A

Seminar Report On

ANALYASIS AND MONITERING VIBRATION OF TERBINE

BLADE
Submitted to Shivaji University Kolhapur
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

Batchlor of Engineering
In
Instrumentation Engineering
By
MR.Rameshwar V. Dhage.
Under the guidance of
Prof.M.N.Phadanis

Department of Instrumentation Engineering

Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon

October 2015

PADMABHOOSHAN VASANTRAODADA PATIL

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Budhgaon

CERTIFICATE
This

is

to

certify

that

the

dissertation

titled

ANALYASIS

AND

MONITERING VIBRATION OF TERBINE BLADEsubmitted by

MR.Rameshwar V. Dhage.
is record of bonafide work carried out by her, under my guidance, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Degree of Batchlor of Engineering
in Instrumentation of Shivaji University Kolhapur.
Date:
Place :Budhgaon

Prof. M. N. Phadnis
Guide
(Dept.ofInstru. Enggi.)

Prof.Dr. S.S. Admuthe

H.O.D.
(Dept. of Instru. Enggi.)

Prof. S. V. Joshi
principal
(P.V.P,I.T.Budhgaon.)
2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take a great pleasure in presenting this seminar report and I glad to express my special thanks to
Prof.M.N.Phadnis for their excellent, timely guidance and constructive suggestions during the
preparation of the seminar. This seminar wouldnt have been successful without his
encouragement till the presentation. I thank a lot for his guidance and timely help, which made
this a reality.
I express deep sense of gratitude to the library and staff members for their co-operation.
And finally I express my sincere thanks to all those who have directly or indirectly helped me.

Thanking You,
Mr.Rameshwar V. Dhage

ABSTRACT
Abstract: Wind energy is presently the fastest growing renewable energy source in the world. However,
the industry still experiences premature turbine component failures, which lead to increased operation and
maintenance (O&M) costs and subsequently, increased cost of energy (COE). To make wind power more
competitive, it is necessary to reduce turbine downtime and increase reliability. Condition monitoring
may help by reducing the chances of catastrophic failures, enabling cost-effective operation and
maintenance practices, and providing inputs to improve turbine operation, control strategy, and
component design. As compared with other applications, the wind industry started recognizing the
benefits and importance of condition monitoring relatively late. However, interest has increased so much
that a workshop was organized by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in 2009 as a
response. This paper provides an overview of wind turbine drivetrain condition monitoring based on
workshop presentations and additional references. Since the gearbox has been shown to have the longest
downtime and is the most costly subsystem to maintain throughout a turbines 20 years of design life, it
has been chosen as the main targeted subsystem of this study. Wind turbine drivetrain condition
monitoring practices, challenges, and future research opportunities will be addressed in detail.

INDEX

SR NO

CONTENT

PAGE NO

Introduction

Block Diagram

Hardware Detail

10

Flowchart of System

22

Advantages and Disadvantages

23

Conclusion

24

References

25

Introduction
5

Energy is necessary for achieving sustainable development among societies. Unlike fossil
energies, such as gas and coal, which contain high percentages of carbon, renewable energies
consist of sources that are naturally inexhaustible - water, sun, biomass, geothermal heat, and
wind [1]. Among these renewable sources, wind is considered one of the most promising types of
regenerative energy to reduce fossil fuel imports and greenhouse gases. By using the resources of
wind energy, we can decrease our dependence on oil and protect the planet for future
generations. When "harvested" by modern wind turbines, the wind flow can be used to generate
electricity. Blades are the main components that differentiate wind turbines from other
machinery, acting as the respiratory centre of a wind turbine. The length of the blade
determines the amount of power that can be extracted from the wind, because the blade affects
the swept area of the rotor. In order to attain the highest possible power output in conditions of
widely varying wind speed, a variable length blade has been recently proposed. The basic
concept of this variable length blade wind turbine is to attain higher energy capture in low wind
conditions by increasing the blade length and to minimise mechanical loads in high wind
conditions by decreasing the blade length [2]. The wind turbine blade consists of a fixed portion
and a moveable blade portion, which can be slid inside the fixed portion

