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Introduction
Seismic attributes are defined as any measure of seismic data that helps to
visually enhance or quantify features of interest. A good seismic attribute is either
directly sensitive to the desired geologic feature or reservoir property or allows us to
define the structural or depositional environment and thereby enables us to infer some
features or properties of interest (Chopra and Marfurt, 2007). In the last decades
numerous published works have documented the successful use of seismic attributes
to explore for hydrocarbon-bearing sediments and to extract key information about
their lithology and their different saturating fluids (Hardage et al., 1996a; Chopra and
Marfurt, 2007; Chen et al., 2008).
Spectral-domain seismic data attributes have been useful for some applications
in hydrocarbon-reservoir characterizations. For example, Dilay and Eastwood (1995)
analyze seismic data in the spectral domain for monitoring bitumen production by
cyclic steam stimulation (steam injection) at Cold Lake,Alberta, Canada. Partyka et
al. (1999) discuss spectral-decomposition analysis and interpretation of 3D seismic
data. Extracting the spectral components at different dominant frequencies may
provide more precise perspectives of given geologic structures. For example, the
thickness of a channel and its spectral amplitude are strongly correlated (Laughlin et
al., 2002). spectral decomposition could be used to image hydrocarbon sands at
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certain frequency bands (Burnett etmal., 2003; Sinha et al., 2003). The seismic
response of a given geologic feature is expressed differently at different spectral
bands. Often, a particular frequency component carries the information regarding
structure and stratigraphy. Spectral decomposition methods map 1D signal into the 2D
time and frequency plane, generating amplitude and phase spectral components
(Castagna et al., 2003). Sun et al. (2010) use discrete frequency coherence cubes in
fracture detection and find that high-frequency components can provide greater detail
Combination spectral decomposition. Farfour and Youn (farfour and youn, 2012) used
frequency decomposition for delineating stratigraphic traps and identifying subtle
frequency variations caused by hydrocarbons. The application of complex spectral
coherence shows that it is useful for detecting different-scale structural and
stratigraphic discontinuity features (Li and Lu, 2014).
In this work, we used different hybrid attributes to identify important
geological features that hard to determine by unique attribute, average SD attributes
has been developed based on seismic spectral decomposition analysis, this method
was started by removing high and low frequencies noises depend on our targets
frequencies band and used mean smooth filter to reduce effect of foot print noises, our
first target to generate new hybrid attribute (average SD) to identify thin shallow
channels trend, first step depend on determine channel dominant frequency using
tuning thickness analyses for extracted wavelet. Then generate spectral band
frequencies around dominant frequency .Finally, average SD attribute was generated
to enhance thin channel interpretation. Calculation similarity attribute by average SD
shows that it is useful for enhancing thin geological features interpretation and obtains
promise results for shallow and deep geological features interpretation. In order to
evaluate the proposed method, we use the volume of the Netherlands offshore F3
block downloaded from the Opendtect website and compare the obtained results with
normal amplitude and spectral decomposition attributes, we conclude that this new
simple average attributes help to identify thin channels with different frequencies
bands.
Geologic Background and Seismic Data
F3 is a block in the Dutch sector of the North Sea (Figure 1). The block is
covered by 3D seismic that was acquired to explore for oil and gas in the UpperJurassic Lower Cretaceous strata, which are found below the interval selected for
this demo set (Figure 2) . The upper 1200ms of the demo set consists of reflectors
belonging to the Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene. The large-scale sigmoidal
bedding is readily apparent, and consists of the deposits of a large fluviodeltaic
system that drained large parts of the Baltic Sea region (Sorensen, 1997; Overeemetal,
2001).
The structural and depositional development of the southern North Sea basin
has been well documented. At the large scale the Southern North Sea sedimentary
basin can be seen as a basin dominated by rifting during most of the Mesozoic with a
Cenozoic post rift sag phase. Rifting already started in the Triassic, and culminated in
the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous with the various Kimmerian extensional tectonic
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phases related to the opening of the Atlantic Ocean. Active rifting was followed by a
post-rift sag phase from Late Cretaceous to Present, which was mostly characterized
by tectonic quiescence and subsidence of the basin, with the exception of a few
compressional tectonic pulses during the Late Cretaceous and Tertiary. During most
of the post-rift phase the basin accumulated thick sedimentary mega-sequence (
Schroot, B.M., 2002(
Figure.1 Satellites map of F3 a block in the Dutch sector of the North Sea.
Figure 3 An example broadband trace (left), its spectrogram (middle) with the
limiting frequencies indicated in white and the band-limited reconstructions (right) for
the three frequency bands.( Lowell, J., Eckersley, A., Kristensen, T., Szafian,
P.,2014)
Average SD attributes depend on detecting dominant frequency for interested
geological features time window, first similarity attribute was used to identify shallow
channels time window from 0.8 s to 1.04s, then Dominant frequency found by tuning
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b)
(1)
(2)
One unique feature of this attributes is that it does not require a spatial context
window. It is inspired by the neuronal mechanisms of the primary visual cortex for
orientationperception (Yingwei Yu, Cliff Kelley, and Irina Mardanova,2013)
The orientation energy E reflects the strength of orientation features. The low
values of orientation energy mean that there are fewer oriented patterns in the
neighborhood, while the stronger ones mean the orientation feature is more salient in
the context. Figure 7 shows an example of the orientation vector field (OVF)
Figure7: Orientation Vector Field near a Salt Dome. The orientation vectors (red) are
plotted on top of the seismic image in a region near the salt dome. The magnitudes of
the vectors are normalized (modified after Yu, Kelley and Mardanova 2013)
Results
There are another important advantage for average SD attributes it can use for
DHI and reduce noise for similarity attributes results, figure 10 compare between
amplitude and average SD attributes for inline 690, left map present amplitude
attributes where it is hard to identify shallow gas indication, right line represent
average SD attributes average four bandwidth frequencies (8, 25, 40, 60 Hz) that
determined from spectral analysis for seismic cube as Figure 3.
Figure10. Normal amplitude attributes for inline 690 (left), average SD attributes for
inline 690 (right).
Figure 11 show usage of average SD attributes to identify shallow bright spot that
hard to detect by normal amplitude, right map represent amplitude time slice at 0.624,
left map show average SD attributes at 0.624 where two black circler isolate two
important bright spots that hard to detect in right map.
Figure11: Normal amplitude time slice at 0.624 (left), average SD attributes time
slice at 0.624 (right).
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Figure 31: Symmetry attribute at time slice 0.640 (left), I3D energy attribute
calculated from symmetry attribute (right).
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Blend fault attributes I3D energy with edge attributes enhance fault image, multiattributes help to identify faults trends and reduce risk of seismic interpretation
(Figures 41).
Figure 31: Blend fault attributes I3D energy with amplitude attributes to enhance
faults interpretation and aid to identify edge of gas chimney and reduce risk.
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Figure 15: Shallow geological features may be indicate for gas migrated and
accumulated.
Figure 16: Blending average energy with similarity attributes indicate shallow gas
accumulated.
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Conclusion
average SD attribute used to enhance similarity attributes results and improve
seismic interpretations for shallow, it is important to merge different bands
frequencies cubes in one volume, to handle this problem, average SD attribute was
created to sum absolute values for three bands frequencies and generate one volume
for important bands frequencies, this new hybrid attribute eliminated foot noises
effect and reduce effect of un wanted geological feature, average SD attribute used to
generate similarity attribute to improve shallow channel detection and guidance to
determine boundary of deep reservoir, average SD deliver promising results for both
shallow and deep geological interpretation because it combine different bands
frequencies in one volume.
References
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