Detection And Measurements Methods Of Urea In Milk

|2015-16

Dr. V.P.S.S.Ms

Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhagaon.

A
SEMINAR
ON
DETECTION AND MEARUESMENT METHODES OF UREA IN MILK
SUBMITTED BY

NAME

ROLL NO.

MR. MALI SUSHANT SUBHASH

05

UNDER THE GUIDANCE

OF

Mrs. S. S. Sankpal
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
YEAR-2015-16

PVPIT Budhgaon [E&TC Department]

Detection And Measurements Methods Of Urea In Milk

INDEX
SR.N
O.
1.

Introduction

2.

Literature Survey

3.

Methodology

4.

Methodology

5.

Hardware Requirements

6.

References

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TITLE

|2015-16

Detection And Measurements Methods Of Urea In Milk

|2015-16

Introduction:Urea (CH4N2O), being a soluble agent is the commonly found adulterant in milk and other
dairy products. The normal concentration of Urea in milk is expected to be around 10-14 mg/dl.
Urea is generally added in milk to increase the Solid Not Fat (SNF) value. An investigation of
different methods available for the detection and quantification of urea in milk is carried out in
this paper. Also, a comparison is drawn between the various methods available and the optimal
one is chosen in terms of factors like portability, durability, high sensitivity, accuracy precision.
The presence of urea in milk is detrimental to human health because they vary the amount
of protein in the diet, amount of water intake, dry matter intake Therefore it is essential that the
milk should be tested for purity before consumption In this paper an attempt is made to study the
different methods employed for detecting the presence of Urea in milk. In following section
draws a comparison on the various methods available to detect ammonia that was discussed in
the previous section. Section describes the best method that can be employed for the detection of
urea in milk considering various factors like portability, durability, high sensitivity, accuracy
precision, less response time.

PVPIT Budhgaon [E&TC Department]

Detection And Measurements Methods Of Urea In Milk

|2015-16

Literature Survey:India is largest milk producer and consumer as mentioned in earlier and today India need to
face big problem of adulteration of milk. According to a recent report, India is likely to produce
140.6 million tonnes of milk. To meet the growing demand, milk and its products have been
adulterate to decrease the quality and increase the quantity for economic value. The solution of
this problem is given by author Banupriya P, Chaitanya R Shetty et al.
Another method of impurity level detection in milk is given by author SmitalNagtode, Dr.
N.K. Choudhary
In this paper they work on infrared image processing method of milk. By additive wavelet
transform they compare pure milk sample image with adulterated milk sample and determined
impurity level present in milk sample.
So as to detect impurities added in milk earlier chemical methods are used. In this method
some chemicals in predefined percentage are added in milk sample then by observing changed
nature of milk sample they can analyze either impurities are added in milk or not. But these
methods are very time consuming and everybody who wants to test milk should have all
chemical knowledge to do this chemical rections.

PVPIT Budhgaon [E&TC Department]

Detection And Measurements Methods Of Urea In Milk

|2015-16

EXISTING DETECTION AND MEASUREMENTS METHODS

There are various quantitative and qualitative methods that have been developed for the
detection and measurement of urea in milk.
Some of them are:1.
2.
3.
4.

Piezoelectric Crystal Method

Teflon Temperature Sensing Method
Chemical Method
IR Sensing Method

Piezoelectric Crystal Method:Urea (CH4N2O), on hydrolysis in the presence of Urease gives ammonia and carbon
dioxide .The two products of the reaction in turn exert a certain pressure on the piezoelectric
sensor which converts the mechanical pressure into electrical signal . The signal is further
amplified Urea (CH4N2O), on hydrolysis in the presence of Urease gives ammonia and carbon
dioxid and programmed to give the quantity of ammonia present by using a calibration method.

PVPIT Budhgaon [E&TC Department]

Detection And Measurements Methods Of Urea In Milk

|2015-16

2. Teflon Temperature Sensing Method:RTD that is covered with Teflon is dipped into milk containing ammonia. The property of
Teflon is such that it attracts ammonia towards it. This increases the temperature and RTD is
used to convert this change in temperature into an equivalent resistance change that is used in
bridge circuit. The unbalance in the bridge circuit is proportional to the level of ammonia
present in the milk.

