Neopatriarchy in Syrian and Turkish Television Drama: Between The Culture Industry and The Dialect Imagination

Copyrighted material 9781137403148
C on ten ts
List of Illustrations
vii
Acknowledgments
ix
Introduction: Publics, Imaginaries, Soft Power, and

Epistemologies on the Eve of the Arab Uprisings
Leila Hudson and Adel Iskandar
Part I
Social Change and Political Culture
1 Arab Media, Political Stagnation, and Civil Engagement:

Reflections on the Eve of the Arab Spring
Mohamed Zayani
15
2 New Media, Social Change, and the Communication

Revolution in an Egyptian Village
Sahar Khamis
29
3 Mapping the Arabic Blogosphere: Politics,

Culture, and Dissent
Bruce Etling, John Kelly, Robert Faris, and John Palfrey
49
4 From Brotherhood to Blogosphere: Dynamics of

Cyberactivism and Identity in the Egyptian Ikhwan
Courtney C. Radsch
75
Part II New Genres and Literacies

5 Preaching Islam to the Video Game Generation:
New Media Literacies and Religious Edutainment in the
Arab World
Vit Sisler
103

vi
CONTENTS
6 Neopatriarchy in Syrian and Turkish Television Drama:

Between the Culture Industry and the Dialect Imagination 127
Leila Hudson
7 Media Fatwas and Fatwa Editors: Challenging and
Preserving Yusuf al-Qaradawis Religious Authority
Bettina Grf
139
8 Technology Literacies of the New Media: Phrasing the

World in the Arab Easy (R)evolution
Yves Gonzalez-Quijano
159
Part III Global Effects

9 BBC Broadcasting in the Middle East:
The Evolution of Public Diplomacy
Annabelle Sreberny
169
10 New Media and Public Diplomacy in the New Arab World

Philip Seib
181
11 Al Jazeera English as a Conciliatory Medium

Mohammed el-Nawawy and Shawn Powers
193
12 Imagined Coherence: Transnational Media and the

Arab Diaspora in Europe
Khalil Rinnawi
Part IV
209
Evolution of Media Theories
13 The State of Arab Journalism Studies

Noha Mellor
223
14 Arab and Western Media Systems Typologies

Kai Hafez
235
15 Defying Definition: Toward Reflexivity in

Arab Media Studies
Adel Iskandar
251
About the Authors
267
Index
273
MEDIA EVOLUTION ON THE EVE OF THE ARAB SPRING
Copyright Center for Contemporary Arab Studies,

Georgetown University, 2014.
All rights reserved.
First published in 2014 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN
in the United Statesa division of St. Martins Press LLC,
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ISBN: 9781137403148
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Media evolution on the eve of the Arab Spring / edited by
Leila Hudson, Mimi Kirk, Adel Iskandar.
pages cm.(The Palgrave Macmillan series in international
political communication)
ISBN 9781137403148 (hardback)
1. Mass mediaPolitical aspectsArab countries. 2. Mass media
Social aspectsArab countries. 3. Social changeArab countries.
4. Arab countriesPolitics and government21st century. I. Hudson,
Leila, editor of compilation. II. Kirk, Mimi, editor of compilation.
III. Iskander, Adel, editor of compilation.
P95.82.A65M44 2014
302.2309174927dc23
2014024779
A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library.

Design by Newgen Knowledge Works (P) Ltd., Chennai, India.
First edition: December 2014
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
I N T ROD U C T ION
Publics, Imaginaries, Soft Power, and

Epistemologies on the Eve of the
Arab Uprisings
Leila Hudson and Adel Iskandar
The 2011 Arab uprisings focused the worlds attention on the explosive
proliferation of Middle Eastern media technologies.1 Coming on the
heels of two decades of media and information technology evolution in
the region, the uprisings highlighted once again questions about the relationship of communications systems, culture, politics, and power.2 The
real-time coverage of the Arab uprisings focused almost exclusively on
newer social media, namely Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube.3 However,
in 2010, any social change was more broadly linked to a gradual accumulation of new practices, structures, technologies, and subjectivities associated with older new media, such as satellite television, Internet access,
and blogging.4 This volume focuses on the complex ecology of media and
communications evolutions on the eve of the 2011 uprisings. The various
chapters sketch a view of the realm generally thought of as the public
sphere. Representing the work of scholars in a variety of disciplines and
written prior to and during the summer of 2010just before the popular mobilizations against the Tunisian and Egyptian regimes shocked the
worldthey present the effects of 15 years of gradual changes in old
new media and their technical and social infrastructure.
Since the 1990s, new genres of news,5 entertainment,6 and spiritual
guidance7 were incubated and popularized in the competitive transnational satellite television market. By 2006, a phase initiated by reality television and individual blogging marked a new level of interactivity,8 but it
was soon overtaken circa 2011 by video blogging, YouTube posting, and

2
LEILA HUDSON AND ADEL ISKANDAR
mass interactive social media like Facebook and Twitter. Indeed, since the
publication of Yahya Kamalipour and Hamid Mowlanas Mass Media in
the Middle East: A Comprehensive Handbook (1994) and Douglas Boyds
last edition (1999) of Broadcasting in the Arab World, developments in
Arab media have been nothing short of dizzying. The rapid layering of
new media in the region has rendered documentation and analyses of
these changes problematic. Today, the task of monitoring and archiving
changes throughout all Arab nations is at best painstaking and at worst
futile. Earlier survey volumes and studies such as those in this volume
that consider the development of Arab media from an earlier period are
now increasingly relevant as unique historical documents that shed light
on the forces that have facilitated current-day trends.
***
By the time Mohamed Bouazizis self-immolation marked the beginning of the Tunisian revolution, a sophisticated youthful vanguard gave
voice to and amplified many protests of anti-authoritarianism, creating a momentum that spilled out into the streets, crossed borders, and
bridged social divides.9 The Egyptian revolution was its peak, but its
troubled aftermath reveals the limits of media activism. Then, as the
second wave of the Arab uprisings became mired in regime violence in
Libya, Bahrain, Yemen, and especially Syria, a media counterrevolution
in which state resourcesin particular, old state media outlets and new
surveillance technologies linked to established police state infrastructurewere deployed to check the protests. Mukhabarat surveillance that
had allowed regimes to keep isolated bloggers in check from 2005 to
2009 was enhanced with hi-tech surveillance software from US firms
with results yet to be fully assessed.10
The consequence of these layered phases of technology adoption and
their social, cultural, and political corollaries was a reconfiguration of
Arab public culture conducive to popular social action, but not generally
effective in uprooting authoritarianism in the longer term.11 As illustrated in the chapters collected here, what we think of as the Arab public had many different elements of form and content: moral imaginaries
in which Islam and democracy jostled awkwardly together; massive and
often disengaged television audiences; active and digitally competent
media-savvy elites; state-linked broadcasters competing to win hearts
and minds; and regimes surveillance of media windows into the ever
more transparent lives of their subjects. Taken together these factors produced a dynamic and unpredictable media ecosystem.
The different textures and scales, uneven distributions, and various
political economic terrains in which these elements mediated Arabs
everyday lives can help elucidate the complexities of the Arab uprisings.
The interaction of these parts, moving at different speeds, makes for

