs. 9 and 10, respectively, for G/D = 1.0 for dierent KC numbers. In these gures,
the ordinates are wavelet scale and the corresponding pseudo-frequency shown on
the left and right of the graph, respectively. The abscissa is the time normalized
with the oscillation period. The continuous wavelet coecient is shown in black for
extremum values of the CWT coecient and white for zero values.
The oscillatory ow of the present investigations consists of four dierent phases.
At the beginning of the ow cycle, the cylinder moves at maximum velocity. The
cylinder comes to rest after a quarter of the oscillation period. Then the velocity
direction reverses and the cylinder attains its maximum velocity at the next quarter
of the oscillation cycle. The next half of the oscillation is like the rst half but in the
reverse direction. The scrutiny of the present results shows that when the cylinder
reverses its motion, the pressure uctuations are not in the same phase with the
velocity variations showing that the pressures do not respond instantaneously to
the velocity changes. The results show that the increase in KC number increases
the time lag between velocity eld and the pressure changes at the bottom of the
cylinder (Fig. 9).
The asymmetry between the half cycles is seen in the results which are due to the
asymmetry of vortex shedding between the half periods, as reported by Williamson
[1985] and Sumer et al. [1991]. The asymmetry reduces with the increase in the KC
number.
Sumer et al. [1991] observed that the stagnation point moves to the lee side
before the ow reverses. This behavior could be inferred from the spectral results as
well. In Fig. 9, it is seen that the average frequencies around the second harmonic
of the oscillations all occur just before the ow reversal and also before the ow
reaches its maximum velocity at the middle of the oscillations.
The WT analysis has been performed on the pressure traces at the top of the
cylinder for G/D = 1.0. The results are shown in Fig. 10. At the top of the cylinder,
the dominant frequency is again around the second harmonic of the main oscillation.
When the cylinder reverses its motion the abrupt changes arising are detectable in
the results. The asymmetry between the half cycles also exists for this point at
the top of the cylinder and it decreases with the increase of the KC number. The
dominant harmonics occur again just ahead of the ow reversal.
The eect of bed proximity on the spectral behavior of the pressure uctuations
has been investigated for the position at the bottom of the cylinder for the case of
G/D = 0.1. The results are shown in Fig. 11. As seen in the gure, the bed proximity
exerts a signicant inuence on the pressure patterns at the bottom of the cylinder
especially at lower KC numbers. The contributions of higher frequencies are clearly
seen for lower KC numbers. For KC number of 15, the higher frequencies occur just
before and after ow reversal which could very well be due to vortices detaching from
the shear layer and being washed over the cylinder in the reversal phase. For KC
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60
1.07
60
1.07
50
1.28
50
1.28
40
1.6
40
1.6
30
2.13
30
2.13
20
3.2
20
3.2
10
6.4
10
6.4
0.75
scales a
0.25
70
0.91
60
1.07
60
1.07
50
1.28
50
1.28
40
1.6
40
1.6
30
2.13
30
2.13
20
3.2
20
3.2
10
6.4
10
6.4
0.25
0.5
t/T
0.75
scales a
0.91
0.25
(c)
0.5
t/T
0.75
(d)
Values of Wavelet Coefficients, G/D=1 KC=35
0.91
70
0.91
60
1.07
60
1.07
50
1.28
50
1.28
40
1.6
40
1.6
30
2.13
30
2.13
20
3.2
20
3.2
10
6.4
10
6.4
0.25
0.5
t/T
0.75
scales a
Pseudo frequency f/f
70
70
scales a
0.75
(b)
scales a

(a)
0.5
t/T
0.5
t/T
(e)
0.25
0.5
t/T
0.75
0.25
0.91
70
0.91
scales a

70
(f)
Fig. 9. CWT coecients for pressure uctuations at the bottom of the cylinder, G/D = 1.0,
extremum values in black and zero values in white, fw = frequency of oscillation, T =
period of oscillation.
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60
1.07
60
1.07
50
1.28
50
1.28
40
1.6
40
1.6
30
2.13
30
2.13
20
3.2
20
3.2
10
6.4
10
6.4
0.75
scales a
0.25
1.07
50
1.28
40
1.6
30
2.13
3.2
20
3.2
6.4
10
6.4
50
1.28
40
1.6
30
2.13
20
10
0.5
t/T
0.75
scales a
1.07
60
60
scales a
0.91
0.25
(c)
0.5
t/T
0.75
(d)