Vibration is important in wind turbines, because they are partially elastic structures, and they
operate in an unsteady environment that tends to result in a vibrating response. The amplitude of
the generated vibrations of a wind turbine blade depends on the stiffness of the blade [3] which is
a function of material, design and size. One issue a variable length blade design presents to blade
designers is that of structural dynamics. A wind turbine blade has certain characteristic natural
frequencies and mode shapes which can be excited by mechanical or aerodynamic forces.
Variable length blade design presents additional challenges as stiffness and mass distribution
change as the moveable blade portion slides in and out of the fixed blade portion. Hence, a key
to good wind turbine design is to minimize vibrations by avoiding resonance. Resonance is a
phenomenon occurring in a structure when an exciting or forcing frequency equals or nearly
equals one of the natural frequencies of the system [4]. It is characterized by a large increase in
6

displacements and internal loads. Suprisingly, the dynamic stability and the absence of
resonances within the permissible operating range of a variable length wind turbine have not
been investigated yet. Generally, research on the turbine blades focus on vibration frequencies
and mode shapes. For simplification, a cantilevered beam can be used to replace the turbine
blade [5]. Knowing the geometric shape and the material properties of the blade, the natural
frequencies can be estimated using finite element analysis. Manufacturers of wind turbines are
interested in studying and verifying both edge-wise and flap-wise vibrations (see Figure 2) of the
turbine blade. The most visible and present source of excitation in a wind turbine system is the
rotor. The constant rotational speed is the first excitation frequency, mostly referred to as 1P.
The second excitation frequency is the rotor blade passing frequency: NbP in which Nb is the
number of rotor blades: 2P for a turbine equipped with two rotor blades, 3P for a three-bladed
rotor. The structure should be designed such that its natural frequencies do not coincide with
either 1P or NbP [6] otherwise resonance may occur in the whole structure of the turbine, leading
to vibrations with increasing amplitude which may eventually destroy the whole wind turbine
[4]. Therefore, flap- wise and edge-wise frequencies were calculated in the study reported here.

Block diagram

Fig. Block Diagram

The accelerometer that is used to measure the turbine blade accelerations is an
EndevcoISOTRON

accelerometer

type 2256A-100. The relevant

properties

of this
8

accelerometerare presented in table A.2 in appendix A. This type of accelerometer uses an

piezoelectric element to measure acceleration. The accelerometer has a built in signal conditioner
to guarantee a suitable output signal. The accelerometer is attached to the turbine blade using
mounting wax.

Hardware and software Detail

1. Iepe Sensor
2. Data Acquisition
3. Matlab

IEPE SENSOR
Piezo-Electric sensor is IEPE sensor. Piezoelectric sensors use Newtons Second Law
(F=ma) and the piezoelectric effect to measure acceleration of a mass. A piezoelectric
accelerometer contains a seismic mass mounted so that the force applied to the mass by
movement of the housing squeezes or stresses a natural quartz crystal or man- made
piezoelectric ceramic measuring element.

The charge output is a high impedance signal that can be measured directly or amplified and
conditioned by other electronic circuits.

When supplied without additional signal

conditioning circuits, the unit is called a charge sensor. It is characterized by a very high
inner impedance, low output signal, and no steady-state response. When the device is
supplied with built-in preamplifier/impedance converter, it is called an Integrated Electronic
Piezo-Electric sensor

10

Data Acquisition
The purpose of data acquisition is to measure an electrical or physical phenomenon such as
voltage, current, temperature, pressure, or sound. PC-based data acquisition uses a combination
of modular hardware, application software, and a computer to take measurements. While each
data acquisition system is defined by its application requirements, every system shares a
common goal of acquiring, analyzing, and presenting information
Data acquisition systems incorporate signals, sensors, actuators, signal conditioning, data
acquisition devices, and application software. So summing up, Data Acquisition is the process
of: Acquiring signals from real-world phenomena. Digitizing the signals. Analyzing, presenting
and saving the data