PUBLICS, IMAGINARIES, SOFT POWER, AND EPISTEMOLOGIES
plenty of unintended consequences and a wide range of outcomes. The

collective research assembled here, more than quick and dirty theories
about social media networks causal power or lack of it, is a first step
toward understanding the turbulence of the uprisings, in particular how
momentum was so strong at the outset and then spread, waned, and
yielded to Muslim Brotherhood and regime counter tactics as the uprisings degenerated into malgovernance and civil war by 2013.
What was the state of Arab media in 2010 before the first Tunisian
protests surprised the world? The chapters collected here show an intriguing mlange of changes at the levels of society, culture, power, and theory
reflected in the four sections of the volume. At the level of society, did
the new media constitute a functioning Habermasian public sphere that
would foster liberalism and democracy? Not a public, argues Mohamed
Zayani, but a citizen audience that produced the lever of public opinion
and included the previously marginalized likes of the village women of
Kafr Masoud, with whom Sahar Khamis worked. A more forceful subculture of interlinked blogosphere clusters illuminated by Bruce Etling et al.
hosted the Muslim Brotherhood networks on which Courtney Radsch
provides ethnographic detail through her investigation of Brotherhood
bloggers. This segment of the public helped kick-start the revolution in
Egypt and eventually coopted it through historically durable organization and successful electoral politics, but by the summer of 2013 was just
coherent enough to be a large, easy target for the citizen audience enraged
by the year of Muslim Brotherhood misrule. The chapters in Part 1 sketch
out the conceptual parameters and some ethnographic components of
a broad televisual public characterized by asymmetry in scale and function between producers and consumers and a blogosphere full of compact
counterpublicssmall, interactive, literate, critical, and vulnerable.
At the level of culture, the chapters on content and literacy show that
younger citizens were much engaged in a world of colloquial interactivity on the computer, and even in television consumption. The chapters
of Part 2 cluster around the literacies and interactivities of the digital
age and its citizens. Gaming in Vit Sislers chapter, texting argots in
Yves Gonzalez-Quijanos essay, colloquial television melodrama in Leila
Hudsons piece, and even traditional religious authority in Bettina Grfs
analysis were freed by the new media from the strictures of formal fusha
and monologic speech, and allowed people to experiment with new voices
and scriptsboth alphabetic and theatrical. The habits of game playing,
texting, consuming melodrama, and even seeking online religious advice
are distinctly colloquialcan we see a new dialogism in the digital texts
and practices of the pre-uprising era? The rapid spread of new competencies, voices, and habits among a small segment of the digital vanguard in
the Arab world makes it easy in hindsight to speculate how a new world
may have seemed just over the horizon and helped bring Arab youth
into the streets. This was not a vision per se, but a loosely shared set of

4
attitudes and orientations that may have contributed to mobilization.

However, how these attitudes and orientations will weather the material
realities of deep states and entrenched neoliberal economies, not to mention war and extremism, remains to be seen.
At the level of state and corporate power, we see a world in which state
investment in the soft power of the media from the BBC to Al Jazeera
English continued to develop parallel to the more interactive forms of
popular culture. In Part 3, the role of the state in building the infrastructure of broadcast diplomacy is put into historical context by Annabelle
Srebernys account of the history of the BBC in the Middle East. Philip
Seib reviews the paradox of US public diplomacy in the age of the global
war on terror and the new public diplomacy represented by Qatars Al
Jazeera English enterprise. Mohammed el-Nawawy and Shawn Powers
then attempt to assess the ability of Al Jazeera English to create conciliatory cross-cultural understanding. These three chapters demonstrate
how media expansion programs on a global scale are part and parcel of
the media ecosystem. The reception of Arab media by global audiences
of Arabic speakers, as Khalil Rinnawi shows, is yet another feature of the
complex system to be investigated.
Finally, scholars position themselves in terms of theory in the field
of Arab media studies. The last section contains three chapters on the
critical analysis of the new media systems. Noha Mellor turns her attention to the development of journalism as a profession, a discipline, and
also as a sophisticated interpretive community for the analysis of Arab
culture and politics. Kai Hafez staunchly defends a universal typological
approach in which the observer stands outside the system, the better to
comprehend and compare its components, while Adel Iskandar proposes
a new model that demonstrates how Arab media studies themselves are a
form of reflexivity and social action.
P U BLIC S PHER E OR C ITIZEN A U DIENCES ?

In Part I on social change and political culture, the authors offer a collage
of conceptual and ethnographic chapters that illuminate aspects of social
change and media practice, primarily in Egypt, circa 2010. Mohamed
Zayani wrestles with the applicability of various notions of publicness to
the Arab world in light of the absence of durable institutions other than
the media, while Bruce Etling et al. map the Arabic blogosphere for a
snapshot of 2010 in Arab cyberspace. These pieces are complemented by
the ethnographic fieldwork of Sahar Khamis and Courtney Radsch, who
look at the lives of rural Egyptian women as consumers of new media and
the practices of Muslim Brotherhood bloggers as producers of new media,
respectively. Such ethnographic work animates the conceptual chapters.
The effects of these changes might be added to the literature on the
Arab public sphere. Following Habermass formulation,12 Jon Anderson

and Dale Eickelmans 1990s recognition of a Muslim public sphere,13 and

his own elaboration in the context of the Iraq war,14 political scientist Marc
Lynch calls for analysis and interpretation of the challenge to and resilience of authoritarianism in terms of the evolution of the public sphere.15
Zayanis opening chapter reiterates the ambivalence of scholars to the adaptation of the classical public sphere model to the Arab world, and to the
notions of political action that come with it. Zayanis piece reflects a preArab uprisings resignation about the failure of media development to bring
political change. This attitude seemed to be belied by the Egyptian revolution of 2011, but the subsequent unfolding of the Morsi regime (counterrevolution) and the Sisi military coup of 2013 (counter-counterrevolution)
has shown the durability of Zayanis framework. The new dynamics and
opportunities for participation and engagement produced by new technologies have had only subtle effects on the realm of politics. They instill new
values by way of a process that one might call capacity-building for civil
engagement. In Zayanis analysis, the voices heard in the new Arab mediascape reflect public opinion and express opinions publicly, but they do
not necessarily constitute communicative action. Zayani reintroduces the
notion of the audience. An active or at least reactive audience pushes back
but is not reflective or agentive in and of itself. Rejecting both the fully
formed European public sphere model and the inertia of a passive audience, Zayani sees media as a terrain for civic engagement in which public
opinion is a force and audiences react and sometimes resist. The citizen
audience thus falls somewhere between the temporary behavioral status
of an audience and the active subjectivity of a citizenry. When we consider
the role of the media in the Arab uprisings in this light, that is, as a terrain for engagement populated by a raw citizen audience in which public
opinion constitutes a force to be harnessed, manipulated, and mobilized
but is lacking in critical consciousness, we can make sense of aspects of the
Egyptian revolution and its aftermath that are not sufficiently explained in
the popular social media causal model.
Khamiss chapter on the effects of the media technology revolution
on the lives of Egyptian village women brings Zayanis concepts to life.
Khamiss work reminds us that media reception and processing takes place
in context, in villages like Kafr Masoud and in the lives of its women and
men. Media usage patterns by rural women of limited literacy show why
and how the fabled European public sphere has not materialized, and also
problematizes the scholarly focus on urban metropolitan spaces. Khamiss
interlocutors use satellite television to bypass literacy and state literacy
efforts. The anti-literacy effect directly promotes a citizen audience rather
than an idealized public sphere. Further, religion rather than participatory politics becomes the most interesting and contested realm of content
for this female rural citizen audience sector. We see the effects of this
in the Egyptian revolution and counterrevolution. Millions of Arabs like
the women of Kafr Masoud were able to participate in the momentum of

6
public opinioneven to rise up and participate in the waves of action

but were less able to advance or shape progressive political initiatives.
T HE M USLIM B ROTHER HOOD