0.91
70
0.91
60
1.07
60
1.07
50
1.28
50
1.28
40
1.6
40
1.6
30
2.13
30
2.13
20
3.2
20
3.2
10
6.4
10
6.4
0.25
0.5
t/T
0.75
scales a
70

0.91
0.25
70
70
0.75
(b)
scales a

(a)
0.5
t/T
0.5
t/T
(e)
0.25
0.5
t/T
0.75
0.25
0.91
70
scales a
0.91

70
(f)
Fig. 10. CWT coecients for pressure uctuations at the top of the cylinder, G/D = 1.0, extremum
values in black and zero values in white, fw = frequency of oscillation, T = period of oscillation.
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60
1.07
60
1.07
50
1.28
50
1.28
40
1.6
40
1.6
30
2.13
30
2.13
20
3.2
20
3.2
10
6.4
10
6.4
0.75
scales a
0.25
60
1.07
50
1.28
40
1.6
30
2.13
20
10
0.25
0.5
t/T
0.75
Values of Wavelet Coefficients, G/D=0.1 KC=30

0.91
60
1.07
50
1.28
40
1.6
30
2.13
3.2
20
3.2
6.4
10
6.4
scales a
70
0.25
(c)
0.91
60
1.07
50
1.28
40
1.6
30
2.13
3.2
20
3.2
6.4
10
6.4
50
1.28
40
1.6
30
2.13
20
10
0.75
scales a
1.07
60
70
0.91
0.5
t/T
0.75
0.25
0.5
t/T
(d)
70
0.91
scales a
70
0.75
(b)
scales a

