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OP-MI-P-65
1. KINEMATIC VARIABLES
Kinematics is study of geometry of motion without considering its cause. It deals with
position, distance travelled by a body and its displacement, speed and velocity and acceleration of
a body. Before going in details about different kinds of motion separately, let us know about these
kinematics variable first.
1.1
When a particle is moving its successive position in general may lie on a curve, say, ABC
shown in figure. The curve is then called the path of the particle. The total length of the path
followed by the body is called the distance traversed by the body. Its unit in S.I. system is metre.
It is a scalar quantity.
Sometimes we may not be interested in the actual path of
the particle but only in its final position C relative to the initial
position A. The directional distance between initial and final
positions of the particle AC in the figure is called displacement. It
is a vector quantity.
Fig. (1)
1.2
Speed is the rate at which a moving body describes its paths. The path may be a curve or
a straight line and its shape need not be considered to decide the speed. If a particle traverses a
distance s during a time t,
Average speed,
s
t
(1)
If the interval of time t is infinitesimally small approaching zero, this ratio is called of
instantaneous speed or sometimes referred as speed of particle.
i.e.,
instantaneous speed v Lt
t 0
s ds
t
dt
(2)
r
v av
t
(3)
v Lt
t 0
r d r
t
dt
(4)
Velocity is a vector quantity having direction same as that of displacement and is measured in
metre per second (ms1).
1.3
ACCELERATION
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The rate of change of velocity is called as acceleration. The change in velocity can be
either in the magnitude of the velocity or in the direction of velocity or in both of them
simultaneously.
If v is change in velocity which takes place in time interval t, then during this interval
v
Average acceleration, aav
t
(5)
v d v
t
dt
(6)
Illustration 1
Question:
(i)
distance travelled
(ii)
average speed
(iii)
average acceleration
Solution:
(i)
(ii)
Average speed, v =
(iii)
Average acceleration =
distance
R
=
= 10 m/s
time
t
Change in velocity 2v
2R
2
=
2 = 20 m/s
time taken
t
t
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X
A
Fig. (2)
Velocity is defined as,
2.1
dx
dt
dv d 2 x v dv
2
dt
dx
dt
(7)
2.2
Let a particle move in a straight line with initial velocity u (velocity at time t = 0) and with
uniform acceleration a. Let its velocity be v at the end of the interval of time t (final velocity at
time t). Let S be its displacement at the instant t.
Now, acceleration a =
or,
v u
t
v = u + at
(8)
If u and a are in the same direction, a is positive and hence the velocity increases with
time. If a is opposite to the direction of u, a is negative and the velocity decreases with time.
Displacement during the time interval t = average velocity x t
S
u v
t
2
... (9)
or
u u at
t
2
S ut
1 2
at
2
... (10)
or,
a=
v u
t
S =
v u
t
2
aS =
v u v u
t
t
2
KINEMATICS
=
or,
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v 2 u 2
2
v2 u2 = 2aS
v2 = u2 + 2aS
... (11)
u a ( n 1) u an
2
= u
1
a ( 2n 1)
2
i.e., S n u
1
a (2n 1)
2
... (12)
The five equations derived above are very important and are to be memorized. They are
very useful in solving problems in straight-line motion.
Calculus method of deriving equations of motion
The acceleration of a body is defined as
a
i.e.,
dv
dt
dv = a dt
Integrating, we get, v = at + A
Where A is constant of integration. By the initial condition when t = 0, v = u (initial velocity),
we get A = u
v = u + at
dS
.
dt
At,
1 2
at B , where B is integration constant.
2
t = 0, S = 0 yields B = 0.
KINEMATICS
Acceleration =
1 2
at
2
S = ut +
dv dv dS
dv
.
v.
dt dS dt
dS
dv
dS
=v
a.dS = v.dv
Integrating we get,
aS =
v2
C , where C is integration constant.
2
or
u2
C
2
C=
u2
2
v 2 u2
2
2
aS
v2 u2 = 2aS
v2 = u2 + 2aS
1
an2
2
S2 = u (n 1) +
1
a (n 1)2
2
1
1
an2 u (n 1)
a (n 1)2
2
2
1
a (2n 1)
2
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KINEMATICS
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Illustration 2
Question:
A certain automobile manufacturer claims that its super-delux sports car will
accelerate from rest to a speed of 32.0 ms1 in 8.0 s. Under the important assumption
that the acceleration is constant.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Solution:
(a)
We are given that u = 0 and velocity after 8 s is 32 m/s, so we can use v = u + at to find
acceleration
a
(b)
v u
32.0 0
= 4.0 ms2
t
8.0
(c)
1
1 2
at = 0 + 4.0 8 2 128 m
2
2
2.3
a
2
4.0
= 30 m
2
(i)
Displacement-time graph: If displacement of a body is plotted on Y-axis and time on
X-axis, the curve obtained is called displacement-time graph. The instantaneous velocity at any
given instant can be obtained from the graph by finding the slope of the tangent at the point
corresponding to the time.
y
Displacement (s=y-y0)
v=0
decreasing
velocity
c
d
v = constant
v = constant
increasing
velocity
y0
O
t0
Time t
Fig. (3)
f
x
KINEMATICS
y
A Velocity constant (a = 0) B
g
Velocity (v)
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a decreasing
d
Retardation (a)
constant
a = constant
a = increasing
e
Time (t)
Fig. (4)
y
q
Velocity (v)
t1
Work
t t+ t
t2
Time (t)
Fig. (5)
Acceleration-time graph: It is a graph plotted between time and acceleration. If the graph is a
line parallel to time axis, the acceleration is constant. If it is a straight line with positive slope, the
acceleration is uniformly increasing. The co-relation of the graph explained above follows directly
dS
dv
from the differential expressions v
and a
.
dt
dt
The area enclosed between acceleration-time graph and time axis gives during this time interval
change in velocity.