B LOGOSPHER E AS C OU NTER PU BLIC
In Etling et al.s mapping of the blogosphere circa 2010, the spheroid
model rejected as a template for a televisually mediated society by Zayani
works better for the cluster of networks of connection and content traffic produced by bloggers or citizen journalists. The blogosphere on the
eve of the widespread adoption of Facebook and Twitter is more like
a classic public sphere than the space carved out by the satellite television revolution. With clusters of related bloggers interacting with each
other and literacy in several languages, contestation occurred, including
opposition to the government. The public sphere of the bloggers (the
blogosphere as it has come to be known) is a structure within the larger,
more amorphous citizen audience sphere that Zayani sketches. The Arab
blogosphere as described by Etling et al., with its emphasis on reading
and, especially, on writing, can be seen as public in this traditional sense,
and it can also be seen as a counterpublic, a subsector of the larger televisual audience world sketched by Zayani and Khamis.
Just as Khamiss ethnography gives a human aspect to Zayanis citizen
audience, Radschs chapter on the Muslim Brotherhoods blogosphere
gives ethnographic specificity to Etlings teams schema of the Arabic
blogosphere circa 2009. The mobilization of a young, tech-savvy generation of Muslim Brothers, its encouragement by the previous generation of leadership, the use of the blog format to engage women, and the
blog as a forum for alliances with non-Brotherhood social forces like
the Kefaya movement all point to the more compact and literate blogosphere as a place where opposition and rational political thought were
indeed thriving. The Brotherhoods cyberspace ijtihad was both public
(addressing an open, impersonal reader with the goal of persuasion and
inclusion) and counter (acting as oppositional and identitarian), making
it a candidate for what Nancy Fraser and Michael Warner might call a
counterpublic.16 That this blogosphere cluster, along with many others, existed within and alongside a larger, less deeply engaged televisual
citizen audience may be key to understanding both the initial momentum and the subsequent convulsions of the Egyptian revolution.17
Reading Radschs chapter with hindsight of the active but subdued
role of the Brotherhood in the opening act of the 2011 revolution, the
narrow electoral rise to power of the Morsi government, and that governments dramatic downfall in the summer of 2013, one has the sense that
the Sisi directorate is much more comfortable with the cruder citizen
audience of Zayanis conceptualization than with the more developed

capacities of the blogosphere catering to Brotherhood projects and

those of the non-Islamist revolutionary camp. The blogosphere of the
Muslim Brotherhood, a highly textual counterpublic within an often
sedentary and reactive citizen audience, became, along with the April
6 youth movement, perhaps the most organized social public in uneasy
friction with the state. Did the Tamarod movement18 reflect that same
model of an effective counterpublic when it mobilized against the Morsi
government?
C OLLOQUI A L I M AGINARIES A ND
I NTER ACTIV E S UBJECTIV ITIES
In Part II, the contributors investigate new genres and literacies that
comprise the content and contribute to the subjectivities of participants
in new Arab media. New genres of the era had some impact on the social
and cultural imaginary of the citizen audience. Video games, online fatwas, new argots for maneuvering in the less than Arabic-friendly environment of the early Internet, and idealized soap operas depicting old
and new ways of being a modern (Muslim) citizen of an imagined community are part of the input to which participants in the televised and
computer-based digital publics were exposed.
Vit Sislers work on gaming culture can be juxtaposed with Bettina
Grfs subtle analysis of media fatwas to illuminate the turn-taking
move and countermove, the query and response, of symbolic action
in the digital world. Yves Gonzalez-Quijanos chapter focusing on
the rapidly changing vernacular of computer keyboards and pre-2010
Internet communication reminds us how quickly the forms of the older
new media could change even as their social effects take decades to
manifest, while Leila Hudsons consideration of the television melodramas of the Bab al-Hara and the Turkish model allows inquiry into
the new colloquial habitus spread far and wide by broadcast capitalism.
With a humanities rather than a social science approach, the authors
of these pieces refrain from trying to measure the effects of the new
competencies and genres on Arab subjectivities. Nevertheless, noting
the interactivity of gaming and online fatwas and the easy vernacular
productivity of 3arabizi script and colloquial soap operas suggests
that new media may have encouraged new forms of political action.
There is, to (mis)use a Bakhtinian term, a dialogism nurtured in the
genres (gaming, online fatwas, ad-hoc texting languages, melodrama)
and the skills and subjectivities they incubate.19 This dialogism stands
in stark contrast to the monologism that critics have seen in some of
the uglier elements of contemporary Arab life, namely authoritarianism
and extremism. In Neopatriarchy, Hisham Sharabi critiqued the monologic quality of authority.

8
In the monological culture, silence tends to reign; apart from the

effects of censorship and intimidation, the social majoritythat is the
poor, the young and womenis permanently reduced to the status of
listeners (they listen [to] the word, i.e. obey). This majoritys world
is inhabited by multiple, single voices that command and legislate its
life from above.20
For Bakhtin, nondialogic language is authoritative or absolute, and for

Sharabi, traditional modes of oral and written fusha are fundamentally
patriarchal. The new genres and literacies create a digital record of the
kind of language and playfulness that had always dominated everyday
life, but had been ephemeral and fleeting, if not silenced and scorned.
Benedict Andersons classic Imagined Communities drew associations
between the genres and vernaculars fostered by print capitalism and the
new national horizons of the consumers of newspapers and novels.21 We
suggest that the new media practices sampled here similarly contributed
to the imaginations of Arab youth. The circulation of anti-authoritarian
imaginaries22 that were polyvocal, interactive, colloquial, playful, oral,
and diffused through the ether of broadcast capitalism and the networks
of digital communication put the spring in the Arab Spring, even if the
movement was ultimately quashed by more sinister and serious forces.
S OF T P OW ER , B ROA DCAST
C A PITA LISM , A ND THE S TATE
Part III on global effects contextualizes the development of state-based
broadcasting power. The chapters give a sense of the long history of state
sponsorship of media projects in the Middle East and the shifts that put
the Al Jazeera franchise in the same league as the BBC and US public
diplomacy efforts. Three of the chapters focus on the evolution of what
Philip Seib calls public diplomacy, reflecting a long twentieth-century history dominated by the BBC and various US broadcast interests in which
the Arab world, along with Iran, was the target of imperial soft power.
Decades of Western colonialism throughout the Arab world and
numerous foreign military engagements in the region set the ground for
works tackling the relationship between Western and Arab media systems.
In most cases, the two environments are cast as separate and distinct.
Although for many in the West, a key role of Western Arabic-language
programming is to enable greater freedom for the regions media, Arab
scholarship tends to see things differently. Some notable Arab analysts
believe that foreign government programmingpublic diplomacy
is a euphemism for propaganda. These analysts and others in Arab
media often use three expressions to refer to public diplomacy.23 The

most neutral of these is a direct translation of the term, al-diblumasiyya

al-shabiyya. The second, al-ilam al-muwaja, translates to directional
media. The third term, al-ikhtiraq, is the most common and also the
most subversive. The term translates as penetration. A Freudian reading of the term signifies it as the violation and dispossession of the body
and mind, especially when stated as al-ikhtiraq al-dhihni (penetration of
the mind). In other Arabic media writings, such as Awatef Abdelrahmans
study of Zionist broadcasting intended for the Arab world, this notion
of al-ikhtiraq is understood not only as a violation of the viewers mind
but also a transnational force that penetrates political boundaries.24
Seibs chapter on US public diplomacy reflects the lessons of US
interventions in the region, focusing on the Iraq war, and Mohammed
el-Nawawy and Shawn Powers chapter considers the possibility of a different kind of public diplomacy as Al Jazeera became the first Arab network
to encourage another kind of conversationone of reconciliation rather
than strategic influence. Al Jazeeras role as a network that promoted information flow reversal, whereby information was no longer beamed from the
North to the South or from the Occident to the Orient, but the other
way around, was key to creating this transformed version of public diplomacy. A related and crucial aspect was the fact that Al Jazeera rearticulated
the news agenda from a non-Western perspective. These shifts fostered
an approach that provided a voice to the voiceless and a medium through
which culturally and politically diverse audiences could come together to
engage in dialogue, empathy, and responsibility. The West no longer has
a monopoly on credible and responsible media.25 To a great extent, as
the somewhat overly enthusiastic titles of books on Al Jazeera often state,
the network has been reframed not only as a representation of the Arab
media; its behemoth impact can be seen as no less than the redefinition
of modern journalism.26 This may seem somewhat hyperbolic, but upon
closer examination, there appears some currency to these statements given
the contemporary structure and function of global media systems. The
question that remains is whether such broadcasting endeavors continue to
be contra-flow and whether they risk losing their critical currency as they
expand and themselves become the mainstream.27
While the conversation about transnational broadcasting has taken a
backseat to the question of the role of the media in domestic Arab transformations, it is part and parcel of the mediascape. These chapters highlight a
material reality, that is, that states (and state-partnered corporate interests)
have driven television to dominate the public culture of the Arab world. The
fourth chapter in this section, Khalil Rinnawis study of German diasporic
households intergenerational viewing patterns, shows that media can be
more clearly analyzed as a factor in social change when it is an element
imported into a very different immigrant environment. Radicalization, it

