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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Falling-weight impact response for prototype RC type rockshed with sand cushion
Abdul Qadir Bhatti
Received: 27 September 2012 / Accepted: 19 August 2014 / Published online: 11 October 2014
RILEM 2014
Abstract In this paper, a prototype model of reinforced concrete (RC) type rock-shed is numerically
examined by means of three-dimensional elasto-plastic
finite element based model of RC rock-shed structure,
having sand cushion, against the impact of 10 ton heavy
weight. This study is undertaken in order to improve the
knowledge for establishing a rational performancebased impact resistant design procedure for the RC type
rock-sheds. Following results are obtained from this
study: (1) the model fails in the punching shear mode
when surcharged at the center of roof slab; and (2) the
impact resistant capacity of the free edges of the model
is greater than that at the center, as the free edges can
A. Q. Bhatti (&)
Department of Earthquake Engineering, School of Civil
and Environmental Engineering, National University of
Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
e-mail: draqbhatti@gmail.com; bhatti-nit@nust.edu.pk;
draqbhatti@berkeley.edu
A. Q. Bhatti
Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Centre (PEER),
University of California, Berkeley, USA
A. Q. Bhatti
Department of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering,
Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degliAbruzzi 24,
10129 Turin, Italy
A. Q. Bhatti
Department of Civil Engineering, Islamic University,
Madina, KSA
1 Introduction
Protection galleries are normally constructed along
the highways in mountainous areas. Rock fall
protection galleries are an efficient measure to
protect roads and railways, mainly if the danger is
locally concentrated. Rock fall in the mountainous
areas is one of the natural hazards which occur due
to strong typhoon, snow avalanches and landslides.
The associated risks due to rock falls are usually
managed by means of structures such as galleries
protecting roads and railways.
A study on the rock fall galleries has shown that
most of the existing galleries consist of reinforced
concrete slabs and are covered with a cushion layer [1,
2]. The cushion layer distributes the contact stresses,
reduces the accelerations in the striking body and
increases the impact time. Normally, granular sand
from the surroundings or gravel is used as cushion
layer. Protection galleries typically span 9 m with a
slab thickness of approximately 0.70 m. The back side
of the galleries is clamped and is supported at the
retaining wall as shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1 RC rock-shed
3369
Table 1 Material properties of rock-shed system
Material type
Density
q (kg/m3)
Elastic
coefficient
E (GPa)
Poissons
ratio
m
RC
2,500
25
0.2
Sand
1,760
10
0.06
Concrete
2,350
13.7
0.167
Reinforcing steel
7,690
206
0.3
Gravel
1,860
0.042
0.45
Falling weight
3,054
210
0.3
3 Numerical overview
3.1 FE models
An example of FE numerical analysis model is shown
in Fig. 4. Only half of RC arch tunnel model and
footing, a falling heavy-weight, and a half of supporting apparatus were modelled with FE meshes considering two symmetrical axes. Six and eight node solid
elements were used in the FE model except for axial
and shear reinforcing steel in the footing. Finite
element models with reinforcing steel arrangement are
shown in Fig. 4 [15, 16]. Total number of nodes and
Falling height
(m)
Impact
(kN)
Location
Energy
(MJ)
E-0.2
20
9.8
Centre
0.196
E-2.5
50
49.0
E-4.9
100
4.90
E-7.4
150
7.35
E-9.8
200
E-12.3
250
2.45
9.80
12.3
3371
3373
5 Conclusions
Applying cushion material is one of the engineering
approaches to ensure the greater safety of important
structures, such as nuclear power plants, fuel tanks,
and rock-shelters. In this study, focusing on the
absorbing system developed for rock-sheds constructed over the highways in mountains areas and
along the edge of cliff near seaside, establishment of
a numerical analysis method for this type of system is
developed. Numerical analysis method is proposed to
investigate a rock-shed by performing the fallingweight impact load FE analysis of prototype RC
rock-shed. The results obtained from this study are as
follows:
1.
2.
3.
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