Section7.1, 7.2

EXAM 2
Vector form of the moment equation is Mo = r X F . Position vector r in this

expression extends from _____________________ to ____________________
For a rigid body in 2 D, write down the scalar set of Equations of

Equilibrium.
Units of Moments may be expressed as:

(a) N.m3
(b) lb.in
(c) Kg2.m2/sec2
(d) All of the above
For a rigid body problem in 3 D, how many un knowns can be

determined using the 3 D scalar Equations of Equilibrium?
(a) Three
(b) Two
(c) six
(d) all
A couple consists of:

(a) two unequal forces in same direction
(b) two equal forces in same direction
(c) two equal forces in opposite direction
(d) two unequal forces in opposite direction
Statics, Fourteenth Edition
R.C. Hibbeler
Copyright 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

All rights reserved.
EXAM 2
2D
Thrust Bearing
3D

R.C. Hibbeler

INTERNAL FORCES
Todays Objective:
Students will be able to:
1. Use the method of sections for
determining internal forces in 2-D In-Class Activities:
Check Homework
load cases.
Reading Quiz
Applications
Types of Internal Forces
Steps for Determining
Internal Forces
Concept Quiz
Group Problem Solving
Attention Quiz

R.C. Hibbeler

READING QUIZ
1. In a multiforce member, the member is generally subjected
to an internal _________.
A) Normal force
B) Shear force
C) Bending moment
D) All of the above.
2. In mechanics, the force component V acting

tangent to, or along the face of, the section is
called the _________ .
A) Axial force
B) Shear force
C) Normal force
D) Bending moment

R.C. Hibbeler

APPLICATIONS
Beams are structural members
designed to support loads applied
perpendicularly to their axes.
Beams can be used to support the
span of bridges. They are often
thicker at the supports than at the
center of the span.
Why are the beams tapered? Internal forces are important in

making such a design decision. In this lesson, you will learn
about these forces and how to determine them.
R.C. Hibbeler

APPLICATIONS (continued)
A fixed column supports

these rectangular billboards.
Usually such columns are
wider/thicker at the bottom
than at the top. Why?

R.C. Hibbeler

APPLICATIONS (continued)
The shop crane is used to move

heavy machine tools around the
shop.
The picture shows that an
additional frame around the joint
is added.
Why might have this been done?

R.C. Hibbeler

INTERNAL FORCES

R.C. Hibbeler
The design of any structural member

requires finding the forces acting
within the member to make sure the
material can resist those loads.
For example, we want to determine
the internal forces acting on the cross
section at B. But, first, we first need
to determine the support reactions.
Then we need to cut the beam at B
and draw a FBD of one of the halves
of the beam. This FBD will include
the internal forces acting at B.
Finally, we need to solve for these
unknowns using the E-of-E.
INTERNAL FORCES (continued)
In two-dimensional cases, typical internal

loads are normal or axial forces (N, acting
perpendicular to the section), shear forces
(V, acting along the surface), and the
bending moment (M).
The loads on the left and right sides of the section at B are equal
in magnitude but opposite in direction. This is because when the
two sides are reconnected, the net loads are zero at the section.
R.C. Hibbeler

INTERNAL FORCES:
FORCES -SIGN
SIGNCONVENTION
CONVENTION

R.C. Hibbeler

STEPS FOR DETERMINING INTERNAL FORCES

1. Take an imaginary cut at the place where you need to
determine the internal forces. Then, decide which
resulting section or piece will be easier to analyze.
2. If necessary, determine any support reactions or joint

forces you need by drawing a FBD of the entire structure
and solving for the unknown reactions.
3. Draw a FBD of the piece of the structure youve decided to
analyze. Remember to show the N, V, and M loads at the
cut surface.
4. Apply the E-of-E to the FBD (drawn in step 3) and solve
for the unknown internal loads.
R.C. Hibbeler

EXAMPLE
Given: The loading on the beam.
Find: The internal forces at point C.
Plan: Follow the procedure!!
Solution
1. Plan on taking the imaginary cut at C. It will be easier to
work with the right section (from the cut at C to point B)
since the geometry is simpler and there are no external
loads.