10
seems, is more likely in a media-isolated environment than in the densely

packed, heteroglossic cultural milieux of the Arab homeland.
K NOW ING
THE
M IDDLE E AST
THROUGH
M EDI A
Much of the discussion surrounding the Arab media since the events of
September 11, 2001 either explicitly or implicitly suggests the existence
of a battle of ideas between news narratives from the Arab world and the
West. This has further invigorated the contestation of discourses about
media institutions in both regions and their varying approaches to news.
However, these debates precede 9/11 and are instead an extension of a
substantial body of literature from dependency theory and the tradition
of cultural imperialismways of thinking that have influenced attempts
to describe and categorize regional media systems. It is important to
comprehend how Arab media studies in the region have constructed
and reproduced a sense of commonality in their classification as Arab
media. As a response to foreign broadcasting and the perception of an
imperial media project, the very term Arab media denotes a pan-Arab
journalistic tradition with a sense of common belonginga necessary
component of any discussion of Arab media typologies.
In Part IV, on the evolution of theories of media, Kai Hafezs chapter illustrates the development of increasingly sophisticated typologies
that correlate ever more specifically between media and political systems, making a persuasive case that a link exists between media institutions, publics, and the particular form of state power in the Arab world
as in Europe or anywhere else. But Noha Mellors and Adel Iskandars
chapters turn to Arab societies and specific fields and sectors to describe
from within, reflectively and critically, the contours of the public culture. Mellor highlights the rise of the critical journalism profession in
the Arab world and the ethos of professional objectivity and reflexivity
of information specialists whose job it is to report and reflect upon their
environment. This work proceeds apace. Iskandars chapter puts Arab
academics at the heart of a process that critically analyzes a complex environment of layered publics, rich dialogism, and awareness of state and
imperial power. This project too proceeds apace.
Notes
1. A. Carvin, Distant Witness: Social Media, the Arab Spring and a
Journalism Revolution (New York: CUNY, 2012); S. Aday et al., Blogs
and Bullets II: New Media and Conflict after the Arab Spring, United
States Institute of Peace, July 2012, http://www.usip.org/publications/
blogs-and-bullets-ii-new-media-and-conflict-after-the-arab-spring; and
PN Howard and MM Hussain, Democracys Fourth Wave?: Digital Media
and the Arab Spring (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013).

11
2. M. Lynch, After Egypt: The Limits and Promise of Online Challenges

to the Authoritarian Arab State, Perspectives on Politics, 9 (2011)
301310.
3. M. Gladwell, Small Change: Why the Revolution Will Not Be Tweeted,
The New Yorker, October 4, 2010; C Shirkey, The Political Power of
Social Media: Technology, the Public Sphere, and Political Change,
Foreign Affairs, 90 (2011) 2841; and M. Gladwell and C. Shirkey,
From Innovation to Revolution: Do the Tools of Social Media Make
it Possible for Protesters to Challenge Their Governments?, Foreign
Affairs, 90 (2011) 153154.
4. P. M. Seib, New Media and the New Middle East (New York: Palgrave
Macmillan, 2007); N. Sakr, Satellite Realms: Transnational Television,
Globalization and the Middle East (London: I.B. Tauris, 2001); N. Sakr,
Arab Television Today (London: I.B. Tauris, 2007); R. A. Abdulla, The
Internet in the Arab World: Egypt; and Beyond (New York: Peter Lang,
2007); Y. Gonzalez-Quijano, LInternet Arabe (Paris: Institut Choiseul
pour la Politique Internationale et la Goconomie, 2003); and G. R.
Bunt, Islam in the Digital Age: E-jihad, Online Fatwas and Cyber Islamic
Environments (London: Pluto Press, 2003).
5. M. el-Nawawy and A. Iskandar, Al-Jazeera: The Story of the Network That
is Rattling Governments and Redefining Modern Journalism (Cambridge,
MA: Westview, 2003); M. Zayani, The Al Jazeera Phenomenon: Critical
Perspectives on New Arab Media (Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers,
2005).
6. B. M. Dick, Syria under the Spotlight: Television Satire That is
Revolutionary in Form, Reformist in Content, Arab Media & Society, 3
(2007) 124.
7. P. G. Mandaville, Transnational Muslim Politics: Reimagining the Umma
(London: Routledge, 2001).
8. M. Lynch, Blogging the New Arab Public, Arab Media & Society, 3
(2007) 224251; M. M. Kraidy, Reality Television and Arab Politics:
Contention in Public Life (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2011).
9. N. Sakr, Arab Media and Political Renewal: Community, Legitimacy and
Public Life (London: I.B. Tauris, 2007).
B. Grf, IslamOnline.net: Independent, Interactive, Popular, Arab
Media & Society, 4 (2008) 121.
R. Shaery-Eisenlohr, From Subjects to Citizens?: Civil Society and
the Internet in Syria, Middle East Critique, 20, 2 (2011) 127138;
M. el-Nawawy and S. Khamis, Egyptian Revolution 2.0: Political
Blogging, Civic Engagement, and Citizen Journalism (New York: Palgrave
Macmillan, 2013).
10. H. Noman, The Emergence of Open and Organized Pro-Government
Cyber Attacks in the Middle East: The Case of the Syrian Electronic
Army, InfoWar Monitor, May 30, 2011; H. Noman, Syrian Electronic
Army: Disruptive Attacks and Hyped Targets, InfoWar Monitor, June
25, 2011.
11. W. Armbrust, A History of New Media in the Arab Middle East,
Journal for Cultural Research, 16, 23 (2012) 155174.