11

Fig. data

acquisition

DAQ device/hardware
DAQ hardware acts as the interface between the computer and the outside world. It primarily
functions as a device that digitizes incoming analog signals so that the computer can interpret
them. A DAQ device (Data Acquisition Hardware) usually has these functions:
Analog input
Analog output
Digital I/O
Counter/timers

12

We have different DAQ devices, such as:

Desktop DAQ devices where you need to plug a PCI DAQ board into your computer. The
software is running on a computer.
Portable DAQ devices for connection to the USB port, Wi-Fi connections, etc. The
software is running on a computer
Distributed DAQ devices where the software is developed on your computer and then
later downloaded to the distributed DAQ device.

Driver software
Driver software is the layer of software for easily communicating with the hardware. It forms
the middle layer between the application software and the hardware. Driver software also
prevents a programmer from having to do register-level programming or complicated commands
in order to access the hardware functions.

13

Data Acquisition Toolbox

Data Acquisition Toolbox software provides a complete set of tools for analog input, analog
output, and digital I/O from a variety of PC-compatible data acquisition hardware. The toolbox
lets you configure your external hardware devices, read data into MATLAB and Simulink
environments for immediate analysis, and send out data.
Data Acquisition Toolbox also supports Simulink with blocks that enable you to incorporate
live data or hardware configuration directly into Simulink models. You can then verify and
validate your model against live, measured data as part of the system development process.
We will use the Data Acquisition Toolbox in order to write and read data to and from a USB6008 DAQ device from National Instruments.
14

Note! In addition you need to install the NI DAQmx driver from National Instruments.

MATLAB
MATLAB is a tool for technical computing, computation and visualization in an integrated
environment, e.g., Math and computation. Algorithm development .Data acquisition.
Modeling, simulation, and prototyping . Data analysis, exploration, and visualization.
Scientific and engineering graphics. Application development, including graphical user
interface building
We can create DAQ applications you need the NI-DAQmx driver library. In general, data
acquisition programming with DAQmx involves the following steps: Create a Task and

15

Virtual Channels Start the Task Perform a Read operation from the DAQ Perform a
Writeoperation to the DAQ Stop and Clear the Task.

ANALYSIS
FFT APPROACHES TO CONDITION MONITORING & FAULT DETECTION.
The most common technique in frequency analysis is done usually by FFT (Fast Fourier
Transform). Fault diagnosis of such systems is of particular importance in several industries. The
success in vibration analysis of these systems depends largely on the techniques used in
processing the vibration signals. By using an appropriate signal processing method, it is possible
to detect changes in vibration signals caused by faulty components and to judge the conditions of
the machinery. Traditional analysis has generally relied upon spectrum analysis based on Fast
16

Fourier Transform (FFT). Fourier analysis is suitable for stationary signal

processing, but provides a poor representation of signal well localized in time
and so it is unsuited for non-stationary, transient signal analysis, typically
seen on defect induced machine vibrations, so their effectiveness in accurate
machine condition monitoring and assessment is limited. This limitation of
the Fourier transform therefore led to the introduction of timefrequency
signal processing tools. In the last ten years Wavelet transform, a type of
time-frequency approach, has obtained great success in machine fault
diagnostics for its many distinct advantages. It is a new method for timevarying or non-stationary signal analysis, offer a new set of techniques of
time-frequency analysis that have been shown to be powerful in transient
detection[

Traditional vibration signal analysis has generally relied upon the

spectrum analysis via the

Transform (FT). Fourier analysis transforms a

signal f(t) from a time-based domain to a frequency-based one, thus

generating the spectrum that includes all of the signals constituent
frequencies (fundamental and its harmonics) and which is defined as F() =
f(t) e-it dt