R.C. Hibbeler

EXAMPLE (continued)
2. We need to determine By. Use a FBD of the entire frame and
solve the E-of-E for By.
FBD of the entire beam:
18 kip
3 ft
9 ft
3 ft
Bx
Ay
Applying the E-of-E to this FBD, we get

+ Fx = Bx = 0;
+ MA = By ( 9 ) + 18 ( 3 ) = 0 ;
R.C. Hibbeler
By = 6 kip

By
EXAMPLE (continued)
3. Now draw a FBD of the right section. Assume directions
for VC, NC and MC.
4.5 ft
NC
MC
6 kip
VC
4. Applying the E-of-E to this FBD, we get

+ Fx = NC = 0;
NC = 0
+ Fy = VC 6 = 0;
+ MC = 6 (4.5) MC = 0 ;
R.C. Hibbeler
VC = 6 kip
MC = 27 kip ft
CONCEPT QUIZ
1. A column is loaded with a vertical 100 N force. At P
which sections are the internal loads the same?
A) P, Q, and R
B) P and Q
C) Q and R
D) None of the above.
2. A column is loaded with a horizontal 100 N

force. At which section are the internal loads
largest?
A) P
B) Q
C) R
D) S

R.C. Hibbeler
Q
R
100 N
P
Q
R
S

100 N
GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING I

Given: The loading on the beam.
Find: The internal forces at point C.
Plan: Follow the procedure!!
Solution:
1. Plan on taking the imaginary cut at C. It will be easier to

work with the left section (point A to the cut at C) since
the geometry is simpler.

R.C. Hibbeler

GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING I (continued)

2. First, we need to determine Ax and Ay using a FBD of the
entire frame.
400 N
Ax
By
Ay
Free Body Diagram
Applying the E-of-E to this FBD, we get

+ Fx = Ax + 400 = 0 ;
Ax = 400 N
+ MB = Ay(5) 400 (1.2) = 0 ;

R.C. Hibbeler
Ay = 96 N

GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING I (continued)

3. Now draw a FBD of the left section. Assume directions for
VC, NC and MC as shown.
1.5 m
400 N
A
NC
MC
C
VC
96 N
4. Applying the E-of-E to this FBD, we get

+ Fx = NC 400 = 0;
NC = 400 N
+ Fy = VC 96 = 0;
VC = 96N
+ MC = 96 (1.5) + MC = 0 ;
R.C. Hibbeler
MC = -144 N m
7.2 SHEAR AND MOMENT EQUATIONS & DIAGRAMS
Beams are by far the most common and

oft used structural members.
Most beams are long prismatic bars and
the loads are usually applied normal to
the axes.
Beams are identified by their type, their
corss section and the types of load they
carry.

R.C. Hibbeler

TYPES OF BEAMS
SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS

CANTILEVER BEAMS
OVERHANG BEAMS

R.C. Hibbeler

7.2 SHEAR AND MOMENT

EQUATIONS & DIAGRAMS
Shear and Moment functions must be
determined for each segment between
two discontinuities of loading.
These functions will be valid only for
the regions 0 to a for x1, a to b for x2
and from b to L for x3.
When plotted, these functions appear as
shown in the diagrams.

R.C. Hibbeler

7.2 SHEAR AND MOMENT

EQUATIONS & DIAGRAMS
Shear and Moment functions must
be determined for each segment
between two discontinuities of
loading.
These functions will be valid only
for the regions 0 to a for x1, a to b
for x2 and from b to L for x3.
When plotted, these functions
appear as shown in the diagrams.

R.C. Hibbeler

Procedure for Making Shear & Moment Diagrams

Determine all the support reactions and resolve all forces into
components perpendicular and parallel to beams axis.
Specify coordinates x from the left end and extending upto
each load discontinuity.
Section the beam at each distance x and draw a FBD of each
such segment x of the beam showing N, V & M.
V is obtained by summing perpendicular forces.
M is obtained by summing moments about the sectioned end
of the segment.
Plot Shear Diagram (V vs x) and Moment Diagram (M vs x).
Positive values are plotted above x axis and negative below
the x axis.
Generally it is convenient to draw shear and bending moment
diagrams directly below the FBD of the beam.
R.C. Hibbeler

EXAMPLE PROBLEM
Draw the shear and moment

diagrams for the beam shown. Set P
= 600 lb,
a = 5 ft and b = 7 ft.

R.C. Hibbeler

GROUPPROBLEM
PROBLEM SOLVING
SOLVING
GROUP
Given: The loading on the
beam.
Draw: The Shear and Moment
diagrams
Plan:
Follow the procedure!!
Solution
Find the Support Reactions.