12
12. J. Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An

Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,
1989).
13. D. F. Eickelman and J. W. Anderson, New Media in the Muslim World:
The Emerging Public Sphere, 2nd edition (Bloomington, IN: Indiana
University Press, 2003).
14. M. Lynch, Voices of the New Arab Public: Iraq, Al-Jazeera, and Middle
East Politics Today (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006).
15. Lynch, After Egypt: The Limits and Promise of Online Challenges.
16. M. Warner, Publics and Counterpublics, Public Culture, 14, 1 (2002)
4990. Warners queer counterpublic deviates from the literacy norm by
being a space for the public performance of identity, not just its rationalcommunicative progenitor.
17. N. Fraser, Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the
Critique of Actually Existing Democracy, Social Text, 2526 (1990)
5680. Fraser and Warner (Publics and Counterpublics) have elaborated notions of counterpublics in which subalterns in particular develop
identities that both echo and resist the mainstream public. Frasers feminist counterpublic is a public of different and oppositional content that
mirrors the sites (bookstores, cinemas, salons) of the literate public and
depends on reading and its derivatives.
18. A. Iskandar, Egypts Revolution Hones Its Skills, Jadaliyya, June 30,
2013.
19. M. M. Bakhtin and M. Holquist, The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays
(Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981), p. 426.
20. H. Sharabi, Neopatriarchy: A Theory of Distorted Change in Arab Society
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), p. 87.
21. B. Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and
Spread of Nationalism (London, New York: Verso, 1991).
22. C. Calhoun, Imagining Solidarity, Public Culture, 14, 1 (2002)
147171; D. P. Gaonkar, Toward New Imaginaries, Public Culture,
14, 1 (2002) 119; and C. Taylor, Modern Social Imaginaries, Public
Culture, 14, 1 (2002) 91124.
23. A. Iskandar, Is Al-Jazeera Alternative: Mainstreaming Alterity and
Assimilating Discourses of Dissent, Transnational Broadcasting Studies,
15 (Fall 2005), http://tbsjournal.arabmediasociety.com/Archives/
Fall05/Iskandar.html.
24. A. Abdelrahman, al-Sihafa al-Arabiyya fi Muwajahat al-Tabaiyya wa-lIkhtiraq al-Sihyuni (Cairo: al-Arabi, 1996).
25. Zayani, The Al Jazeera Phenomenon, pp. 3031.
26. El-Nawawy and Iskandar, Al-Jazeera: The Story of the Network That is
Rattling Governments and Redefining Modern Journalism.
27. Iskandar, Is Al-Jazeera Alternative.
Inde x
Abbas, Mohammed, 96
Abbas, Wael, 260
Abu al-Hanna, 216
Abu Isas New Dawn, 112
activism
civil, and civil society, 201
and Muslim Brotherhood, 7599
Adeeb, Imad, 229
Adel, Mohammed, 85
Age of Empires, 120
Agha-Soltan, Neda, 68
agriculture, 34
Akef, Mohammad Mahdi, 78
Akhbar al-Youm, 229
Al-Ahram, 229
Al-Ahram Weekly, 256
Al Arabiya, 66, 182, 183, 210, 228,
253
Al-Azhar ninja incident, 91, 92
Al-Dabbur, 133
Al-Dostour, 83, 93, 259
Algeria, 60, 239, 245
Al-Ghad, 259
Al-Gharib, 135, 136
Al-Hayat, 162, 257
Al Hurra, 183, 256
Al Jazeera, 23, 66, 67, 163, 173,
176, 182, 210, 227, 239,
240, 241, 251, 253, 260
founding of, 181
freedom of, 183
and pan-Arabism, 226
pan-Islamic public diplomacy of,
185
professionalism and, 244
Qaradawi and, 141
and real-time diplomacy, 185

typologies of, 235
Al Jazeera Academy, 224
Al Jazeera Arabic, 184, 198, 201
Al Jazeera effect, 183
Al Jazeera English (AJE), 183, 187
broadcasting centers of, 200
and clash of civilizations, 1945
as conciliatory medium, 193208
conciliatory role of
conclusions about, 2056
research ndings and, 2015
research method for, 2001
research responses on, 203
contra-flow action of, 199
history of, 198200
reporting on Malaysian
minorities, 204
reporting on My Lai episode, 202
reporting on Myanmar, 203
unique features of, 193
and war journalism, 1945
Al Jazeera Mubasher Misr, 231
Al-Jazeera Talk, 83
Alliance of Independent Culture,
230
Al-Manar TV, 224, 258
Al-Masry al-Youm, 93, 240, 241,
259
Al-Mughamirun, 110, 111, 120
finite-state machine abstraction
and, 111
Al-Muslim al-Saghir, 110, 119
Al-Nahar, 163
Al-Qabas, 162
Al-Quds al-Arabi, 162, 257

274
INDEX
Al-Safir, 163
Al-Sharia wa-l-Hayat, 141
Al-Sharq al-Awsat, 162, 230, 257
Al-Sira al-Nabawiyya, 114
Al-Zaim, 133
Amer, Kareem, 78
American University in Cairo, 223
Amin, Shahira, 229
April 6 Movement, 7, 76, 84, 945,
97
aqid, 130, 132, 133
Arab community, in Berlin. See
diaspora, Arab
Arab diaspora. See diaspora, Arab
Arab Easy Revolution, 15966
Arab journalism
studies of, state of, 22334
Arab media. See also media
Arab in, 2558
as distinct from Arabic media,
2558
meanings of, 257
studies of, reflexivity in, 25165
taxonomies of, conclusions about,
2634
taxonomys last stand and, 2525
typologies of, 23550
Arab mediascape, new, 1516
see also media
Arab public opinion, theories on,
17, 18, 19
Arab smart mob, 165
Arab Spring, 107
eve of
civil engagement in, 1528
media and, 1528, 182
political stagnation and, 1528
Qaradawi during, 140
and media evolution, 178
technology and, 160
Arab street, 17
Arab uprisings, 251
eve of
epistemologies and, 112
imaginaries and, 112

publics and, 112
and media, 112
soft power and, 112
and television trends, 12738
Arabawy, 260
Arabic diglossia, 163
Arabic language media ecosystem,
667
Arabic media, as distinct from Arab
media, 2558
Arabic Network for Human Rights
Information, 229
Arabizi, 1635
main combinations of numerals
for Arabic letters in, 164
Arafa, Sherif, 229
A k-i Memnu, 134
associational life, 21
Atia, Eman Mahmoud, 82
attentive cluster, 53
audiences, 224, 25, 195
active, 22
citizen, 46
pan-Arab, 18
passive, 22
and public diplomacy, 169
authoritarianism, 15, 238, 239
Ayam al-Arab, 120
Ayyam Shamiyya, 129, 130, 131,
132
Ayyash, Abdelrahman, 82, 88
Bab al-Hara, 128, 129, 130, 131,
132, 133, 134, 136, 216,
218
season three of, 133
Bahai religion, and blogosphere, 64
Bahrain, 251
Baker, Kieran, 200
Al-Banna, Hassan, 76, 77, 78, 87
Al-Batr, Someya, 93
Battle of the Camel, 229, 230
Battle in Sadr City, 108
Bayt Jiddi, 133

INDEX
BBC (British Broadcasting

Corporation)
in Middle East, 16980
during World War II, 171
BBC Empire Service, 170
BBC World Service, 169, 193, 199,
200
British financial crisis and, 1778
within changing definition of
British public diplomacy,
1767
and global conversation, 176
history of, in Middle East, 1701
television and, 172
BBC World Service Arabic, 1712,
257
BBC World Service Arabic
television, 173
BBC World Service Persian
television, 173, 176
Bel Arabi, 228
Ben Ali, Zine el-Abidine, 95
Ben Jeddou, Ghassan, 226
Ben Qana, Khadija, 227
Berlin, Arab community in, 20910
see also diaspora
BERSIH, 204
Bia shamiyya, 128, 129, 131, 132,
134
Bible Adventures, 109
Bin Talal, Walid, 259
blogosphere, 160, 260
African countries and, 60
and Arab uprisings, 112
Arabic use on, 612
articulating identity in, 79
attentive clustering in, 53
Bahai religion and, 64
bridge regions of, 52, 55
clustering in, 51, 5564
computer text analysis of, 54
as counterpublic, 67
culture and, 4974
275
dissent and, 4974

Egypt and, 63
English use on, 59, 61
eschewing anonymity in, 79
French bridge in, 59
gender use of, 65
human coding of, 545, 645
Islam and, 63, 65
Islamic clustering on, 57
Islamic focus on, 624
Jordan and, 5960
Kefaya and, 56
Kuwait and, 612
Lebanon and, 59
Levantine/English bridge and,
589
Maghreb/French bridge and,
60, 63
mapping of, 4974, 52, 53,
5564
Muslim Brotherhood and, 56, 57,
58, 63
naming as form of protest in, 81
network map of, 52, 53
Palestinians and, 5960, 63
politics and, 4974
religion and, 65
Saudi Arabia and, 601
secular reformist clustering in,
55, 56
Syria and, 61
terrorism and, 64, 81
British Broadcasting Corporation.
See BBC
Britain, Arab diaspora in, 212,
213
Cairo Radio, 172
Cairo University, 224, 231
Call for Duty, 108
capitalism, broadcast, 810
emberimde Gl Oya, 134
censorship, 17, 18
civic engagement, 16
civil activism. See activism

