MAE 244 Stress transformation and circular beam under combined loading Lab6-A .

Stress transformation and circular beam under combined loading

Stress transformation

When the stress state for mechanical element can be analyzed in a single plane, the materials is
said to be subject to plan stress. The general state of plan stress at a point is represented by a
combination of normal components, σ x, σ y, and shear-stress component, σ xy. Realize that if
these three stress components at a point are known for an element orientated in the x and y
direction, then the three stress components representing the same state of stress at the point on
an element orientated in the x’ and y’ directions will be different. In this section, we will
demonstrate how to transform the stress components from one orientation of an element to a
different orientation.

Figure 1 plane stress transformation

Figure 2 Free-body diagram of the segment

Before the transformation equations are derived, we first establish a sign convention for stress
components. Figure 1 shows the positive sign convention. σ x is positive since it acts to the right

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MAE 244 Stress transformation and circular beam under combined loading Lab6-A .

on the right-hand vertical face (in other words, σ x points outward from the acting face). σ xy is
positive since it acts upward on the right-hand vertical face and it acts to the left on the bottom
face. Given the state of the plan stress in Figure 1, the orientation of the inclined plan on which
the normal and shear stress component are to be defined using the angle, θ . We take a segment
from the element. The resulting free-body diagram of the segment is shown in Fig.2. Applying
the equation of force equilibrium to determine σ x , σ y , and σx y , we obtain:
' ' ' '

∑F x'
= 0; σ x ' ∆A − (σ xy ∆A sin θ ) cos θ − (σ y ∆A sin θ ) sin θ − (σ xy ∆A cos θ ) sin θ
− (σ x ∆A cos θ ) cos θ = 0

∑F y'
= 0; σ x y ∆A + (σ xy ∆A sin θ ) sin θ − (σ y ∆A sin θ ) cos θ − (σ xy ∆A cos θ ) cos θ
' '

+ (σ x ∆A cos θ ) sin θ = 0

Hence,

σx σy
σ x' y ' = − sin( 2θ ) − sin( 2θ ) + σ xy cos( 2θ )
2 2

If the normal stress σy can be obtained by substituting (θ =θ +90o) forθ , which yields,
'

Considering, sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ , sin 2 θ = (1 − cos 2θ ) / 2, cos 2 θ = (1 + cos 2θ ) / 2 , we obtain:

(1)

(2)

(3)

In-plane principle stress: To determine the maximum and minimum normal stress, we will
differentiate Eq.(1) with respect to θ and set the equation to zero,

dσ x ' σ x −σ y
=− (2 sin 2θ ) + 2σ xy cos 2θ = 0
dθ 2

Solving the equation, we get the orientation θ =θp of the planes of maximum and minimum
normal stress:

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MAE 244 Stress transformation and circular beam under combined loading Lab6-A .

σ xy 2σ xy
tan 2θ p = = (4)
(σ x − σ y ) / 2 σ x −σ y

The solution of this equation has two roots, 2θp1 and 2θp 2 . And they have a relationship of
2θ p1 = 2θ p 2 + π . Therefore, θ p1 = θ p 2 + π / 2 . The principle stresses corresponding to 2θp1 and
2θp 2 :

(5)

(6)

This particular set of stress values is called in-plane principle stress. And the corresponding
planes on which they act are called principle planes of stress on which no shear stress acts.

Mohr’s circle-Plane stress: In the above equation, the plane transformation of stress
components is particularly suited for graphical interpretation. From Eq.(1) and (3), the parameter
θ can be eliminated, and this results in,
2
 σ x +σ y  σ x −σ y 2
σ x ' − ( ) + σ 2 x ' y ' = ( ) + σ 2 xy
 2  2
For a specific problem, σ x, σ y and σ xy are know constant, thus the above equation can be
rewritten,

[σ x'
− σ avg ] + [σ
2
x' y'
] 2
− 0 = R2 (7)

Where

σ x +σ y
σ avg =
2

If we establish a coordinate axes with the normal stress σ positive to the right and σx y ' '

positive downward so that the positive direction of θ is counterclockwise, the geometrical

representation of Eq.(7) is a circle (Fig.3), which has a center located at (σ avg, 0) and the radius
of R. This stress circle is called Mohr’s circle in honor of Otto Mohr, who first employed it to
study plane stress problem.

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MAE 244 Stress transformation and circular beam under combined loading Lab6-A .

In the Mohr’s circle, Point A has coordinate (σ x, σ xy), which represents the normal and shear
stress components on the element’s right-hand vertical face. At this point, the x’ axis coincides
with the x axis. Hence, this represents θ = 0 . Point G has coordinate (σ y, σ xy), which represents
the normal and shear stress components acting on the top face of the element.

Figure 3 Mohr’s Circle

It is easy to find the principle stress from the Mohr’s circle. The principle stresses σ 1 and σ 2 are
determined from the two points of the intersection of the circle with the abscissa, where the shear
stress is zero. Line OB represents σ 1,

Line OD represents σ 2,

The orientation of the plane of primary stress can be derived from the angle between CA and CB
is 2θ p, which is expressed by Equation (4).

How to determine the stresses on arbitrary plane with Mohr’s Circle:

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MAE 244 Stress transformation and circular beam under combined loading Lab6-A .

