Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Figure 1.2: Acid-base titration curve of weak acid treated with a strong base.
OBJECTIVES
THEORY
pH : A measure of Acidity
pH scale is basically a logarithmic scale for indicating a the acidity or alkalinity of a solution
(Daintith et al., 2010). The term pH is originally come from a combination of p for power
and H for the symbol of the element Hydrogen (anonymous, 2013). In this experiment, the
pH of the unknown acid solution was taken until it has reached equivalence point. The pH of
the solution is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration (Chang R.
& Goldsby K.A., 2013). Given the expression for pH :
pH = -log [H3O+]
(Equation 1.1)
[H3O+] = 10-pH
(Equation 1.2)
(Equation 1.3)
Ka = [H3O+]
(Equation 1.4)
pKa = -log Ka
(Equation 1.5)
Ka = 10-pka
(Equation 1.6)
When the solution has achieved the equilibrium point, that is [HA] and [A-] will be the same,
so these two can be cancelled off giving the expression in Equation 1.4. So, the pKa is equal
to the pH. (anonymous, 2004). The pKa can be obtained from the half equivalence point of
the titration.
APPARATUS
Equipment
Materials
0.1 M NaOH
Unknown acid
PROCEDURE
RESULT
PART 1
Table 1.1: Determination of the Ka value of a weak acid by titration with NaOH
First Trial
Volume
pH
(mL)
0
4.47
1
4.74
2
4.90
3
5.03
4
5.21
5
5.35
6
5.55
7
5.71
8
5.94
9
6.32
10
10.79
10.1
10.82
10.2
10.84
10.3
10.85
Second Trial
Volume
pH
(mL)
0
4.33
1
4.56
2
4.78
3
4.96
4
5.13
5
5.27
6
5.44
7
5.62
8
5.86
9
6.25
10
10.64
10.1
10.68
10.2
10.75
10.3
10.76
Third Trial
Volume
pH
(mL)
0
4.32
1
4.54
2
4.73
3
4.93
4
5.09
5
5.27
6
5.43
7
5.58
8
5.85
9
6.22
10
10.60
10.1
10.64
10.2
10.65
10.3
10.69
PART TWO
Table 1.2: Identifying Ka weak acid by pH value
Volume (mL)
20
20
20
pH
4.31
4.28
4.27
12
10
pH
EQUIVALENCE POINT
5.38
6
4
2
pH
HALF EQUIVALENCE
POINT
9.51
10
15
12
10
pH
8
EQUIVALENCE
5.39
pH
4
2
HALF
EQUIVALENCE
0
0
9.51
10
15
12
10
8
pH
EQUIVALENCE POINT
5.41
pH
HALF EQUIVALENCE
POINT
9.65
0
0
10
15
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
PART ONE: Determination of the Ka value of a weak acid by titration with NaOH
Titration 1
Equivalence point
6.32 + 10.79 = 8.6
2
Volume = 9.51
Titration 2
Titration 3
Equivalence point
9.51
9.51
9.65
Half equivalence
4.80
4.76
4.83
5.40
5.39
5.41
3.98 x 10-6
4.07 x 10-6
3.89 x 10-6
point (mL)
pKa at half
equivalence point
Ka value
3.98 x 10-6
Average Ka value
Based on Appendix A; when Ka = 3.90 x 106, the corresponding acid is Potassium Hydrogen
Phthalate (KHP). Thus the unknown acid is KHP because the average Ka value is 3.98 x 10-6
which is approximately 3.90 x 106.