Write equations for V and M in terms of x
Find V and M
Plot V vs x and M vs x.
R.C. Hibbeler

EXAMPLE PROBLEM
Determine the shear and moment as

a function of x and then draw the
shear and moment diagrams for the
beam shown.

R.C. Hibbeler

GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING II

Given: The loading on
the beam.
Solution:
Find:
The internal
forces at point C.
Plan:
Follow the
procedure!!
1. Make an imaginary cut at C. Why there?

Which section will you pick to analyze via the FBD?
Why will it be easier to work with segment AC?
R.C. Hibbeler

GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING II (continued)

2. Determine the reactions at A, using a FBD and the Eof-E for the entire frame.
Free Body Diagram
Ax
Ay
6 ft
1800 lb
+ MA = T ( 2.5 ) 1800 (6) = 0 ; T = 4320 lb

+ Fx = Ax 4320 = 0 ; Ax = 4320 lb
+ Fy = Ay 1800 = 0 ; Ay = 1800 lb

R.C. Hibbeler

GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING II (continued)

3. A FBD of section AC is shown below.
FBD of Section AC
450 lb
1.5 ft
4320 lb
1.5 ft
A
1800 lb
NC M
C
C
VC
4. Applying the E-of-E to the FBD, we get

+ Fx = NC + 4320 = 0 ;
NC = 4320 lb
+ Fy = 1800 450 VC = 0 ;
VC = 1350 lb
+ MC = 1800 (3) + 450 (1.5) + MC = 0 ; MC = 4725 lbft

R.C. Hibbeler

ATTENTION QUIZ
1. Determine the magnitude of the internal loads
100 N
(normal, shear, and bending moment) at point C.
80 N
0.5m
A) (100 N, 80 N, 80 N m)
B) (100 N, 80 N, 40 N m)
C) (80 N, 100 N, 40 N m)
D) (80 N, 100 N, 0 N m )
1m
2. A column is loaded with a horizontal 100 N

force. At which section are the internal loads
Q
the lowest?
R
A) P
B) Q
C) R
D) S
R.C. Hibbeler

100N
TONIGHT
Article 7.1, 7.2

Text Examples 7.1 7.7
HW problems 7-1, 7-7, 7-26

R.C. Hibbeler


R.C. Hibbeler


Section7.1, 7.2

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EXAM 2

Vector form of the moment equation is Mo = r X F . Position vector r in this

For a rigid body in 2 D, write down the scalar set of Equations of

Units of Moments may be expressed as:

(d) All of the above

For a rigid body problem in 3 D, how many un knowns can be

A couple consists of:

Copyright 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Statics, Fourteenth Edition

Copyright 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Statics, Fourteenth Edition

Copyright 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

D) All of the above.

2. In mechanics, the force component V acting

Statics, Fourteenth Edition

Copyright 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Why are the beams tapered? Internal forces are important in

Copyright 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

A fixed column supports

Statics, Fourteenth Edition

Copyright 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

The shop crane is used to move

Statics, Fourteenth Edition

Copyright 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Statics, Fourteenth Edition

The design of any structural member

INTERNAL FORCES (continued)

In two-dimensional cases, typical internal

Copyright 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Statics, Fourteenth Edition

Copyright 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

STEPS FOR DETERMINING INTERNAL FORCES

2. If necessary, determine any support reactions or joint

Copyright 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Statics, Fourteenth Edition

Copyright 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Applying the E-of-E to this FBD, we get

Copyright 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

4. Applying the E-of-E to this FBD, we get

D) None of the above.

2. A column is loaded with a horizontal 100 N

Statics, Fourteenth Edition

Copyright 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING I

1. Plan on taking the imaginary cut at C. It will be easier to

Statics, Fourteenth Edition

Copyright 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING I (continued)

Free Body Diagram

Applying the E-of-E to this FBD, we get

+ MB = Ay(5) 400 (1.2) = 0 ;

Copyright 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING I (continued)

4. Applying the E-of-E to this FBD, we get

7.2 SHEAR AND MOMENT EQUATIONS & DIAGRAMS

Beams are by far the most common and

Statics, Fourteenth Edition

Copyright 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS

Statics, Fourteenth Edition

Copyright 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

7.2 SHEAR AND MOMENT

Statics, Fourteenth Edition

Copyright 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.