PVPIT Budhgaon [E&TC Department]

Detection And Measurements Methods Of Urea In Milk

|2015-16

3. Chemical Method:-

Urea is natural constituent of milk and is present to an extent of 70 mg per 100 ml (700
ppm).
Trichloracetic acid is added to precipitate the proteins in milk. For the estimation of urea in milk,
a test based on the use of Para-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (DMAB) is performed.5ml DMAB
solution is added to each of the 25ml test tube containing 5ml of working standard solution.5ml
buffer is mixed with 5ml DMBA solution to prepare a reagent blank. This value of reagent blank
is plotted against the urea concentration. This is expected to be linear.10ml of Trichloroacetic
acid (TCA) is added to 10mlm of milk sample to precipitate the proteins, which is then filtered
through Whatman 42 filter paper. To develop the colour, 5ml of filtrate is added to 5ml of
DMBA solution. The optical density of the colour so formed (yellow) is measured at 420nm.
Finally, the concentration of urea in milk is estimated from the standard curv.

PVPIT Budhgaon [E&TC Department]

Detection And Measurements Methods Of Urea In Milk

|2015-16

Comparison Of Available Methods:-

As discussed in the previous section there are various methods that are available for the
detection of urea in milk. Each of their advantages and disadvantages are discussed and is shown
in above table. An attempt to propose an optimal method that is used to attain portability,
durability, high sensitivity, accuracy and precision is made.

METHODS
Piezoelectric crystal method

ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Low cost, high DC output Sensitive to straygases present in
voltage when compared to the sample.
other methods.

Teflon

temperature sensing Selective absorption of

Output

signal

needs

to

method

Ammonia.

amplified as it is very low.

Chemical method

No calibration is

Human contact with

required.

harmful reactants.
Wastage of chemical in testing

Hardware Requirement:-

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be

Detection And Measurements Methods Of Urea In Milk

|2015-16

Signal Conditioning Circuit:In electronics, signal conditioning means manipulating an analog signal in such a way that it
meets the requirements of the next stage for further processing. Most common use is in analogto-digital converters.
In control engineering applications, it is common to have a sensing stage (which consists of a
sensor), a signal conditioning stage (where usually amplification of the signal is done) and a
processing stage (normally carried out by an ADC and a micro-controller). Operational
amplifiers (op-amps) are commonly employed to carry out the amplification of the signal in the
signal conditioning stage.
In control engineering applications, it is common to have a sensing stage (which consists of a
sensor), a signal conditioning stage (where usually amplification of the signal is done) and a
processing stage (normally carried out by an ADC and a micro-controller). Operational
amplifiers (op-amps) are commonly employed to carry out the amplification of the signal in the
signal conditioning stage.

Amplifying
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Detection And Measurements Methods Of Urea In Milk

|2015-16

Signal amplification performs two important functions: increases the resolution of the input
signal, and increases its signal-to-noise ratio. For example, the output of an electronic
temperature sensor, which is probably in the millivolts range is probably too low for an analogto-digital converter (ADC) to process directly. In this case it is necessary to bring the voltage
level up to that required by the ADC.
Commonly used amplifiers on signal on conditioning include sample and hold amplifiers, peak
detectors, log amplifiers, antilog amplifiers, instrumentation amplifiers and programmable gain
amplifiers.

Analog To Digital Converter:An electronic integrated circuit which transforms a signal from analog (continuous) to
digital(discreate) form.
Analog signals are directly measurable quantities.
Digital signals only have two states. For digital computer, we refer to binary states,0 and 1.

Microcontroller:-

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Detection And Measurements Methods Of Urea In Milk

|2015-16

FEATURES:

Compatible with MCS-51 Products

4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory

Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz

Three-level Program Memory Lock

128 x 8-bit Internal RAM

32 Programmable I/O Lines

Two 16-bit Timer/Counters

Six Interrupt Sources

Programmable Serial Channel

Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes

The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K

bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is
manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with
the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program
memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer.

PVPIT Budhgaon [E&TC Department]

Detection And Measurements Methods Of Urea In Milk

|2015-16

REFERENCES:1.Banupriya P, Chaitanya R Shetty , Supriya T , Varshitha V. Comparison of Different Methods

Used For Detection of Urea In Milk By Quantification Of ammonia. International Journal
of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics And Instrumention Engineering.

2. E.F. Renny1, D.K. Daniel2, A.I. Krastanov3, C.A. Zachariah1, R. Elizabeth1, Department of
Biotechnology, University of Food Technologies, Plovdiv, Bulgaria3 Enzyme based sensor for
detection of urea in milk Publication year: 2005.
3. A.B. Kurs, A. Karalis, R. Moffatt, J.D. Joannopoulos, P.H. Fisher, and M. Soljacic,Wireless
Power Transfer via Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonances, IEEE Transactions, pp. 83-86,
(2014).
4.8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems by Muhammed Ali Mazidi.
5. Laurinavicius, v. ; Razumiene, j. ; Gureviciene, v. Bioelectrochemical conversion of urea on
carbon black electrode and applicationvolume: 13, issue:6,digital object identifier:
10.1109/jsen.2013.2250711 publication year: 2013 , page(s): 2208 2213

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