Percentage error,
= Experimental value theory x 100%
Theory
= 2.05 %
First Trial
Ka =
When the solution has achieved the equilibrium point, [HA] and [A-] will be the same, so
these two can be cancelled off. Thus, the expression for calculating Ka is:
Ka =
Ka = [H3O+]
Ka = 4.90 x 10-5
10
Average Ka value
= 4.90 x 10-5+ 5.25 x 10-5+ 5.37 x 10-5
3
= 5.17 x 10-5
Ka value
Trial 1
4.31
4.90 x 10-5
Trial 2
4.28
5.25 x 10-5
Trial 3
4.27
5.37 x 10-5
5.17 x 10-5
Average Ka value
According to the Ka value from Appendix A-1, when Ka is 6.4 x 10-5 the acid will be oxalic
acid. Thus, the unknown acid from this experiment is oxalic acid as the calculated average
value of Ka is close to 6.4 x 10-5 which is 5.17 x 10-5. By taking the theoretical value of Ka in
KHP =
Percentage error,
= Experimental value theory x 100%
Theory
=
= 1225.6%
11
DISCUSSIONS
The first part of the experiment is the titration of the unknown acid solution with 0.1
M NaOH. The result was tabulated in a Table 1.1. Based from the table, the titrations were
done three times. The value of equivalence point for each titration was first obtained before
proceeding to the calculation of the ionization constant expression, Ka values. Ka is the
equilibrium constant for the ionization of an acid (Chang R. & Goldsby K.A., 2013). The acid
ionization constant expression of Ka:
pka = -log Ka
Ka = 10-pka
Equivalence point can be obtained by dividing the two points of pH where a sudden change
of pH occurred. From the equivalence point, the volume at equivalence point can be plotted
from the graph. Then, by dividing the volume into half, we get the pH value at half
equivalence point. The pH at half equivalence point is equal to pka. From the equations, the
value of Ka was determined. The average value of Ka from the three titrations is 3.98 x 10-6.
Based on Appendix A; when Ka = 3.90 x 106, the corresponding acid is Potassium Hydrogen
Phthalate (KHP). Thus the unknown acid is KHP because the average Ka value is 3.98 x 10-6
which is approximately 3.90 x 106.
In part two of the experiment, there was no titration has been done. The pH value of
the unknown acid solution was taken and repeated three times. The Ka value was calculated
by using these expressions:
pH = -log [H3O+]
[H3O+] = 10-pH
Ka =
After getting three values of Ka, the average Ka value obtained is 5.17 x 10 -5.
According to the Ka value from Appendix A-1, when Ka is 6.4 x 10-5 the acid will be oxalic
12
acid. Thus, the unknown acid from this experiment is oxalic acid as the calculated average
value of Ka is close to 6.4 x 10-5 which is 5.17 x 10-5. The difference value of Ka calculated
as compared to the first part of the experiment was due to some errors. One of the errors
might be the use of pH electrode. The pH electrode doesnt always give accurate readings as
we can see the rapid changes of the pH values. When the pH electrode was immersed in the
solution, the tip of the electrode might have touched the surface or wall of the beaker which
would affect the pH readings. However, based on the percentage error calculated from both
parts of the experiment, the Ka value from part one of the experiment is more accurate as the
percentage error calculated is only 2.05% rather 1224.5% in part two. The error in part two is
too large. Thus, titration method is more preferable in order to determine the Ka of an
unknown acid. Some precautions should be practised in order to get an accurate value of Ka.
13
CONCLUSIONS
Based from the obtained results, it can be concluded that the determination of Ka
value of an unknown acid solution can be achieved by using titration method. From the
calculations based on the first method, the value of the Ka of the unknown acid solution is
3.98 x 10-6 which is approximately close to 3.90 x 106. According to Appendix A, when
Ka=3.90 x 106 the corresponding acid is potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP). Thus, the
unknown acid used in this experiment is potassium hydrogen phthalate. Compared to the
second method, the value of Ka is 5.17 x 10-5. Theoretically when Ka is 6.4 x 10-5, the
corresponding acid will be oxalic acid. However, the value of Ka based on the first method is
more accurate because it has a less value of percentage error which is only 2.05%. So, it is
concluded that the unknown acid used in this experiment is hydrogen phthalate with Ka value
of 3.98 x 10-6.
RECCOMENDATIONS
There are a few recommendations that should be taken into account in order to obtain
the results more accurately. Some of the recommendations are:
Use dried standard apparatus before weighing and diluting because the standard
solution of NaOH should be a hundred percent pure and stable at room temperature.
When taking the pH of the solution, make sure that the tip of the electrode does not
comes in contact with the wall or bottom part of the beaker to avoid parallax error.
During titration, the eye must be perpendicular to the meniscus of the sodium
hydroxide solution to get accurate reading.
14
REFERENCES
BogusBaw Pilarski,Roman Kaliszan, DariuszWyrzykowski. (2015). General Analytical Procedure for
Determination of. Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry, 1-9.
Daintith, J. (2008). A dictionary of Chemistry. Oxford University Press.
Determination of the Identity of an Unknown Weak Acid. (2004). General Chemistry Laboratory, 1-7.
Hoogendijk, R. (1999). A compact titration configuration for process analytical applications. Analytica
Chimica Acta, 211-217.
Raymond Chang, Kenneth A. Goldsby. (2013). Chemistry . New York: McGraw-Hill.
15