276
INDEX
civil engagement, 24
on eve of Arab Spring, 1528
media and, 22
civil society, 253
and civil activism, 201
civil sphere, 25
civilizations, clash of, 1945
CNN (Cable News Network), 66,
106, 182, 185, 193, 199
coherence, imagined, 20920,
21718
collectivism, 35
communication, in Kafr Masoud,
3743
networked, 105
communications, research on, 515
Fruchterman-Reingold physics
model algorithm used in, 52
selective exposure in, 52
communities
imagined, 188, 211
knowledge, 105
community
discourse, journalists as, 2268
interpretive, journalists as, 2256
conflict, media and, 1957
Coptic Christians, 86, 87
counterpublic, 67
Creative Commons, 184
cultural otherness, 247
culture, blogosphere and, 4974
culture industry, 1289
cyberactivism, and Muslim
Brotherhood, 7599
Damascus
Bab al-Hara and, 130
bygone days of, 127
Dandana TV, 257
Danish cartoon controversy, 188
dawa, 77, 87
days of old genre, 131
Debray, Rgis, 161
democracy, deliberative, 19
democratization, 235, 252
diaspora, Arab
allegiance of, 211
dual-mode media consumption
of, 213
in Europe, transnational media
and, 20920
generational-cultural gaps in
media consumption of,
21316
in Germany
media consumption by,
implications of, 215
return to Islam and, 21617
media consumption of, 21113
digital acculturation, milestones of,
1613
digital diasporas, 177
digital diplomacy, 179
digital game-based learning
paradigm, 113
digital imperative, 1878
digital literacies, 159
digital natives, 104
Arab world, 1058
digital revolution, 160
Al-Din, Ahmad Ezz, 92
dissent, blogosphere and, 4974
dissidence, 260
Diwan Company, 162
education, 36, 41, 42
edutainment, 11012, 106
Egypt, 106, 107, 228, 235, 236,
239, 230, 241, 245, 253
and blogosphere, 558, 63,
7599
journalistic professionalism in,
243
media in, typology of, 258, 259
media scholar challenges in,
2312
Muslim Brotherhood in (see
Muslim Brotherhood)
Qaradawi and, 140, 141

INDEX
revolution in, 956, 260 (see also

Arab Spring, Arab uprisings)
Egyptian Movement for Change.
See Kefaya
Egyptian village, study of. See
Kafr Masoud
18 Days, 229
Eissa, Ibrahim, 230, 259
El-Aar, 229
El-Fagr, 259
employment, 36, 41, 42
Ensaa, rise of, 924
El-Erian, Asmaa, 93
El-Erian, Essam, 78, 93
Eternal Forces: Left Behind, 109
ethics, codes of, 244
Europe
Arab diaspora in (see diaspora,
Arab)
journalistic professionalism in,
2434
media in, 238
political pluralism in, 245
reformation in, 235, 236
Facebook, 90, 107, 160, 182, 189,
230, 231
Facebook revolution, 182
Fadel, Khalil, 108
Fattah, Alaa Abdel, 91, 93, 260,
261
Fattah, Esraa Abdel, 94
fatwa, 1423
defined, 140
mass-mediated, 1423
media (see media fatwa)
fawra dramiyya, 128
finite-state machine abstraction,
109, 111, 117
of Quraish, 115
in Second Life, 117
Foreign and Commonwealth
Office, 169, 170, 171, 174,
175, 177, 200
foreign policy, 191
277
Foucault, Michel, 2558

four theories of the press, 236, 244
France, 24, 257
Free Egypt Channel, 230
French, and blogosphere, 63
French government, 132
French Mandate, 130
French Radio, 172
Fruchterman-Reingold physics
model algorithm, 52
galabiyya, 34
Galal, Hala, 230, 231
games, multiplayer online roleplaying, 116
Gaza
Al Jazeera coverage of, 183, 184
conflict of 20082009 in, BBC
coverage of, 174
Israeli blockade of, 68
gender, 31, 39, 43, 148, 202, 225
imbalance among bloggers, 65
imbalance in Muslim
Brotherhood blogosphere,
58
informing Muslim Brotherhood
strategies online, 76
and patriarchy, 1346
social constructions of, 43
in Syrian and Turkish dramas,
132, 134, 136
gender roles, 131
in Turkish melodramas, 132
Germany, Arab community in. See
diaspora, Arab
globalization, 209, 210
Gnlelen, 134
Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas,
108
Gm , 134, 135
Habermasian theories, 245, 260
Hady al-Islam, 148, 149
Hague, William, 177
Haiba, Ahmed Abu, 230

278
INDEX
Al-Hajari, Maryam Hasan, 144

halal entertainment, 110
halal principles, 112
Haley, William, 172
Hallin and Mancinis theories,
2458
critiques of, 2458
religion and, 247
typology of, 237
Hallin, D. C., 237, 2458
El-Hamalawy, Hossam, 91, 261
Hamza, Khaled, 78, 79, 81
Hamza, Mohammed, 90
Hani, 103
hara, 131
Hariri, Saad, 68
Helal, Ibrahim, 198
Hizbullah, 59, 61, 65, 73, 224
influence of, 258
homophily, 51, 52
Horrocks, Peter, 177
Houdaiby, Ibrahim, 78
Ibrahim, Ihab, 89
Al-Ibrahim, Walid, 128
identity
collective, and peace journalism,
196
in German Arab diaspora, 210
public, politics of, 768
Ihlamurlar Altinda, 134
ijma, 91
ijtihad, 79, 86, 93
Al-Ikhwan, Bent, 81
Ikhwan Muslimeen. See Muslim
Brotherhood
ilam arabi, 255, 256
imaginaries, colloquial, 78
imagined coherence, 20920
immigration, two-way, 37
individualism, 35
information evolution, 160
information technologies, ease
with, 1635
intelligence, visual, 105
International Union for Muslim

Scholars, 140, 150
Internet, 18, 140, 159, 160, 187,
242, 260
and Al Jazeera English, 184
conventional views of, 51
ease with, 163
in Kafr Masoud, 39
newspaper sites on, 163
pan-Arab, 210
IslamOnline (IOL), 144, 145
Iran, 241
green movement of, in 2009, 68
protest movement in, of 2009, 68
Iraq, 253
US invasion of, 182
war coverage in, 262
Ishaq, Ibn, 114
Islam
and blogosphere, 57, 624, 65
and Muslim Brotherhood, 75, 77
preaching to video game
generation, 10325
return to, 21617
and television programs, 128
and Turkish melodramas, 130
Islam edutainment industry, 106,
11012
Islamic phone, 147
IslamOnline (IOL), 143, 144, 145,
147
Ismail, Dato Manja, 204
isnad, 90, 91, 93
Israel, 108
blockade of Gaza by, in 2010, 68
Jabr, Naji, 129
Jameel and Hanaa, 216
Jordan, 238, 245
and blogosphere, 5960
journalism
as academic discipline, 2235
alternative, 262