Since the Mohr’s circle represents the stress-transformation equation graphically, it can be used
to determine the normal and shear stress components acting on any arbitrary plane (Figure 4).
The details are as follows:
1). Establish a coordinate system with the abscissa σ (normal stress) positive to the right and
the σx y (shear stress) positive downward.
' '

2). Plot the center of the circle, C, which is located on the σ axis with the coordinate (σ avg , 0).
3). Plot the reference point A(σ x, σ xy).
4). Connect Point A to C and draw a circle with the radius of CA. Line CA is the reference line
(θ =0)
5). For any arbitrary normal and shear stress components acting on a specific plane defined by
the known angle θ , we can obtain the values of the normal and shear stress components
(σ x2, σ xy2). That is, we draw a line with the angle 2θ with respect to the reference line
CA, and to locate P.
6). The in-plane primary stress σ 1 and σ 2 are represented by Line OB and Line OD,
respectively.

Figure 4 stresses on arbitrary plane with Mohr’s Circle

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MAE 244 Stress transformation and circular beam under combined loading Lab6-A .

Stress tensor

Stresses have both magnitude and direction. Figure 5 shows the resolution of the resultant
stress Tn into its normal and tangential components σn and τn. They can be further resolved into
stress components in the XYZ coordinate system. Therefore, at any point, the three-dimensional
stress state can be described using stress tensor [σ]. The first row corresponds to the stress state
described in the above figure.

Figure 5 The resolution of stress

Stress Transformation in Matrix Form

Equation (1-3) can also be written in the matrix form:

By using the notation m=cosθ and n=sinθ , the above two-dimensional stress transformation
equations can also be written in the following general form:

(9)

Where the transformation matrix,

It will relate the vector of the stress components {σ'}, in the new (rotated) coordinate directions
to the vector of the stress components, {σ}, in the original reference coordinate system. The
inverse transformation is performed by using the “inverse” matrix of [T],

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MAE 244 Stress transformation and circular beam under combined loading Lab6-A .

(10)

Where the inversed transformation matrix

Strain Transformation in Matrix Form

The transformation equations for Cartesian strain components are identical with those for the
corresponding stress components. Just remember that for Engineering Shear Strain, it is twice
the stress term defined in the strain tensor, that is γ xy = 2ε xy .

(11)
Where the transformation matrix

It will relate the vector of the strain components {ε'}, in the new (rotated) coordinate directions to
the vector of the strain components, {ε}, in the original reference coordinate system. The inverse
transformation can also be performed by using the “inverse” of the matrix [T],

(12)

Where the transformation matrix

All the properties associated with stress transformations can be extended directly to
strain transformation:
- Existence of Principal directions for normal strains, planes of Maximum shear strain
- Use of Mohr’s circles
- Strain Invariant (independent to coordinate transformation)

Strain Measurement under Two-dimensional Stress State

Under two-dimensional stress state, σx, σy and σxy are nonzero and the principal stress directions
are not known. Therefore, there are three unknowns that must be determined in order to specify

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MAE 244 Stress transformation and circular beam under combined loading Lab6-A .

the complete state of stress at the measured point. These unknowns can be the principal stress σ1,
σ2 and the principal angle θ or σx, σy and σxy. The required strain can be obtained from a three-
element strain rosette mounted on the free surface of the specimen. Consider three gages aligned
along axes A, B and C, as shown in the following figure, the equations of strain transformation
give,

(13)

Or

(13)
That is

(14)

For a given set of angles, βA, βB, and βC, the strain components (εx, εy and εxy) can be obtained by
solving Equation (13) when normal strain εA, εB and εC are known.

(15)

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MAE 244 Stress transformation and circular beam under combined loading Lab6-A .

Then the principal strain ε1, ε2 and the principal direction θ can be calculated as,

2ε xy
tan 2θ p = (16)
εx −εy

From the principal strain, principal stresses are obtained,

(17)

Two popular strain gage configurations

Case 1: Three-element rectangular rosette, βA =0º, βB =45º, and βC =90º:

Substitute the angles into Equation (13), we get

This yields,

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MAE 244 Stress transformation and circular beam under combined loading Lab6-A .

(18)

For the principal angle θ p, two possible values exist. One is between ε 1 and the x axis while the
other is between ε 2 and the x axis. The range can be determined by the following equations,

0 o < θ p < 90 o , when 2ε B > ε A + ε C

− 90 < θ p < 0 ,
o o
when 2ε B < ε A + ε C (19)
θp = 0 , o
when ε A > εC and ε A = ε1
θ p = ± 90 , o
when ε A < εC and εA = ε2

The corresponding principal stresses can be expressed in terms of the measured strains. The
expressions are,

(20)

Case 2: Delta rosette, βA=0º, βB=120º, and βC=240º:

Measured normal strains are,

This yields,

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MAE 244 Stress transformation and circular beam under combined loading Lab6-A .

(21)

Where
0 o < θ p < 90 o , when 2ε B > ε A + ε C
− 90 < θ p < 0 ,
o o
when 2ε B < ε A + ε C
θ p = 0o , when ε A > εC and ε A = ε1
θ p = ± 90 , o
when ε A < εC and εA = ε2

For principal stresses,

(22)

11