(a)
0.5
t/T
0.5
t/T
(e)
0.25
0.5
t/T
0.75
0.25
0.91
70

0.91
scales a

70
(f)
Fig. 11. CWT coecients for pressure uctuations at the bottom of the cylinder, G/D = 0.1,
extremum values in black and zero values in white, fw = frequency of oscillation, T = period of
oscillation.
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number of 20, higher frequencies are observed at the time when the cylinder reaches
its maximum velocity. The abrupt changes in the pressure at this time could be due
to shedding of the vortices. The sudden changes in the pressure distribution resulting
from this phenomenon were previously reported by Sumer et al. [1991] supported
by ow visualization of the vortex shedding process. Their results indicated that the
ow pattern and the pressure distribution change signicantly because of the close
proximity of the boundary where the symmetry of formation of vortices breaks down.
The results show that at lower KC numbers, there is no specic pattern to the
contribution of the higher frequencies but as the KC number increases, the regular
behavior of the ow and pressure patterns become pronounced. The presence of the
bed prevents the symmetry and regularity in the ow patterns especially at lower
KC numbers.
5. Conclusion
The pressure eld, directly aects the forces exerted on the cylinder and hence
is of great importance. In this paper, the pressure uctuations around a cylinder
oscillating in still water were analyzed for dierent KC numbers and gap ratios. The
dominant frequency of these uctuations were investigated in 36 points around the
cylinders and the spans of each dominant frequency are depicted around the cylinder.
The dominant frequencies in the pressure uctuations were detected using the FT.
To reveal the time of occurrence of each frequency, WT was used by which, the
uctuations could be analyzed in time and frequency domains simultaneously. The
specic conclusions obtained, are listed as follows:
The uctuations of pressure on the cylinder at positions 0 and 180 that coincide
along the line of motion of the cylinder are dominated by the main oscillation.
The dominant frequency of the pressure uctuation on the top and bottom of the
cylinder is twice the frequency of oscillation of the cylinder. The velocity eld and
the vortex shedding contribute to the second harmonic of the pressures.
A slight asymmetry in the distribution of the dominant frequencies over the cylinder is observed which is due to the asymmetry of each half cycle to the next.
For the near bed cylinder (G/D = 0.1), higher frequencies in pressure traces are
observed in the top and bottom of the cylinder. The spans of the second harmonic
are considerably reduced at the bottom of the cylinder. There is no clear cut
vortex formation except that the separated boundary layer rolls up into a number
of small scale vortices.
At the end of one cycle of the cylinder motion, there is a phase dierence between
the pressure and velocity variations. The results show that the increase in KC
number increases the time lag between velocity eld and the resulting pressure
eld on the cylinder.
The asymmetry between the half cycles is seen in the continuous wavelet results
which are due to the asymmetry of vortex shedding between the half periods, as
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reported by Williamson [1985] and Sumer et al. [1991]. The asymmetry reduces
with the increase in KC number.
The wavelet analysis shows that the average frequencies around the second harmonic of the oscillations occur just before the ow reversal, and also before the
ow reaches its maximum velocity at the middle of the oscillations. This observation could be deduced from the motion of the stagnation point to the lee side
before the ow reversal as reported by Sumer et al. [1991].
The wavelet results for near bed cylinder show the inuence of bed proximity on
the pressure at the bottom of the cylinder especially in lower KC numbers. The
contributions of higher frequencies are seen for lower KC numbers.
For a near bed cylinder oscillating with the KC number of 15, the higher frequencies occur just before and after the ow reversal which could be attributed to a
vortex detaching from the shear layer and rapidly being washed over the cylinder
in the reversal phase. For KC number of 20, higher frequencies are observed at
the time when the cylinder is at its maximum velocity which could be due to
shedding of the vortices at that time.
The existence of a plane bed beneath a cylinder reduces the symmetry and regularity in the ow patterns especially at lower KC numbers. As the KC number
increases, the regular behavior of the ow and pressure patterns is progressively
established.
References
Addison, P. S. [2002] The Illustrated Wavelet Transform Handbook, Introductory Theory and Applications in Science, Engineering, Medicine and Finance (Institute of Physics Publishing, Bristol
and Philadelphia).
Dadman, R. & Narayanan, R. [1995] Pressure distribution on a circular cylinder oscillating close to
a plane bed, in Proc. 14th Int. Conf. Oshore Mech. and Arct. Eng., ASME, Vol. 1, pp. 411
423.
Isaacson, M. [1974] The Forces on Circular Cylinders in Waves, Dissertation, University of
Cambridge.
Mallat, S. [2009] A Wavelet Tour of Signal Processing (Elsevier, United States).
Matten, R. B., Hogben, N. & Ashley, R. M. [1979] A circular cylinder oscillating in still water
in wave and in currents, in Mechanics of Wave-Induced Forces on Cylinders, ed. Shaw, T. L.
(Pitman, London), pp. 475489.
Naeeni, S. T. O. [2003] Force on Yawed Circular Cylinder Oscillating over a Plane Bed in Current,
Dissertation, UMIST, Manchester, UK.
Naeeni, S. T. O. & Narayanan, R. [2005] Inuence of plane bed on the force exerted on a cylinder
oscillating in still water, Ocean Eng. 3, 22172230.
Sarpkaya, T. [1976] Forces on cylinders near a plane boundary in a sinusoidally oscillating uid,
J. Fluids Eng., ASME 98(3), 499504.
Sarpkaya, T. & Wilson, J. R. [1984] Pressure distribution on smooth and rough cylinders in harmonic ow, in Proc. Ocean Structural Dyn. Symp., September, 1984 (Oregon State University)
pp. 341355.
Sumer, B. M., Jensen, B. L. & Fredsoe, J. [1991] Eect of plane boundary on oscillatory ow
around a circular cylinder, J. Fluid. Mech. 225, 271300.
Williamson, C. H. K. [1985] Sinusoidal ow relative to circular cylinders, J. Fluid. Mech. 155,
141174.
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