INDEX

ethics and, 2267
peace, 1957
postrevolution challenges to,
22831
professionalism in, 2434
red lines in, 239
studies of, state of, 22334
war, 1945
women in, 244
journalists
as discourse community, 2268
as interpretive community, 2256
Justice and Development Party
(AKP), 134
Kafr Masoud
agriculture in, 34
collectivism in, 35
education in, 36, 41, 42
employment in, 36, 41, 42
family life in, 35
individualism in, 35
literacy in, 38, 41, 42
media changes in, 38
modernization in, 34
oral tradition in, 37, 38
resistances in, 3743
ruralization in, 37
transformative communication
landscape in, 3743
transformative social landscape
of, 347
urbanization in, 34
Kafr Masoud study, 2947
data-gathering techniques used
in, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34
feminist ethnographic approach
in, 33
language in, 39
methods used in, 304
narrative memory and, 33
paradoxes in, 44
religion in, 40
279
research goals in, 304

sampling technique used in,
33, 34
significance of, 304
Kamel, Bouthaina, 231
Kandalaft, Dima, 133
Kasmiya, Radwan, 106
Kassandra, 134
Kefaya, 2601
on blogosphere, 56
Muslim Brotherhood and, 846
Khan, Mohamed, 229
Khanfar, Wadah, 200
Khawali, 130, 132
knowledge communities, 105
Kurtlar Vadisi, 134
Kusa, Bassam, 132
Kuwait, 107, 251
and blogosphere, 612
language, 1635, 2268, 2558
and BBC broadcasting, 1712
in Kafr Masoud study, 39
Latin American telenovelas, 134
Layali Salihiyya, 131, 132
learning games, extrinsic and
intrinsic, 111
Lebanese, in Germany, 212
Lebanon, 108, 235, 239, 241, 242,
245, 253, 258, 259
and blogosphere, 59
war coverage in, 262
Levantine countries
blogosphere and, 589
English bridge in, 589
Libya, 185, 186, 239, 251
literacies
digital, 159
new, 10325
technology, 15966
literacy, in Kafr Masoud, 42
Livestation, 184, 187
lOrient du Jour, 256
Lyons, Michael, 177

280
INDEX
MacDonald, Hamish, 204

Magdi, Amr, 82, 93
Maghrebi peoples, and blogosphere,
60, 63
Mahalla al-Kubra strike, 945
Mahmoud, Abdelmenem, 81, 82,
85, 87, 90, 91
Maidin, Zainuddin, 204
Malaysian minorities, AJE reporting
on, 204
Al-Malla, Bassam, 129, 130, 131,
132, 133
Manal and Alaas Bit Bucket, 260
Al-Manaway, Abdel Latif, 228
Mancini, P. See Hallin and
Mancini
masculinity
in hood between state and
religion, 1303
in traditional society, 131
Masr al-Naharda, 1404
Al-Masry, Samer, 132, 133
Mavi Marmara, 68
MBC4, 216
McArabism, 211, 217
media
acculturation by, 1613
alternative, 260
Arab and Arabic, 2558
Arab and Western, typologies of,
23550
Arab uprisings and, 112
Arabic language ecosystem of,
667
and audiences, 224
authoritarianism and, 15
backdoor users of, 43
comparative systems of, 237
competition among, 183
conciliatory, typology of, 1978
conciliatory role of, 193208,
1957
and conflict, 1957
and consolidation of public
opinion, 1619
consumption of, by Arab

diaspora, 21113
current authentic Arab theories
of, 254
diverse print, 237
dual-mode consumption of, 213
on eve of Arab Spring, 1528,
256
fatwa and (see media fatwa)
four theories of the press and,
236, 244
freedom of, 1756
generational-cultural gaps in
consumption of, 21316
global effects of, 167220
hybrid, categorization of, 25863
in Kafr Masoud, 2947
industries of, 2413
knowing Middle East through, 10
management of, 259
markets for, 2413
and national public systems, 237
new
technology literacies of,
15966
new genres in, 10166
new literacies in, 10166
pan-Arab, 17
political parallelism in, 240
and politics, 23, 24
post-Orientalist era and, 254
print, transitional system of, 237
professionalization and, 2434
scholars of, challenges to, 2312
secondary users of, 43
after September 11, 2001, 18
size of, 239
state interventionism and,
23840
structural limitations of, 24
structure of, 515
studies of, reflexivity in, 25165
systems of, 2458, 252
theories of, evolution of, 22165

INDEX
transnational
and Arab diaspora in Europe,
20920
and cultural order, 21011
media fatwa, 13957
adaptation and, 147
categorization and, 148
and civil engagement, 22
consumption of, by diaspora in
Germany, conclusions about,
218
defined, 140
editors of, 13957
by example, 1437
formats of, 14950
IOL editors and, 146
new modes of, implications of,
215
and popularization of knowledge,
1501
principles of production of,
14750
religious authority and, 1501
selection and, 1489
media piracy, 43
Media Professionals Union, 231
media revolution, 106
mediascape. See media
mediology, 161
Mehwar TV, 230
men, in Turkish melodramas, 131
Middle East
events in, and media
consumption by diaspora,
215
knowing through media, 10
types of press in, 237
military tribunals, and rise of
Ensaa, 924
Misr, 25, 230
MisrDigital, 260
Modern Standard Arabic (MSA),
2268
modernization, 34, 252
281
Mohyeldin, Ayman, 206

Morocco, 107, 239, 245
and blogosphere, 60
Morsey, Osama, 81
Morsi, Mohamed, 5, 6, 7, 96, 140
Mubarak, Gamal, 68, 69
Mubarak, Hosni, 56, 77, 79, 92,
95, 96, 140, 229, 230, 241,
251, 259
Muhannad effect, 135
mukhabarat surveillance, 2
mukhtar, 132
musalsals, 129, 131
Muslim Brotherhood, 67, 251
and Al Jazeera, 185
and April 6 apostasy, 945
arrests and, 912
articulating identity in, 79
blogosphere and, 55, 57, 58, 63,
7599, 8990
eschewing anonymity in, 79
expansion of, 8890, 912
generational groupings in, 77, 78
Higher Ulama Council of, 86
and Kefaya alliance, 846
key contentious issues in, 901
leadership in, 78
military tribunals and, 924
party platform debates within,
867, 889
political goals of, 87
Qaradawi and, 139, 140
religion and, 878
and revolution, 956
and rise of Ensaa, 924
women and, 82, 834, 86, 87
Muslims, and Turkish serials, 134
My Lai episode, AJE reporting on,
202
Myanmar, AJE reporting on, 203
Nabil, Imam, 108
Al-Naggar, Mohammed, 78, 81
El-Naggar, Mustafa, 81, 85
Nahdet Misr, 259

282
INDEX
Nassef, Amr, 224

National Democratic Party, 229
National Union of Journalists,
178
nationalism, instant, 21718
Near East Broadcasting Station,
171
neopatriarchy, 130, 137
network, mapping of, 5564
New World Information and
Communication Order, 253
newspapers, 242
electronic, 162
Internet sites of, 163
NileSat TV, 229
Nour, Ayman, 259
Nour, Tarek, 230
Al-Nouri, Abbas, 131, 133
Nur, 134, 135, 136
Obama, Barack, 68, 186
Ottoman government, 132
Palestine, 108
and blogosophere, 59, 63
Palestinians
and blogosphere, 5960, 63
in Germany, 212
pan-Arab media, 17
pan-Arabism, 2256
Parsons, Nigel, 199
Pashas Daughter Is Terrifying
People on the Street, 49
patriarchy, 1346
peace journalism, 1957
peasants, part-time, 35
play, theoretical and methodological
framework of, 10810
Point for Debate, 174
political citizenship, 25
political culture, social change and,
1399
political parallelism, 240
political participation, on eve of
Arab Spring, 16
politics
blogosphere and, 4974
of public identities, 768
publics and, 245
of recognition, 196, 197
post-democracy, 236
power, soft, 810, 170
press
Arab-owned offshore, 257
four theories of, 236, 244
loyalist, 237
mobilization, 237
professionalization, 2434
Prophets Tales, 110, 111
Prophets Wars, 103, 113, 114,
119
prosumer, 143
prosumption, 143
protests, 85, 86, 91, 92, 945
naming as form of, 81
proto-democracy, 239
public diplomacy, 182
BBC and, 16980
BBC World Service and, 1745
changing British definition of,
1767
credibility and, 183
evolution of, 16980
growing importance of, 18892
and new media, in Arab world,
18192
public of, 189
report on, 175
television and, 1724
public opinion, 19
consolidation of, 16
theories of, 17, 18, 19
public sphere, 1, 46, 1920, 162
Habermass view of, 19
networked, 50
publics, 22
and politics, 245
qabaday, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133,
136, 137