Illustration 3
2
Question:
Solution:
Y
a(ms-2)
X
3
t (s)
KINEMATICS
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v (ms-1)
6
t (s)
Y
x (m)
18
X
O
t(s)
If acceleration-time graph is a straight line inclined with time axis, then what will be the
nature of velocity-time graph.
2.4
When a body is thrown vertically upward or dropped from a height, it moves in a vertical straight
line. If the air resistance offered by air to the motion of the body is neglected, all bodies moving
freely under gravity will be acted upon by its weight only. This causes a constant vertical
acceleration g having value 9.8 m/s2, so the equation for motion in a straight line with constant
acceleration can be used. In some problems it is convenient to take the downward direction as
positive, in such case all the measurement in downward direction are considered as positive i.e.,
acceleration will be +g. But sometimes we may need to take upward as positive and in such case
acceleration will be g.
Projection of a body vertically upwards
Suppose a body is projected vertically upward from a point A with velocity u.
If we take upward direction as positive
1 2
gt
2
v2 = u2 2gS
A
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(iv) When it reaches the maximum height from A, its velocity v = 0. This
u
happens when t . The body is instantaneously at rest at the highest point B.
g
(v) The maximum height reached
u2
H
2g
2u
(vi) Total time to go up and return to the point of projection =
g
Since, S = 0 at the point of projection,
1
S = ut gt 2
2
1 2
2u
0 = ut gt or t =
2
g
u
2u u u
Since the time of ascent = , the time of descent =
g
g g
g
(vii) At any point C between A and B, where AC = S, the velocity v is given by
v u 2 2gS
The velocity of body while crossing C upwards u 2 2gS
and while crossing C downwards is u 2 2gS . The magnitudes of the velocities are the
same.
A body is fired upward with speed v 0. It takes time T to reach its maximum
height H. True or false.
H
T
v
H
(a) It reaches
in
(b) It has speed 0 at
(c) it has speed v 0 at 2T.
2
2
2
2
Illustration 4
Question:
A body is projected upwards with a velocity 100 m/s. Find (a) the maximum height
reached, (b) the time taken to reach the maximum height, (c) its velocity at a height of
320 m from the point of projection, (d) speed with which it will cross down the point
of projection and (e) the time taken to reach back the point of projection.
Take g = 10 m/s2
Solution:
(a)
(b)
100 2
= 500 m
2 10
KINEMATICS
t
(c)
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u 100
= 10 s
g
10
(d)
v=u
2.5
2u 2 100
= 20 s
g
10
Saying general motion means motion it is other then motion with uniform velocity or motion
with uniform acceleration. In such motion we will be given the relation between two variables
among position, velocity, acceleration and time and other are to be calculated.
For this we need to use,
Velocity,
v=
Acceleration, a
dx
dt
dv vdv
dt
dx
Illustration 5
Question:
KINEMATICS
Solution:
Using
dv
gives
dt
dv
3t 4
dt
v
dv (3t 4) dt
2
v2=
v=
3t 2
4t
2
3t 2
4t 2
2
3t 2
4t 2 0
2
t=
t = 2s
Using
ds
ds 3t 2
v we have
4t 2,
dt
dt
2
s
3
3t 2
ds
4t 2 dt
2
1
0
t 3
s 1 = 2t 2 2t 1.5
2
0
s = 2.5
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KINEMATICS
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KINEMATICS
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PROFICIENCY TESTI
The following questions deal with the basic concepts of this section. Answer the
following briefly. Go to the next section only if your score is at least 80%. Do not consult
the Study Material while attempting these questions.
1.
2.
3.
Describe a physical situation, for example, with a ball or a car, for each of the following
cases.
(a) a = 0, v 0 ;
(b) v = 0, a 0;
(d) v = 0, a < 0.
True or false
(a)
(b)
Negative slope on the v versus t graph means the velocity of body is decreasing
(c)
(d)
(b)
(c)
(d)
B
C
1s
4.
5.
2s
3s
4s
A ball is thrown up from the surface of earth and falls back on it. Taking origin at ground
and upward as positive direction, draw
(a)
x t graph,
(b)
v t graph and
(c)
a t graph
A particle starts with a velocity of 6 m/s and moves with uniform acceleration of 3 m/s2.
Find its velocity after 10 seconds.
KINEMATICS
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6.
A body starts from rest and moves with uniform acceleration of 4 m/s2 for one minute. What
is the velocity acquired by the body?
7.
8.
A train starting from rest accelerates uniformly for 100 s, runs at a constant speed for 5
minutes and then comes to a stop with uniform retardation in the next 150 seconds. During
this motion it covers a distance of 4.25 km. Find its constant speed.
9.
A stone is dropped from a height of 100 m from a balloon which rises up from the ground.
Find the velocity of the balloon at that moment if the stone reaches the ground 5 seconds
after it was dropped.
10.
A particle moves in straight line with acceleration 2t ms2 at time t. If it starts from rest of O
on the line, find its velocity and displacement from O at time t = 3 s.
KINEMATICS
(a) True
(b) True
(c) True
(d) False
3.
(a) B
(b) C
(c) Slower
(d) Yes, in the interval 2 to 3 s
5.
6.
240 m/s
7.
20 m/s2
8.
36 km/hr
9.
10.
9 m/s, 9 m
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