The assumption in this technique is that the frequency

change within a single time interval is small, so that the necessity of a

stationary signal for frequency transformation is not largely violated. If the
frequency changes significantly within this time interval, then the FFT will
yield an error in the actual value of the signal.An important deficiency of the
FFT is its inability to provide any information about the time dependence of
the spectrum of the signal analyzed, as results are average to the entire
duration of the signal. This feature becomes a problem when analyzing nonstationary signals. In such cases, it is often beneficial to acquire a correlation
between the time and frequency contents of the signal. Non-stationary
signals could be classified into two groups: Evolutionary harmonic or
frequency-modulated

signals:

these

signals

are

generated

by

some

underlying periodic time- varying phenomenon like a change in rotational

speed during start-up or coast-down. Transient signals: these signals
have short durations and an unpredictable time behavior, and are therefore
17

viewed as being random in nature. Examples of such signals are impact

loading. This important limitation of the FFT has led to the introduction of
timefrequency signal processing tools, such as the Short-Time Fourier
Transform (STFT) and others. The STFT maps a signal into a two- dimensional
(2D) function of time and frequency [19]. The difficulty in using the STFT is
that the accuracy of extracting frequency information is limited by the length
of the window relative to the duration of the signal. Once the window
function is defined, the area (time-bandwidth product) of the window
function in the timefrequency plane remains fixed, which means that the
time

and

frequency

resolutions

cannot

be

increased

simultaneously.

Consequently, for an STFT, there is a trade-off between time and frequency

resolutions.

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND DATA COLLECTION

The vibration analysis of turbo-generator set was carried out at load 169 mw, frequency 49.83
Hz, at speed 3000 rpm and above. It was reported that the Generator rear bearing housing
vibration in axial direction has increased. The purpose of the visit is to assess the health
condition of the entire Unit and also to probe the cause of High axial vibration at Generator rear
bearing. The present analysis was carried at 116 mw load. The shaft vibration was collected from
E-pro Online Vibration Monitoring System and the bearing housing vibration was collected from
the field with a portable FFT Analyzer.

18

19

ISO STANDARDS FOR VIBRATION MONITORING AND

ANALYSIS
In the field of machinery vibration monitoring and analysis, a variety of relevant standards
are developed and published by ISO (International Organization for Standardization).ISO is a
worldwide federation of national standards bodies from 145 countries, and considers itself a
bridge between the public and private sectors. ISO standards are develop by technical
committees comprised of experts on loan from the industrial, technical, and business sectors.

ISO 13373:
ISO 13373-1:2001 Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines Vibration condition
monitoring Part1: General procedures provides general guidelines for the measurement of
machinery vibration for condition monitoring. Recommendations are provided for the
following; measurement methods and parameters transducer selection, location, and
attachment data collection machine operating conditions vibration monitoring systems signal
conditioning systems interfaces with data processing systemscontinuous and periodic
monitoring Due to the wide variety of approaches to condition monitoring, specific topics
will be addressed in more detail in additional parts of 13373. At the time of writing this
article, Part 2: Processing, analysis and diagnostics is at the committee draft stage.

ISO 17359:2003 Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines General

sets out guidelines for the general procedures to be considered when setting up a

guidelines
condition

monitoring program.

20

Vibration Magnitude is defined within this group of standards as the maximum value of the
broadband rms velocity in the specified frequency range (typically from 10 to 1,000 Hz),

21

Advantages

We can save the overall system by predicting the maintenance.

We can minimize the cost of electricity generation by analyzing the vibration.

22

Disadvantages

We can only monitor and analyze the system, we cant control vibration.

23

Conclusion

Accelerometer have the potential to be used for condition monitoring of wind turbine
blades.

Vibration monitoring is the most appropriate technique to monitor the health state of the
machine and its component.

24

References

TARTIBU, L.K.1, KILFOIL, M.1 and VAN DER MERWE, A.J.2 (2012).VIBRATION
ANALYSIS OF A VARIABLE LENGTH BLADE WIND TURBINE.

Milos Milovan evi Masinski fakultet. MODERN TECHNIQUES OF WIND TURBINE

CONDITION MONITORING.

Peter J. Schubel and Richard J. Crossley Wind Turbine Blade Design.

25

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