INDEX
Qaradawi, Yusuf
biography of, 1402
fatwa collection of, 148, 149
on Islamic law, 141
religious authority of, 13957
on violence, 145
Al-Qasim, Faisal, 227
Qatar, 251
Al Jazeera English in, 200
media in, 181
on world stage, 185, 186
Qawuq, Marwan, 133
Quraish, 103, 106, 114, 115, 120
finite-state machine analysis of,
115
Qutb, Sayyid, 76
Radio Monte Carlo Moyen Orient,
257
Radio Moscow, 172
Radio Sawa, 66, 256
Rahman, Najat Abdel, 230
Ramadan, and diaspora in
Germany, 216, 217
Ramadan, Zouhair, 132
Rantings of a Sandmonkey, 260
Al-Rashi, Abd al-Rahman, 132
Rashwan, Abdelrahman, 82
Al-Rayyes, Riad, 227
recognition, 196, 197
religion
and blogosphere, 65
and diaspora in Germany,
21618
and Hallin and Mancinis
theories, 247
in Kafr Masoud study, 40
masculinity and, 1303
Muslim Brotherhood and, 878
Qaradawis authority on, 13957
religious authority, 143
and media fatwa, 1501
religious entertainment, in Arab
world, 10325
283
resistances
in Kafr Masoud, 3743
revolution, 1789
Arab Easy, 15966
media, 106
Revolutionary Youth Council, 95
Rotana, 259
Rotana group, 128
ruralization, 37
Rushing, Josh, 202
Salem, Amr, 89
Salem, Mahmoud, 260
Sarhan, Hala, 227, 229
satellite television, 18, 22, 128, 134,
160, 182, 194
freedom of, 1756
in Kafr Masoud, 38
Saudi Arabia, 107, 242, 251, 259
bogosphere and, 601
MSA in, 227
television production in, 128
Saudi Middle East Broadcasting
Corporation (MBC), 127
Saxby, Hugh, 176
El-Sayyed, Ahmed, 79
Second Life, 116, 118, 120
finite-state machine analysis of
hajj simulation in, 117
Secular Reformist blogging, 55, 56
September 11, 2001, media
following, 18
Sharaf, Wael, 132, 133
sharia, 86
Al-Sharkawey, Sadiq, 92
Sharq al-Adna, 171
El-Shater, Khairat, 92
El-Shater, Zahra, 82
Shivah, The, 109
Shukrallah, Hani, 231
Al-Sibai, Rafiq, 129, 132
Skype, 161

284
INDEX
soap operas, Turkish, 127

social change, and political culture,
1399
social control, 21
social media, 230
El-Sokkari, Hossam, 173, 174
state
interventionism by, 23840
masculinity and, 1303
soft power and broadcast
capitalism and, 810
subjectivities, interactive, 78
Syria, 251
and blogosphere, 61
television drama in, neopatriarchy
in, 12738
Syrian
dialect of, television revolution
involving, 1367
dubbing of, in Turkish serials,
1346
terrorism, 81
and blogosphere, 64
and video games, 108
This Opinion and the Other, 173
Tomorrow party, blogging of, 56
totalitarianism, inverted, in United
States, 246
Tunisia, 107, 228, 235, 239, 245
and blogosphere, 60
Turkey
melodramas of, 128
soap operas of, 127, 216
Syrian-dubbed serials produced
in, 1346
television drama in, neopatriarchy
in, 12738
Tusa, John, 177
TV Sheikhs, 41
Twitter, 182, 184, 187, 228, 230,
231
Twitter revolution, 182
Tahrir, 230
Tahrir Channel, 230
Talking Point, 173
Tatlitu, Kivan, 135
Al-Taweel, Arwa, 79, 82, 83, 87
telephone, psychological, 147
television, 18, 242
competition in, 133
culture industry and, 1289
and diaspora in Germany,
212
in Kafr Masoud, 38
main trends in, 127
neopatriarchy in, 12738
pan-Arab, 210
reality, 127
satellite (see satellite television)
in Syria, 12738
in Turkey, 12738
televisual reproduction, age of, art
in, 12930
ulama, 86
United Arab Emirates, 107, 108,
251
television production in, 128
United States
inverted totalitarianism in,
246
in Iraq, 68, 182
urbanization, 34
superficial, 37
video game generation, 1045
preaching Islam to, 10325
video games, 106, 107
Christian, 109
extrinsic, 111
finite-state machine abstraction
and, 109
full-fledged, 11216
intrinsic, 111
and rules systems, 109

INDEX
theoretical and methodological

framework of, 10810
as third places, 118
young players of, 107
virtual worlds
immersive, 116
multi-user, 11619
voice
of the South, 198
to the voiceless, 199
Voice of America, 172
war, coverage of, 262
war journalism, 1945
web 2.0 sites, 66, 159
websites, 66, 245
ten widely liked, 67
Western hegemony, 224
decline of, 1817
Western media, typologies of,
23550
whisper strategy, 129
Wikipedia, 66
women
agency of, against backdrop of
patriarchy, 1346
and blogosphere, 57
of diaspora in Germany, 212
285
and digital revolution, 160

in journalism, 244
of Kafr Masoud, 2947
and Muslim Brotherhood, 82,
834, 86, 87
in Turkish melodramas, 131, 132,
135
in Turkish serials, 134, 135
Yabanci Damat, 135
Yasser, Asmaa, 82
Yemen, 245
Internet use in, 161
Yemen Observer, 256
Youm7, 228
Younis, Nora, 91
youth
and edutainment, 110
as video game generation, 104
YouTube, 49, 66, 6770, 84, 90,
187, 189, 204
most-cited videos of, 20092010,
69
and war coverage, 262
zaim, 130, 131, 132
Al-Zaim, Wafiq, 133
Zayed, Naheda, 200

Neopatriarchy in Syrian and Turkish Television Drama: Between The Culture Industry and The Dialect Imagination

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Introduction: Publics, Imaginaries, Soft Power, and

Social Change and Political Culture

1 Arab Media, Political Stagnation, and Civil Engagement:

2 New Media, Social Change, and the Communication

3 Mapping the Arabic Blogosphere: Politics,

4 From Brotherhood to Blogosphere: Dynamics of

Part II New Genres and Literacies

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Copyrighted material 9781137403148

6 Neopatriarchy in Syrian and Turkish Television Drama:

8 Technology Literacies of the New Media: Phrasing the

Part III Global Effects

10 New Media and Public Diplomacy in the New Arab World

11 Al Jazeera English as a Conciliatory Medium

12 Imagined Coherence: Transnational Media and the

Evolution of Media Theories

13 The State of Arab Journalism Studies

14 Arab and Western Media Systems Typologies

15 Defying Definition: Toward Reflexivity in

About the Authors

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Copyrighted material 9781137403148

MEDIA EVOLUTION ON THE EVE OF THE ARAB SPRING

Copyright Center for Contemporary Arab Studies,

A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library.

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Copyrighted material 9781137403148

Publics, Imaginaries, Soft Power, and

Leila Hudson and Adel Iskandar

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Copyrighted material 9781137403148

LEILA HUDSON AND ADEL ISKANDAR

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Copyrighted material 9781137403148

plenty of unintended consequences and a wide range of outcomes. The

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LEILA HUDSON AND ADEL ISKANDAR

attitudes and orientations that may have contributed to mobilization.

P U BLIC S PHER E OR C ITIZEN A U DIENCES ?

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and Dale Eickelmans 1990s recognition of a Muslim public sphere,13 and

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LEILA HUDSON AND ADEL ISKANDAR

public opinioneven to rise up and participate in the waves of action

T HE M USLIM B ROTHER HOOD

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capacities of the blogosphere catering to Brotherhood projects and

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LEILA HUDSON AND ADEL ISKANDAR

In the monological culture, silence tends to reign; apart from the

For Bakhtin, nondialogic language is authoritative or absolute, and for

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most neutral of these is a direct translation of the term, al-diblumasiyya

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LEILA HUDSON AND ADEL ISKANDAR