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International Journal of Mathematical, Computational, Natural and Physical Engineering Vol:1, No:4, 2007
I. INTRODUCTION
2
1 gd e l g
u =
18
l
u = 0.707 gd e
where
l/g
u = u g , d e , , l , l , l / g
is
of
the
surface
tension
(3)
liquid
and
1 =
(4)
g 2de 2
(1)
2 =
(2)
214
(5)
3 =
(6)
g 2 d e 2
4 =
l/g
(7)
gd e2
Also
5 = 1 2
3
l u d e
=
= Re
l
(8)
and,
6 = 1 2 =
2
For values of 1 = 3
u = k
u 2 l
gd e
(9)
) may be written
gd e2
(10)
If k =
by Eotvos number.
III. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
The experimental technique adopted in this study is easier
to understand by Figures 1 analysis.
The horizontal tank wall cross section was a quadrangle
20cm20cm with four vertical walls of transparent acrylic
filled with water or glycerol to a depth of 150 cm.
The bubbles were generated just above the centre of the
board by hemispherical cup (only for atmospheric pressure),
which was supported so that it could be rotated about a
horizontal axis between two walls as shown Fig. 1.
It was introduced air and it was trapped inside this inverted
cup so that, when rotated, a spherical cap bubble was
produced near to the base of the tank and on the axis of the
cylinders.
By adjusting rotations rate it was possible to minimize
secondary bubbles production.
Each bubble was collected in a graduated cylinder at the top
of the tank in order to determine its volume as it is shown in
Fig. 1.
215
ub (cm/s)
100
10
The Fig. 4 show for the air water and air glycerol
system the instantaneous velocity and the Fig. 5 the
relationship between the drag coefficient and the Re
(Reynolds number).
The Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 shows values of the terminal velocity
of air bubbles for the two systems studied.
50
This work: air water system
ub (cm/s)
30
20
10
0
0
d e (cm)
100.0
1,0
10,0
d e (cm)
Ca
10.0
Cd
6 2 = (0.694 0.021)
1
1.0
(11)
Re
10000.0
1000.0
100.0
10.0
1.0
0.1
0.1
gd
u b = (0.694 0.021) e
l
Fig. 5 C d versus Re
(12)
100
ub (cm/s)
40
10
Wallis (1969) according to Haberman and Morton (1953)
Garner and Hammerton (1954)
This work: air water system
This work: equations (12); (14) and (16)
6 2 = (877.193 3 + 0.289)
1
1
0,1
1,0
10,0
d e (cm)
216
(13)
gd
g 2
+ 877.193 l 1
u b = 0.289 e
l
l de 2
Also,
255 Re 695 ,
for
VI. CONCLUSION
(14)
and
(15)
gd
u b = (1.500 0.045) e
l
(16)
NOMENCLATURE
6 2 = 0.529 3 2.386 10 2
+ 0.415
(17)
ub = 0.415
gd e
g 2 l
2 gd e
2
.
386
10
0.529
l
l d e 2
Roman Letters
k
constant
C d drag coefficient
d e equivalent bubble diameter
g gravitational acceleration
Re Reynolds number
u terminal velocity (without effect wall)
u b terminal velocity (without effect wall)
(10)
[-]
[m]
[m/s2]
[-]
[m/s]
[m/s]
Greek Letters
l dynamic viscosity of the liquid
g density of gas
[Ns/m2]
[kg/m3]
l density of liquid
l / g surface tension of liquid
apparent density = ( l g )
[kg/m3]
[N/m]
[-]
(18)
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
V. RESEARCH IN COURSE
When rising through an infinite stagnant liquid, a single
bubbles terminal velocity study is very important in a system
gas liquid in the two phase flow field.
The experiment research still goes on in order to obtain a
large range of terminal velocity data for a single bubble rising
in water or glycerol or mixtures water glycerol.
In a near future it will be possible to develop expressions to
predict the velocity of a single bubble when the equivalent
bubble diameter (or volume of the bubble) and the physical
proprieties of the liquid and gas are known.
Also, the surface tension dominate regime will
researched, well as effect of external (shape oscillation of the
bubble and accumulation of contaminants).
dimensionless parameter
[kg/m3]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
217
218